中药治疗精神分裂症患者血清炎性因子水平及烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的研究（附64例报告）

目的探讨炎性因子及烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体在精神分裂症发病中的作用。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）分别检测64例精神分裂症患者治疗前、后的血清白细胞介素2（IL-2）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）水平。结果精神分裂症患者血清IL-2和IL-6水平治疗前明显高于治疗后（P〈0.01）;另外,精神分裂症患者IL-2和IL-6水平的高低与其性别、病程、病情的严重程度及家族史有关（P均〈0.01）,但患者血清IL-1β和TNFα水平与对照组差异无显著性（P均〉0.05）。结论中药治疗可调节精神分裂症患者炎性因子水平。炎性因子及烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体在精神分裂症发病中的作用可能与疾病的治疗有关。     

细胞因子谱、C-反应蛋白及降钙素原在小儿重症支原体肺炎诊治中的临床意义

目的 探讨小儿肺炎急性期血清细胞因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)的浓度水平变化在小儿重症支原体肺炎诊治中临床意义.方法 选取肺炎患儿127例,将其中64例支原体肺炎(MPP)作为研究组,63例非支原体肺炎(NMPP)患儿作为对照组;并将研究组分为重症组和轻症组,同时又可将重症组MPP分为急性期和恢复期.采用酶联免疫吸附实验法(ELISA)检测各组急性期血清CRP、PCT、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α的浓度变化及重症MPP组恢复期各炎症指标浓度水平.结果 研究组和对照组患儿血清IL-1β浓度水平变化无统计学意义(P>0.05).重症组患儿急性期血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、CRP、PCT的浓度水平均高于轻症组、对照组和重症组恢复期比较,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而血清IL-10在重症组、轻症组和对照组的浓度水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).ROC曲线分析血清IL-6检测在诊断MPP上特异性较高.结论 血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、CRP、PCT等炎症指标对早期诊治重症MPP有重要意义.     

稳定期精神分裂症患者血清炎性因子与临床精神症状的相关性研究

目的分析稳定期精神分裂症患者血清炎性因子与临床精神症状的相关性,探讨血清炎性因子对稳定期精神分裂症的影响。方法测定126例精神分裂症患者(精神分裂症组)及50名健康体检者(对照组)的血清中白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-12、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α等炎性因子指标,并采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估患者临床精神症状。根据PANSS评分将精神分裂症组患者分为稳定期组(52例)、非稳定期组(76例)。分析各组血清炎性因子与临床精神症状的相关性。结果与非稳定期组比较,稳定期组PANSS量表中阳性症状、阴性症状及一般精神病理症状评分均明显下降(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,稳定期组血清IL-6、IL-12、TNF-α水平明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与稳定期组比较,非稳定期组血清IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12、TNF-α水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。稳定期组患者阳性症状、阴性症状、一般精神病理症状与IL-6、IL-12、TNF-α均呈正相关,而与IL-1β与无相关(P>0.05)。非稳定期组患者阳性症状、阴性症状、一般精神病理症状与血清IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12、TNF-α均呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论稳定期精神分裂症患者存在不同程度的慢性炎症反应,且与临床精神症状密切相关,参与了精神分裂症的病情发展。     

2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎病人的血糖和炎性因子水平与牙周病变程度的相关性分析

目的 探讨血糖水平、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和前列腺素-2(PGE-2)炎性因子水平与糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎病人牙周病变程度的相关性.方法 选择2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎病人102例.检测血清TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和PGE-2.检测血浆糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)水平,以HbA1C和胰岛素抵抗指数评估糖尿病病变程度,以牙龈指数评估牙周炎病变程度.分析血糖水平、TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和PGE-2炎性因子水平与糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎病人疾病严重程度的相关性.结果 轻、中、重度HbA1C组牙龈指数等级分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Person相关性检验结果显示血糖水平与牙龈指数等级存在显著正相关(P<0.05).任意两组牙龈指数等级比较,胰岛素抵抗指数均差异有统计学意义,两者呈显著正相关(r=0.468,P=0.009).任意两组牙龈指数等级比较,血清TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和PGE-2水平均差异有统计意义(P<0.05),血清各炎性因子与牙龈指数等级差异有统计学意义(r=0.211,P=0.044;r=0.354,P=0.023;r=0.396,P=0.017;r=0.538,P=0.011).结论 2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎病人的血糖水平和血清TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和PGE-2炎性因子水平与牙周病变程度呈显著正相关,治疗此类病人应该兼顾控制血糖和消除炎症.     

剖宫产术后感染患者炎性因子、氧化应激指标变化及相关性分析

目的 分析剖宫产术后感染患者炎性因子、氧化应激指标变化及相关性。方法 收集2019年3月—2020年3月在本院行剖宫产术的产妇185例,根据产妇术后有无感染分为感染组(56例)与未感染组(129例)。对两组产妇炎性因子[白细胞介素-1(Interleukin-1,IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(Interleukin-8,IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)]、氧化应激指标[去甲肾上腺素(Norepinephrine,NE)、胰岛素(insulin,INS)、血清皮质醇(Serum cortisol,Cro)、血管紧张素-2(Angiotensin-2,AT-II)]水平差异,并分析炎性因子、氧化应激指标相关性。结果 感染组IL-1、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平均明显高于未感染组,两组比较差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05);感染组NE、INS、Cro、AT-II水平均明显高于未感染组,两组比较差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05);经相关性分析可知,IL-1、IL-6...     

孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德吸入治疗小儿支气管哮喘的临床效果及对血清炎性因子的影响分析

目的探讨对小儿支气管哮喘患儿采取孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德吸入治疗的临床效果及对血清炎性因子的影响。方法 80例小儿支气管哮喘患儿,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组40例。对照组患儿采取用布地奈德雾化吸入治疗,试验组患儿在对照组基础上采取孟鲁司特钠治疗。比较两组患儿临床疗效及治疗后血清炎性因子水平。结果治疗后,试验组患儿白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平均低于对照组患儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组患儿总有效率为90.0%,高于对照组患儿的60.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对小儿支气管哮喘患儿采取孟鲁司特钠联合布地奈德吸入治疗的临床效果显著,同时可以改善患儿血清炎性因子水平,值得临床推广。     

川崎病患儿血清白细胞介素-6、-10、-1水平变化及意义

目的 观察川崎病患儿血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)水平变化及其临床意义.方法 选取38例川崎病患儿(观察组)和38例健康儿童(对照组)血清IL-6、IL-10和IL-1水平,观察两组差异及对治疗效果的影响.结果 观察组IL-6、IL-10和IL-1水平均高于对照组(t=10.3877、15.1010、15.1243,均P＜0.05),观察组急性期IL-6、IL-10、IL-1等水平明显高于亚急性期患儿(t=9.7594、11.6486、11.6622,均P＜0.05)及对照组(t=11.7032、11.7718、11.8267,均P＜0.05).对照组48 h内细胞凋亡率为(2.8±0.8)％,明显低于川崎病患儿的(38.3±7.9)％(t=38.59,P＜0.01).血小板升高[(464.0±110.2)×109/L]的川崎病患儿IL-1水平(663±94) ng/L,明显高于无血小板升高[(307.0±104.9)×109/L]的患儿(492±92) ng/L(t =13.1044,P＜0.05).结论 检测川崎病患儿血清IL-6、IL-10和IL-1水平,有助于临床判断的病情、并发症情况及治疗效果,具有重要的临床意义.     

血清IL-6、TNF-α在早期新生儿感染性疾病诊断中的价值

目的分析血清IL-6、TNF-α在早期新生儿感染性疾病中的诊断应用价值。方法选取清远市清新区人民医院2017年3月～2018年12月期间100例新生儿感染性疾病病例,回顾性分析其病例资料,根据感染不同时期将患儿分成感染急性期和感染恢复期,其中急性期组(n=50)和恢复期组(n=50),同时选取同期50例健康新生儿作为对照组,对三组受检者血清炎性因子水平进行测定,包括肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)水平,探讨炎性因子与感染症状之间的关联。结果对照组受检者TNF-α、IL-6均明显低于急性期组和恢复期组(P <0.05);急性期组患儿TNF-α、IL-6水平均明显高于恢复期组患儿(P <0.05);100例新生儿感染性疾病病例中,急性期死亡5例。结论对于新生儿感染性疾病患儿来说,急性期病情严重,体内血清炎性因子水平高于恢复期和正常新生儿,提示临床发生感染症状后,患儿炎性因子将呈现高表达状态,不同时期炎性因子水平存在一定差异,急性期患儿炎性因子水平更高。     

2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者的血糖和炎性因子水平与疾病严重程度的相关性

目的 探讨血糖水平、TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和PGE-2炎性因子水平与糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者疾病严重程度的相关性。方法 选择我院2012年12月至2015年12月收治的2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者102例。检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和前列腺素-2(PGE-2)。检测血浆糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平,以HbA1c和胰岛素抵抗指数评估糖尿病病变程度,以牙龈指数评估牙周炎病变程度。分析血糖水平、TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和PGE-2炎性因子水平与糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者疾病严重程度的相关性。结果 轻、中、重度HbA1c组牙龈指数等级分布有显著差异(P＜0.05),Person相关性检验结果显示血糖水平与牙龈指数等级存在显著正相关(P＜0.05)。任意两组牙龈指数等级比较,胰岛素抵抗指数均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),二者呈显著正相关(r=0.468,P=0.009)。任意两组牙龈指数等级比较,血清TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和PGE-2水平均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),血清各炎性因子与牙龈指数等级呈显著正相关(r=0.211,P=0.044;r=0.354,P=0.023;r=0.396,P=0.017;r=0.538,P=0.011)。结论 2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者的血糖水平和血清TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和PGE-2炎性因子水平与牙周病变程度呈显著正相关,治疗此类患者应该兼顾控制血糖和消除炎症。     

丁苯酞对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑循环及血清炎症因子水平的影响分析

目的 分析丁苯酞对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑循环及血清炎症因子水平的影响.方法 60例外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,按照治疗方式不同分为对照组和观察组,每组30例.对照组应用常规方案治疗,观察组在对照组基础上应用丁苯酞氯化钠注射液治疗.比较两组患者治疗前后血清炎性因子[白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-...     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.