中药对D-半乳糖诱导病理模型作用的研究进展

综述近4年国内中药在改善D-半乳糖诱导病理模型病变的药理效应及对D-半乳糖致病机制的研究进展.根据药物在动物病理模型的应用情况,将之分为4个类型的病理模型:①自由基损伤诱导脑老化模型;②白内障模型;③联合鹅膏蕈氨酸损毁大脑Meynert基底核模拟Alzha imer病(AD)模型;④非酶糖基化模型.目前,国内对中药及其方剂在改善D-半乳糖诱导病理模型作用的药理研究方面,已取得一些成果.     

中药对D—半乳糖诱导病理模型作用的研究进展

综述近4年国内中药在改善D－半乳糖诱导病理模型病变的药理效应及对D－半乳糖致病机制的研究进展。根据药物在动物病理模型的应用情况,将之分为4个类型的病理模型：①自由基损伤诱导脑老化模型;②白内障模型;③联合鹅膏蕈氨酸损毁大脑Meynert基底核模拟Alzhaimer病（AD）模型;④非酶糖基化模型。目前,国内对中药及其方剂在改善D－半乳糖诱导病理模型作用的药理研究方面,已取得一些成果。     

羧甲基壳聚糖对D-半乳糖诱导氧化损伤模型小鼠肝、脑的保护作用

目的:探索羧甲基壳聚糖(CMC)对D-半乳糖诱导氧化损伤模型小鼠肝、脑的作用。方法:实验分为4组:对照组、CMC组、D-半乳糖模型组、D-半乳糖+CMC组。测定各组小鼠肝、脑超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性、丙二醛(MDA)的含量及蛋白质羰基化程度。结果:D-半乳糖可诱导小鼠蛋白质羰基化,诱导小鼠氧化损伤,CMC可使小鼠蛋白质羰基化含量降低,SOD、CAT活性增加,MDA含量降低。结论:CMC对D-半乳糖引起的氧化损伤有一定的保护作用。     

绿茶多酚对学习记忆障碍小鼠的改善作用及其机制

目的观察绿茶多酚(GTP)对D-半乳糖诱导的学习记忆障碍模型小鼠的药效,并初步探讨其机制。方法sc 120mg.kg-1.d-1D-半乳糖,建立学习记忆障碍模型小鼠;采用跳台法、水迷宫、避暗法和开场实验评价GTP对模型小鼠学习记忆障碍的改善作用,并测定小鼠血液和脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的活性。结果与学习记忆障碍模型组比较,GTP可明显延长跳台潜伏期,减少跳台错误次数;缩短游出迷宫的时间和减少进入盲端的错误次数;减少避暗活动错误次数和延长进入穿梭箱的潜伏期;同时,明显增加了小鼠的探究行为。低、中、高剂量的GTP对模型小鼠的脑组织及血清中AchE活性均无显著影响。结论GTP对D-半乳糖诱导的模型小鼠学习记忆障碍有改善作用,但此作用机制与AchE活性无关。     

猴头菌提取物对老年痴呆小鼠的作用

目的 研究猴头菌对老年痴呆模型小鼠的保护作用.方法 给小鼠腹腔注射D-半乳糖以制备老年痴呆小鼠模型,同时给猴头菌治疗组小鼠按2g,kg灌胃猴头菌提取物.通过避暗行为学检测及AB免疫组化染色,观察猴头菌对老年痴呆模型小鼠行为与病理改变的影响.结果 D-半乳糖诱发的老年痴呆模型小鼠避暗潜伏期明显缩短,脑内Aβ(1-40)蛋白表达明显增加;猴头菌治疗组小鼠避暗潜伏期明显延长,脑内AB(1-40)蛋白表达明显降低.结论 猴头菌可有效地改善老年痴呆模型小鼠的记忆力障碍和脑部病理改变.     

EGCG对D-半乳糖诱导的阿尔茨海默病小鼠的抗凋亡作用

目的研究(-)表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对D-半乳糖诱导的阿尔茨海默病小鼠的抗凋亡作用。方法给小鼠每日按150mg·kg-1皮下注射D-半乳糖一次,连续注射6周,以制备阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型,造模2周后,给EGCG低剂量和高剂量治疗组小鼠每日分别按2mg·kg-1和6mg·kg-1灌胃给予EGCG一次,连续给药4周。通过HE染色、TUNEL染色、免疫组化和Western blot印迹分析等方法观察EGCG对D-半乳糖诱导的阿尔茨海默病小鼠脑内神经元凋亡情况及海马区促凋亡蛋白caspase-3的活性及表达。结果给小鼠连续皮下注射D-半乳糖明显的增加了神经元细胞凋亡指数(P<0.01),并提高了小鼠海马区caspase-3的活性及表达(P<0.05);EGCG(2mg·kg-1和6mg·kg-1)明显的降低了D-半乳糖诱导的阿尔茨海默病小鼠神经元细胞的凋亡指数(P<0.01),并降低了小鼠海马区caspase-3的活性及表达(P<0.05)。结论EGCG通过抑制D-半乳糖诱导的阿尔茨海默病小鼠海马区caspase-3的活性及表达,发挥有效的抗凋亡作用。     

芪参复康胶囊对衰老模型小鼠单胺类神经递质的影响

目的 探讨中药芪参复康胶囊(QSFK)对D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠单胺类神经递质的影响.方法 用D-半乳糖制备小鼠衰老模型,QSFK灌服6周,用荧光法检测去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺、5-羟色胺、5-羟吲哚乙酸含量的变化.结果 QSFK能明显提高D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠脑组织中单胺类神经递质的含量,中、大剂量组作用显著,小剂量组作用不明显.结论 QSFK具有明显的抗衰老作用.     

定志小丸对D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠学习、记忆能力及抗氧化活性的影响

目的研究定志小丸对D-半乳糖所致亚急性衰老小鼠学习记忆能力和脂质过氧化的影响.方法小鼠背部皮下注射D-半乳糖造成早衰模型,采用跳台法测小鼠学习记忆能力,血清和脑组织SOD、MDA.结果定志小丸使致D-半乳糖衰老小鼠跳台错误潜伏期显著延长,错误次数显著减少,血清和脑组织SOD 活力提高,MDA含量降低.结论定志小丸能改善D-半乳糖致衰小鼠的学习记忆功能,其机制可能与降低脑组织中脂质过氧化物的含量有关.     

三种小鼠骨质疏松模型骨组织形态计量学观察与评价

目的探讨D-半乳糖是否会引起骨质疏松,与去卵巢致骨质疏松有何异同,去卵巢后再加上D-半乳糖是否会加速加重骨质疏松的进展,补充雌激素是否有预防作用。方法 SPF级小鼠60只,随机分为假手术组、D-半乳糖组、去卵巢组、去卵巢+D-半乳糖组、去卵巢+D-半乳糖+己烯雌酚组和D-半乳糖+己烯雌酚组。实验70 d后,取右胫骨进行不脱钙骨组织切片及骨形态学计量学观察与评价。结果与假手术组比较,去卵巢组%Tb.Ar、Tb.Th、Tb.N明显降低(P<0.01),Tb.Sp明显升高(P<0.05),反映骨吸收指标的Oc.Pm、Oc.No.、%Oc.S、Oc.N/mm明显升高(P<0.01),反映骨形成指标的%L.Pm、MAR、BFR/TV、BFR/BV、BFR/BS明显降低(P<0.01)。D-半乳糖组反映骨吸收的4个指标明显升高(P<0.05),反映骨形成的4个指标明显降低(P<0.05)。去卵巢+D-半乳糖组也有明显的骨质疏松的表现,但各指标与去卵巢组相比,差异没有显著性,与D-半乳糖组相比,各指标差异也没有显著性。雌激素对D-半乳糖和去卵巢联合D-半乳糖导致的骨质疏松相关指标均有明显的对抗作用。结论去卵巢、D-半乳糖、去卵巢联合D-半乳糖均能建立小鼠骨质疏松模型,雌激素能有效防止D-半乳糖和去卵巢联合D-半乳糖致骨量丢失。     

心脑宁片对D-半乳糖致亚急性衰老模型小鼠脑组织结构的影响

目的 研究心脑宁片对D-半乳糖致小鼠亚急性衰老模型脑组织形态的影响.方法 取体重18～21 g小鼠72只（雌雄各半）,随机分为6组,各12只（雌雄各半）,其中5组造D-半乳糖亚急性衰老模型.取脑组织用福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋,切片,HE染色,光镜观察脑组织形态的变化.结果 造模成功,与模型组相比,大、中剂量心脑宁组可显著改善D-半乳糖致小鼠亚急性衰老模型脑神经细胞组织形态（P＜0.01）,小剂量心脑宁组和脑安片组仅有改善脑神经细胞组织形态的趋势.结论 心脑宁片有改善脑组织形态的作用.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.