新型抗心梗药物果糖二磷酸镁的安全性研究

目的　探讨新型抗心肌缺血药———果糖二磷酸镁(FDP-Mg)的安全性。方法　采用Bliss法和QUANTAL程序测定和计算了FDP-Mg的LD₅₀和95%可信限并对其过敏性、溶血性和血管刺激性进行研究。结果　FDP-Mg小鼠静脉注射的LD₅₀为284.81mg/kg ,95%可使限为267.42～302.20mg/kg ;FDP-Mg大鼠静脉注射的LD₅₀为335.15mg/kg ,95%可信限为315.75～354.55mg/kg ;FDP-Mg大鼠静脉滴注[1000mg/(kg·h)]的MLD为(2509.9±226.8)mg/kg。FDP-Mg不引起全身过敏反应和溶血现象,对血管也无刺激性。结论　FDP-Mg用于静脉给药安全可靠。     

基于CYP450酶的补骨脂素及异补骨脂素与黄独乙素的药物相互作用研究

目的 基于细胞色素P450(CYP450)代谢酶探究补骨脂素和异补骨脂素对黄独乙素在大鼠体内代谢的影响。方法 采用大鼠离体循环肝灌流方法,考察大鼠分别给予补骨脂素或异补骨脂素1、3、7 d后,黄独乙素在肝脏中的代谢情况;利用UPLC-MS/MS检测循环灌流液中剩余黄独乙素的含量;通过大鼠眼内眦取血的方法研究大鼠分别给予补骨脂素或异补骨脂素干预1周,再给予黄药子提取物(10 g·kg^-1)后体内黄独乙素的药动学变化,药动学参数采用DAS 2.0软件中的非房室模型法进行计算。结果 大鼠给予补骨脂素或异补骨脂素后,循环灌流液中黄独乙素的含量相对增加,且补骨脂素或异补骨脂素给药时间延长后,对酶的抑制程度更强;当大鼠给予补骨脂素或异补骨脂素干预后,与非干预组(黄药子提取物组)相比,药时曲线下面积(AUC_0~t)和平均驻留时间(MRT_0~t)增加,消除半衰期(t_1/2Z)减小。结论 补骨脂素/异补骨脂素可通过抑制肝脏中CYP450酶的活性降低其对黄独乙素的代谢,使黄独乙素在肝脏中代谢减少,造成蓄积,临床用药应注意含有补骨脂素/异补骨脂素或黄独乙素中药在合用时可能产生的药物相互作用。     

HPLC法测定癃闭舒片中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素

目的 建立癃闭舒片中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的定量方法。方法 对国内3个企业生产的6个批次的癃闭舒片,采用HPLC法检测,Agilent TC-C₁₈(2)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相是甲醇-水(43:57),体积流量1.0 mL/min,检测波长为246 nm,柱温30℃。结果 补骨脂素回归方程为:Y=84.44X+9.994,r=0.9999(n=12)。异补骨脂素回归方程为:Y=82.434X+8.8952,r=0.9999(n=12)。补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的线性范围均在4.04~151.5μg。结论 本方法操作简便、准确、专属性强、稳定,可用于癃闭舒片中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定壮骨颗粒中补骨脂素与异补骨脂素的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定壮骨颗粒中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量。方法 色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇-水（45：55）,检测波长为245 nm,流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为25 ℃,进样量为10 μl。采用70%乙醇水浴方法提取壮骨颗粒中的补骨脂素和异补骨脂素。结果 补骨脂素与异补骨脂素在3.75~40 μg/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系,对方法精密度（n=6）、重复性（n=6）和稳定性（12 h）进行考察,相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于2%。加样回收率（n=6）为94%~105%。结论 该测定方法简便、快速、准确,可用于壮骨颗粒的临床快速质量控制。     

龙葵碱对小鼠睾丸生殖细胞线粒体损伤的研究

目的：研究龙葵碱对小鼠睾丸的毒性作用。方法：30只雄性小鼠,体质量20～24 g。随机分成5组,每组6只。采用ip龙葵碱对小鼠进行染毒,染毒剂量分别是1/8 LD₅₀（5.25 mg/kg）、1/4 LD₅₀（10.5 mg/kg）、1/2LD₅₀（21 mg/kg）。另设阴性对照组（生理盐水组）,阳性对照组（环磷酰胺,CP,给药剂量40 mg/kg）,龙葵碱不同浓度组连续染毒14 d。应用紫外分光光度法测定睾丸中SDH、MDA、SOD、GSH的活力。结果：龙葵碱染毒两周后,GSH的量仅1/2LD₅₀染毒剂量组与空白组相比较呈非常显著性差异（P＜0.01）;随着染毒剂量的增加, MDA含量增加,1/2 LD₅₀、1/4 LD₅₀、1/8 LD₅₀染毒剂量组与空白组比较呈非常显著性差异（P＜0.01）;随着染毒剂量的增加SOD的活性降低明显,1/2 LD₅₀、1/4LD₅₀染毒剂量时,SOD活性的降低与空白组比较呈非常显著性差异（P＜0.01）;随着染毒剂量的增加SDH的活性降低明显,1/2LD₅₀、1/4LD₅₀染毒剂量时,SDH活性的降低与空白组比较呈非常显著性差异（P＜0.01）。结论：龙葵碱能够使SDH、MDA、SOD、GSH活力降低,从而导致自由基增多,呼吸链和氧化磷酸化脱偶联,三羧酸循环被阻断,线粒体基质渗透压升高,内膜肿胀,使线粒体的功能发生障碍,线粒体氧化损伤。     

HPLC法同时测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮ⅡA的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮ⅡA的含量。方法: 采用汉邦Phecda C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.1%甲酸-乙腈（40∶60）,检测波长246 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温;30℃,进样量:20 μl。结果:补骨脂素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 3）,平均加样回收率为98.73%（RSD=2.22%）;异补骨脂素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 2）,平均加样回收率为99.94%（RSD=2.59%）;大黄素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 7）,平均加样回收率为100.63%（RSD=1.48%）;丹参酮Ⅱ_A在10～200 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为99.18%（RSD=1.03%）。结论:本方法测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮Ⅱ_A的含量,方法简便、准确,结果稳定,可为复方紫灵胶囊的质量评价提供科学依据。     

克班宁急性毒性与抗心律失常活性的初步研究

目的研究克班宁(crebanine,Cre)的急性毒性与抗心律失常作用。方法以改良寇氏法考察小鼠静注LD₅₀,以BaCl₂致大鼠心律失常模型观察Cre的治疗与预防作用。结果LD₅₀为9.382mg/kg,95%可信限为8.314～10.600mg/kg;治疗组与预防组iv Cre2.5mg/kg可使大鼠恢复窦律,与对照(生理盐水)组相比,差异有显著性意义。结论Cre有一定的毒性,对大鼠实验性心律失常具有治疗与预防作用。     

HPLC法测定固本益肠胶囊中芍药苷、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素的含量

摘 要 目的:建立HPLC法同时测定固本益肠胶囊中芍药苷、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素的定量测定方法。方法: 色谱柱：Diamonsil C¹⁸（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（12∶88）及乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（35∶65）为梯度洗脱的流动相,流速为1.0 ml· min^-1 ,检测波长230 nm。结果:芍药苷、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素的线性范围分别为0.102～1.529 μg（r=0.999 8）,0.021～0.320 μg（r=0.999 9）,0.021～0.309（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率分别为98.9%（RSD=1.0%,n=6）、99.6%（RSD=1.0%,n=6）和100.5%（RSD=1.3%,n=6）。结论:该方法操作简单,分离效果好,灵敏度高,可作为固本益肠胶囊的含量测定     

高效液相色谱法测定天杞补肾胶囊中马钱苷、补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定天杞补肾胶囊中马钱苷、补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量测定方法。 方法 用 C₁₈ 柱为固定相,以甲醇-水(42∶58)为流动相,检测波长为240 nm。 结果 马钱苷、补骨脂素和异补骨脂素分别在5.06～126.5、0.527 5～13.187 0、0.480 8～12.020 0 mg·L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,R²分别为1.000、1.000、1.000(n＝6),其平均回收率分别为98.93%,100.09%和98.97%。 结论 该方法具有较高的准确性和专属性。     

盐酸关附甲素注射液对实验性心律失常的作用

关附甲素是从关白附子块根中提取的一种新生物碱。实验表明IGFAH(50　g/ml)对大鼠离体心脏结扎冠脉诱发的室性心律失常有明显的保护作用,IGFAH3、6、12mg/kgiv能显著提高电刺激麻醉兔心室致颤阈值,IGPAH13.4,16.8,21.0mg/kgiv能明显对抗Cal₂-Ach液诱发小鼠房扑(颤),其ED₂为12.4±1.5mg/kg。IGFAH10,25,40mg/kgiv对乌头碱诱发的大鼠室性心律失常有明显的保护作用。IGFAH小鼠iv的LD₅₀为163.9mg/kg,其96%可信限为151.9—176.7mg/kg。     

A simple method for screening assessment of acute toxicity of chemicals

We proposed a simple method for screening assessment of acute oral and dermal toxicity using only three rats and mice of each sex at each dose level. Animals were first treated with chemicals at a dose of 2000 mg/kg and were carefully observed for compound-related morbidity and mortality. If none of the animals died, the following toxicity tests were suspended. If some of the animals died, toxicity tests at doses of 200 and 20 mg/kg were performed. The approximate LD₅₀ values calculated by this method showed little difference between two separate laboratories and were in good agreement with LD₅₀ values reported in the literature. Our toxicological data also showed that LD₅₀ values were about 2–2.5 times the MNLD (maximum non lethal dose) in acute oral and dermal toxicity. This meant that a chemical could be regarded as having an LD₅₀ of about 4000 mg/kg or higher when there was no mortality at the dose of 2000 mg/kg. A chemical with such low toxicity would not require further testing for lethal effects. Therefore, this simple method combining the fixed-dose procedure with the limit test is suitable for determination of approximate LD₅₀ values of chemicals and for screening for necessity for classical full LD₅₀ test using many animals.This work was supported by a grant from Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan (No. 467 and 511)     

影响三价葡萄糖酸锑铵毒性的因素

动物实验已经证明三价葡萄糖酸锑铵(以后简称锑铵)的毒性约为酒石酸锑钾(以后简称吐酒石)的三分之一。用等毒性的剂量治疗动物感染血吸虫病时,锑铵的疗效优于吐酒石。临床实验的报告指出,锑铵的毒性反应较吐酒石轻,而疗效则最少和吐酒石相等。可见锑铵是治疗血吸虫病很有前途的药物。一般认为很多因素能影响含锑化合物的毒性。本文报告一些可能影响锑铵毒性的因素研究。     

Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of Lippia graveolens and bioactive compounds

Context: Lippia species (Verbenaceae) are widely used in Latin America and Africa as folk medicine for their tranquilizing properties.

Objective: To evaluate the anxiolytic-like effects and safety of Lippia graveolens Kunth. by exploring its aqueous and organic leaf extracts and identifying the responsible chemical constituents.

Material and methods: Aqueous and organic extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) were pharmacologically evaluated at several doses. Chemical constituents were identified using MS, NMR and GC-MS analysis. The isolated compounds (3?mg/kg, i.p.), extracts (1, 3, 10 and 30?mg/kg, i.p.), and the reference drug diazepam (0.1?mg/kg, i.p.) were assessed in CD-1 mice using experimental behavioural models: open-field, cylinder, hole-board, plus-maze and sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis, as well as their acute toxicity (LD₅₀).

Results: After administration of the extracts and bioactive compounds, a significant anxiolytic-like response from 1?mg/kg, i.p. was observed, resembling the effect of diazepam. Major presence of thymol (33.40%) was observed in the hexane extract; whereas for the first time in this species a p-cymene?+?thymol mixture (9.78%), naringenin (0.18%) and cirsimaritin (1.16%) were obtained as bioactive constituents of the ethyl acetate crude extract. Acute toxicity was calculated to be LD₅₀ =?1000?mg/kg for the crude hexane extract, lower in comparison to the other extracts analyzed (LD₅₀ >?2000?mg/kg).

Discussion and conclusion: Our results suggest that L. graveolens exerts anxiolytic-like activity involving many kinds of constituents, mainly of the terpenoid and flavonoid nature. These results reinforce the potential use of this species in the therapy of anxiety.     

A safety study on single intravenous dose of tetrachloro-diphenyl glycoluril [iodogen] dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)

Abstract

1. Iodogen (tetrachloro-diphenyl glycoluril) dissolved in DMSO (dimethyl sulphoxide) appears indispensable in radioiodination of hypericin for a new anticancer strategy. We studied the safety of intravenously administered iodogen/DMSO in mice (n?=?132).

2. Median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of iodogen/DMSO was determined with doses of 40.0, 50.0, 55.0, 60.0, 65.0 and 70.0?mg/kg. Next, toxicity of iodogen/DMSO at 30.0?mg/kg was evaluated using saline and DMSO as controls. Changes in behaviour, body weight and serum biochemistry were evaluated. Histopathology of lungs, heart, liver and kidney was performed.

3. LD₅₀ values of iodogen/DMSO were 59.5?mg/kg (95% confidence limits (CI): 54.1–65.4?mg/kg) and 61.0?mg/kg (95%CI: 56.2–66.2?mg/kg) for female and male mice, respectively. Similar to that of control groups, no animal deaths were encountered after iodogen/DMSO administration at 30.0?mg/kg. Body weights over 24?h were not altered in all groups, but significantly higher in iodogen/DMSO and DMSO groups (p?<?0.05) 14?d post-injection. Blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase increased (p?<?0.05) in iodogen/DMSO group without clinical symptoms. No pathologies were found by gross and microscopic inspection.

4. A single dose of iodogen/DMSO up to 30.0?mg/kg, over 3000 times the dose in potential human applications, appears safe, with an LD₅₀ doubling that dose in mice.     

Toxicity of the combined nerve agents GB/GF in mice: efficacy of atropine and various oximes as antidotes

The toxicity of a combination of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin; GB) and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) and the efficacy of various oxime reactivators in combination with atropine against the combined GB/GF challenge were evaluated in mice. The 24-h s.c. LD₅₀ of the GB/GF combination was 1.15 μmol/kg (1.10–1.21; 95% confidence limits). Mice administered GB/GF displayed typical signs of nerve agent poisoning such as tremors and convulsions, with death most likely due to anoxia subsequent to respiratory arrest. The GB/GF LD₅₀ value was comparable to the s.c. LD₅₀ of 1.35 and 1.21 μmol/kg for GF and GB in mice, respectively. Combining the two nerve agents did not result in potentiation of the toxicity. In combination with atropine sulfate (17.4 mg/kg, i.p.), which alone did not reduce mortality, the oximes tested, 2-PAM, obidoxime and HI-6, were all effective when administered 5 min before 3×LD₅₀ dose of GB/GF with 24-h ED₅₀ values of 102.5, 18.22 and 1.96 μmol/kg, respectively. Use of the GB/GF combination does not appear to confer any unique toxicity profile and appears to be easily treated with the standard therapy of a cholinolytic and oxime.     

Approximate lethal dose versus median lethal dose in acute toxicity testing of pharmaceuticals

The relation between approximate lethal doses (ALD, i. e. the lowest dose at which mortality occurs) and the corresponding median lethal doses (LD₅₀) was investigated in 231 acute toxicity studies in mice and rats. The ALD values were divided into four classes (<5 mg/kg, 5–50 mg/kg, 50–500 mg/kg, 500–2000 mg/kg) and the LD₅₀/ALD factors were calculated. In intravenous studies the LD₅₀ values were higher than the ALD values by mean factors of 1.27–1.61 in mice and 1.25–2.84 in rats. In oral studies the LD₅₀ values were higher by mean factors of 1.46–2.5 in mice and 1.59–2.1 in rats. Only in 20 cases (8.7%) did the LD₅₀ values differ by factors higher than 2.     

Toxicity of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters in mice

Phorbol esters are the main toxins in Jatropha curcas seed and oil. The aim of this study was to assess the acute toxicity of phorbol esters given by intragastric administration and to determine the LD₅₀ for Swiss Hauschka mice. The LD₅₀ and 95% confidence limits for male mice were 27.34 mg/kg body mass and 24.90–29.89 mg/kg body mass; and the LD₅ and LD₉₅ were 18.87 and 39.62 mg/kg body mass, respectively. The regression equations between the probits of mortalities (Y) and the log of doses (D) was Y = −9.67 + 10.21 log (D). Histopathological studies on the organs from the dead mice showed: (1) no significant abnormal changes in the organs at the lowest dose (21.26 mg/kg body mass) studied, (2) prominent lesions mainly found in lung and kidney, with diffused haemorrhages in lung, and glomerular sclerosis and atrophy in kidney at doses ?32.40 mg/kg body mass, and (3) multiple abruption of cardiac muscle fibres and anachromasis of cortical neurons at the highest dose of 36.00 mg/kg body mass. The results obtained would aid in developing safety measures for the Jatropha based biofuel industry and in exploiting the pharmaceutical and agricultural applications of phorbol esters.     

Acute oral toxicity of 3-MCPD mono- and di-palmitic esters in Swiss mice and their cytotoxicity in NRK-52E rat kidney cells

The acute oral toxicity of 1-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate) and 1,2-bis-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol (3-MCPD dipalmitate) in Swiss mice were examined, along with their cytotoxicity in NRK-52E rat kidney cells. LD₅₀ (median lethal dose) value of 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate was determined 2676.81 mg/kg body weight (BW). The results showed that 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate dose-dependently decreased the mean body weight, and caused significant increase of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine in dead mice compared to the control and survived mice. Major histopathological changes in mice fed 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate were renal tubular necrosis, protein casts and spermatids decrease in the seminiferous tubules. According to the limit test for 3-MCPD dipalmitate, LD₅₀ value of 3-MCPD dipalmitate was presumed to be greater than 5000 mg/kg BW. Obvious changes were not observed on mean body weight, absolute and relative organ weight or serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in mice fed 3-MCPD dipalmitate. However, renal tubular necrosis, protein casts and spermatids decrease were also observed in the dead mice. In addition, MTT and LDH assay results only showed the cytotoxicity of 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate in NRK-52E rat kidney cells in a dose-dependent manner. Together, the results indicated a greater toxicity of 3-MCPD 1-monopalmitate compared to 3-MCPD dipalmitate.     

Effectiveness of metyrapone in the treatment of acetaminophen toxicity in mice

Metyrapone tartrate, 400 mg/kg i.p. raised the LD₅₀ for acetaminophen from 340 mg/kg i.p. to 540 mg/kg i.p. in fasting male Swiss white mice. The minimum protective dose of metyrapone was 200 mg/kg. Metyrapone was effective in preventing death when given up to 2 h after acetaminophen administration. The LD₅₀ for metyrapone tartrate was 760 mg/kg i.p. Metyrapone decreased or prevented acetaminophen induced hepatic damage measured either by histology or plasma glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity. Metyrapone tartrate, 400 mg/kg i.p., inbibited the severe liver glutathione depletion seen with acetaminophen alone. It is proposed that metyrapone protects mice from acetaminophen induced liver toxicity and death by inhibiting the oxidation of acetaminophen to a toxic intermediate.     

Furocoumarins affect hepatic cytochrome P450 and renal organic ion transporters in mice

Furocoumarins are a group of natural products with many biological activities. Clinical evidences have demonstrated the important contribution of furocoumarins to the toxicity of some foods and herbs. In order to assess liver and kidney toxicity of furocoumarins, male mice were orally administrated with psoralen, isopsoralen, imperatorin, isoimperatorin and xanthotoxin at 20 and 40 mg/kg once daily for 28 days, respectively. No changes of food or water intake were observed in furocoumarins-treated mice. Only 40 mg/kg isopsoralen reduced body weight. 40 mg/kg furocoumarins altered serum activities of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and/or levels of albumin, showing hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, furocoumarins increased activity and protein expression of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 3A11. CYP 2E1 activity and protein expression were suppressed by psoralen and isopsoralen and increased by xanthotoxin. Renal protein levels of organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCT1, OCT2 and OCTN2) and organic anion transporter 3 were increased by most furocoumarins. Renal urate transporter 1, glucose transporter 9 and multidrug resistance protein 4 were influenced by furocoumarins. These findings suggest that furocoumarins may interfere in metabolism, excretion and bioavailability of endogenous and exogenous compounds to impair liver and kidney functions mediated by affecting hepatic CYP450 and renal organic ion transport system.