5个恶唑烷酮类新化合物对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的抑制研究

目的 以铜绿假单胞菌PAO1为模式菌,研究恶唑烷酮类新化合物对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的抑制作用及其作用机制。方法 测定5个恶唑烷酮类新化合物对PAO1生物膜、绿脓菌素、运动能力抑制活性,采用qRT-PCR测试其对群体感应相关基因的下调作用,并评估化合物对秀丽隐杆线虫感染模型的保护活性。结果 化合物SIIA-MA2与SIIA-MA4对PAO1生物膜、绿脓菌素、运动能力具有较强的抑制活性,其作用机制均是并显著下调PAO1中10个已知的受群体感应系统正调控的基因。化合物SIIA-MA2与SIIA-MA4对秀丽隐杆线虫感染模型具有良好的体内保护活性,其中化合物SIIA-MA2对急性感染模型具有显著保护活性;化合物SIIA-MA4对慢性感染模型具有显著保护活性。结论 恶唑烷酮类新化合物SIIA-MA2和SIIA-MA4通过抑制PAO1群体感应系统发挥抗感染作用。     

原白头翁素对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统调控的毒力因子表达量的影响

目的 研究原白头翁素对铜绿假单胞菌(PA)的生长及群体感应系统(QS系统)调控的毒力因子表达的影响.方法 测定原白头翁素对PA的最低抑菌浓度和生长曲线,以40 μmol/L的呋喃酮C-30作为阳性对照,测定原白头翁素(40、80μmol/L)对铜绿假单胞菌标准株PA01生长曲线的影响以及QS系统调控的毒力因子中胞外3种毒力因子(绿脓菌素、蛋白水解酶和弹性蛋白酶)表达量的影响.结果 在实验所采用的浓度下,原白头翁素对铜绿假单胞菌的生长未表现出明显的抑制作用,但对PA01的3种毒力因子均有抑制作用,并呈现出剂量相关性.结论 原白头翁素抗感染的机制可能是作用于 铜绿假单胞菌的QS系统,抑制毒力因子表达,从而降低该菌的毒力.     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统分子受体基因lasR与Ⅰ类整合酶intI1基因表达的相关性分析

目的通过研究铜绿假单胞菌Ⅰ类整合子阳性株群体感应系统基因lasR与Ⅰ类整合子整合酶基因intI1表达水平的相关性,初步探讨群体感应系统对Ⅰ类整合子的调控机制。方法通过荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测铜绿假单胞菌群体QS信号分子受体基因lasR和Ⅰ类整合子整合酶基因intI1在液相菌与生物被膜菌中mRNA的表达水平,分析两基因表达的相关性。结果铜绿假单胞菌在生物被膜中群体感应系统lasR基因及Ⅰ类整合子intI1基因的mRNA表达水平高于液相菌,两者表达水平呈现正相关性(r=0.695,P<0.05)。结论铜绿假单胞菌群lasR和intI1基因表达呈正相关,提示intI1基因表达可能与群体感应系统的调控作用有关。     

多尼培南对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成和群体感应系统的影响

目的：探究新型碳青霉烯类抗生素多尼培南（doripenem,DOR）对临床分离铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用,及对其群体感应系统相关基因LasR、RhlR、PqsA、PqsE、PqsR表达量的影响。方法：用结晶紫染色法测定30株临床分离铜绿假单胞菌形成生物被膜能力和多尼培南对生物被膜形成的抑制作用;微量肉汤稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）和最低抑制生物被膜浓度（minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration,MBIC）;活菌计数法绘制多尼培南对生物被膜内细菌的杀菌曲线;采用实时定量荧光PCR （real-time PCR）法测定多尼培南对群体感应（quorum-sensing,QS）系统相关基因表达量的影响。结果：30株铜绿假单胞菌中的29株（97%）形成生物被膜;多尼培南具有较强的抗铜绿假单胞菌浮游菌和生物被膜抑制活性,MICR为0.5～1μg·mL-1,MBICR为1～4μg·mL-1;显著下调LasR、RhlR、PqsA、PqsE、PqsR的表达量。结论：临床分离铜绿假单胞菌具有高生物被膜形成率,多尼培南对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜具有抑制作用,可能与其下调QS系统相关基因有关。     

铜绿假单胞菌的群体感应系统与其致病及耐药机制

群体感应(QS)系统作为依赖细胞密度的胞间信号传递系统,在细胞生长、发育和分化中起重要作用.铜绿假单胞菌是院内常见的条件致病菌,对多种抗生素耐药.本文概述QS系统在铜绿假单胞菌致病机制及生物被膜介导的耐药机制中的作用,同时介绍基于铜绿假单胞菌QS系统的药物开发进展.     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统及其抑制剂的研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌耐药严重,形成的感染严重威胁患者健康.群体感应是细菌密度依赖的群体调控行为.细菌利用可扩散的信号分子监控周围同种或异种细菌的密度,调控特定基因的适时、协同表达.群体感应系统参与调控铜绿假单胞菌的致病性和耐药性,备受关注.深入研究铜绿假单胞菌的群体感应系统,可阐明该菌的群体行为调控机制及致病机制,由此研发铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的抑制剂,对缓解该菌的耐药并根除其感染具有重要意义.本文就铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统及其抑制剂的研究进展做一综述.     

铜绿假单胞菌中群体感应系统的研究进展

群体感应系统(quorum sensing)是一种细菌细胞与细胞间的信号传递系统。细菌通过可扩散的小分子信号分子感知细胞群体的密度,从而引起一些特定基因在细菌群体中的协调表达。铜绿假单胞菌中的QS系统包括LasI/LasR和RhlI/RhlR两条主要的信号系统和喹诺酮信号系统。本文系统地介绍了铜绿假单胞菌中QS系统的研究现状和相关应用。     

秀丽隐杆线虫-耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染模型的建立

目的 建立耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染的秀丽隐杆线虫感染模型。方法 利用临床分离的P.aeruginosa A258制各BHI、PGS、NG和Aga线虫感染平板。采用不同浓度的四环素、利福平和多粘菌素B对感染线虫进行治疗,考察感染线虫的存活率。结果 不同感染平板对线虫致死情况不同。采用NG感染平板对glp-4;sek-1线虫进行感染,其LT50 为3.5d。32μg/mL利福平和16μg/mL多粘菌素B对该感染线虫进行治疗,与不加入药物的对照组相比,其存活率分别提高了5和14倍。但一定浓度的四环素没有提高感染线虫的存活率,在线虫体内不能抑制P.aeruginosa A258的感染,与体外抑菌实验结果相一致。结论 建立了秀丽隐杆线虫-耐药铜绿假单胞菌A258感染模型,为此模型用于抗感染化合物的筛选奠定基础。     

左氧氟沙星对铜绿假单胞菌密度感应系统及毒力因子的调控

目的：评价铜绿假单胞菌在亚抑制浓度（ SIC）的左氧氟沙星作用下毒力因子表型及基因表达的变化并探索其可能的调控途径。方法用临床标准菌株PAO1及其密度感应系统（ QS）的基因突变株,测定不同浓度下菌株生长曲线,以不影响细菌生长的最高抗菌素浓度为亚抑制浓度。分别测定各菌株在SIC的抗菌素作用下生物膜形成、绿脓菌素和鼠李糖脂的变化。用实时定量聚合酶链式反应（ RT－PCR）测定菌株毒力蛋白编码基因以及QS基因在SIC的左氧氟沙星作用下表达的变化。用生物发光法测定QS信号分子在SIC的抗菌素作用下的变化。结果在SIC的左氧氟沙星作用下,PAO1的毒力因子编码基因和QS调控基因（lasR、rhlR）表达均显著增加,PAO1野生株的毒力因子也增加,但lasR、rhlR突变株无此变化,同时QS信号分子水平也无显著变化。结论亚抑制浓度的左氧氟沙星促进铜绿假单胞菌毒力因子的产生,这一效应是通过lasR和rhlR调节实现的,但这一调控作用可能并不是直接通过AHL信号分子完成。     

铜绿假单胞菌的群体感应系统及其抑制剂研究进展

群体感应系统(quorum sensing system, QS)是一种微生物细胞与细胞间的交流系统。铜绿假单胞菌是该系统的典型代表,可调控细菌产生对抗生素的耐药、形成生物膜、产生毒力因子,并且减弱宿主的免疫应答。群体感应系统抑制剂(quorum sensing inhibitors, QSIs)在不影响细菌生长的前提下可降低细菌的毒性,且增强细菌生物膜对抗生素治疗的敏感性,这些特点使QSIs成为目前抗感染领域的研发热点。本文就铜绿假单胞菌的群体感应系统及QSIs的研究进展进行了综述。     

Synthesis and biological activities of some 1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives as anti-quorum sensing agents

Antibiotics are commonly used to treat microbial infections. Due to misuse or large-scale use of antibiotics, many pathogens have gained resistance which makes antibiotic treatments ineffective. The discovery that many bacteria use quorum sensing (QS) to regulate their virulence factor and pathogenicity production makes the QS system an attractive target for antimicrobial therapy. A series of 1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized as QS inhibitors (QSIs) and tested for their QS inhibitory activities. In vitro quorum sensing inhibitor screen (QSIS) assay indicated that the 1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one (compound 1), 5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one (compound 6), 6-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one (compound 11), and 5-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one (compound 16), inhibit QS system in quorum sensing selector (QSIS)1 strain. These 4 QSIs also significantly reduced elastase production, biofilm formation and swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 strain. These results suggest that compound 1, 6, 11 and 16 may provide a starting point for the design and development of new anti-pathogenic drugs that restrict virulence of P. aeruginosa and possibly other clinically important human pathogens. In addition, these QSI molecules could potentially be used in combination with conventional antibiotics to increase the efficiency of disease control and to extend the life span of established antimicrobials.     

Raloxifene attenuates Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin production and virulence

There has been growing interest in disrupting bacterial virulence mechanisms as a form of infectious disease control through the use of 'anti-infective' drugs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen noted for its intrinsic antibiotic resistance that causes serious infections requiring new therapeutic options. In this study, an analysis of the P. aeruginosa PAO1 deduced proteome was performed to identify pathogen-associated proteins. A computational screening approach was then used to discover drug repurposing opportunities, i.e. identifying approved drugs that bind and potentially disrupt the pathogen-associated protein targets. The selective oestrogen receptor modulator raloxifene, a drug currently used in the prevention of osteoporosis and/or invasive breast cancer in post-menopausal women, was predicted from this screen to bind P. aeruginosa PhzB2. PhzB2 is involved in production of the blue pigment pyocyanin produced via the phenazine biosynthesis pathway. Pyocyanin is toxic to eukaryotic cells and has been shown to play a role in infection in a mouse model, making it an attractive target for anti-infective drug discovery. Raloxifene was found to strongly attenuate P. aeruginosa virulence in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of infection. Treatment of P. aeruginosa wild-type strains PAO1 and PA14 with raloxifene resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in pyocyanin production in vitro; pyocyanin production and virulence were also reduced for a phzB2 insertion mutant. These results suggest that raloxifene may be suitable for further development as a therapeutic for P. aeruginosa infection and that such already approved drugs may be computationally screened and potentially repurposed as novel anti-infective/anti-virulence agents.     

Quorum sensing inhibitors: a patent review (2014–2018)

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell density-dependent phenomenon in which specific pathways are activated after autoinducers (AIs) outside the microorganism reach a threshold concentration. QS creates a positive feedback loop that induces a cascade of gene expression and causes biofilm formation, virulence and sporulation. QS signals are diverse, acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL), AI peptide (AIP) and AI-2 are three major categories of QS signals. QS inhibitors (QSIs) can disrupt or prevent the formation of biofilm and reduce virulence while exerting less selective pressure on the bacteria, suggesting that QSIs are potential alternatives for antibiotics.

Areas covered: This review summarized the pertinent patents on QS inhibition available from 2014 to 2018. The authors analyze these patents and provided an overview of them and their potential applications.

Expert opinion: The main strategy for QS inhibition is to use the analogues of various QS signals to block downstream signal transducers. The inactivation of signal molecules or the stimulation of the immune response is also attractive strategies to inhibit QS. However, additional clinical trials are needed to assess their efficacy in mammals. In sum, QS inhibition can reduce the virulence of bacteria without affecting their growth or killing them and the reduced pressure may minimize the increasingly resistance.     

Novel therapies for Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia

P. aeruginosa is the bacteria most commonly responsible for hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Numerous factors are encoded in its genome, and they explain its high virulence. P. aeruginosa also develops a quorum sensing (QS), which coordinates the expression of these factors. The type III secretion system, a needle-complex, allows exotoxin injections into eukaryotic cells and is involved in the pathogenesis of acute pneumonia. This pathogen develops a high level of resistance to all antibiotics, which leads to a shortage of treatment options for many patients. Thus, new preventive or therapeutic approaches are in development. Immunotherapy that uses monoclonal antibodies has been successfully tested in blocking the type III secretion system (anti-PcrV) or helping immune cells phagocytose P. aeruginosa. Inhibiting the quorum sensing has also been efficacious in vitro and in vivo. New antibacterial peptides may enlarge the panel of treatments in the near future. However, current treatment for patients still relies on antibiotics. The development of resistance to all classes of available antibiotics leads to colistin revival with good clinical results. Topical delivery through aerosol could allow for the increase in the antibiotic concentration inside the infection site while limiting its systemic toxicity. Finally, Candida airway colonization has been found to be associated with P. aeruginosa-associated pneumonia in ventilated patients. In addition to targeting the bacteria, reducing Candida airway colonization may also decrease the incidence of such infections.     

Characterization of a novel gene related to antibiotic susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human pathogen with increased intrinsic resistance to a large number of antibiotics used in clinical therapy. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of resistance and developing therapy alternatives for P. aeruginosa are of profound importance. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that several mutants have isolated with altered expression of the phzA1B1C1D1E1F1G1 (phzA1) operon in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs) of tetracycline (TET). The present study investigates the roles of the PA0011 gene in mediating phzA1 expression at SIC of TET. The PA0011 gene encodes 2-OH-lauroytransferase by controlling the synthesis of the cell envelope and the outer membrane. We found that the PA0011 mutant strain was susceptible to several different antibiotics and environmental stresses. Complementation in the PA0011 mutant restored these phenotypes to wild-type levels. In addition, expression of the PA0011 gene, as monitored through a luciferase reporter, is increased at SICs of antibiotics. Indeed, the expression of the PA0011 gene increased about threefold in pqsR and pqsH mutants compared with the wild-type PAO1. However, the PA0011 gene negatively regulates the quorum sensing (QS) system. Taken together, these data suggest that PA0011 is involved in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents in P. aeruginosa, and that its susceptibility effect maybe partly dependent on increased QS expression.     

Design,synthesis, and a novel application of quorum-sensing agonists as potential drug-delivery vehicles

Surface adhered bacterial colonies or biofilms are an important problem in medical and food industries. Bacteria use a chemical language to monitor their quorum and to express virulence factors, which eventually help them in colonization and manifestation of an infection. The LasR-LasI and RhlR-RhlI quorum-sensing (QS) systems of Pseudomonas aeruginosa control expression of virulence factors in a population density-dependent fashion. In this study we investigated the role of synthetic analogs to RhlR-RhlI system of P. aeruginosa strains (PAO-1; wild-type and mutants JP-1, PDO-100, and JP-2) responsible for production of acyl-homoserine lactones-2; butanol homoserine lactone (AHL-2; C₄-HSL). We synthesized double (QS1207) and single (QS0108) sulfur analogs against (C₄-HSL; AHL-2), an autoinducer of Pseudomonas QS system. Extensive biological investigation of these analogs suggested a growth promoting activity for these analogs in Pseudomonas controlling biofilm production and exo-protease secretion. We hypothesized that these thiolactone analogs could be potentially utilized as potent drug-delivery vehicles against biofilm-producing pathogens. As a proof of principle we conjugated the single sulfur analog QS0108 with the broad-spectrum antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (QS0108-Cip). The QS analog-antibiotic conjugate was significantly more effective at disrupting both the nascent and mature biofilms of P. aeruginosa than the free antibiotic.     

铜绿假单胞菌III型分泌系统相关毒力基因在抗菌药物中表达差异的研究

目的 分析临床分离铜绿假单胞菌Ⅲ型分泌系统(type III secretion system, T3SS)毒力基因exoS、exoU在抗菌药物中表达的差异性，以期为患者选择合适的抗感染治疗方案及预后评估提供依据。方法 选取南昌大学第二附属医院2017年1月-2017年12月临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌72株，采用Vitek2 Compact全自动微生物鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定及药敏，采用PCR法检测分离菌株T3SS特异性片段popB和相关毒力基因exoS、exoU表达情况；收集患者临床信息，了解毒力基因表达与细菌耐药性的关系。结果 72株铜绿假单胞菌中4种基因型exoS+/exoU-、exoS-/exoU+、exoS+/exoU+和exoS-/exoU-，分别为56.94%、26.39%、4.17%和12.50%，其中痰液、血液标本中检出率最高的基因型为exoS+/exoU-，分别为57.50%(23/40)和70.00%(7/10)。分析药敏结果显示，亚胺培南、氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类耐药的分离株中携带exoU基因的耐药率显著高于携带exoS基因的耐药率，具有统计学意义(P<0.05)；其中携带exoU基因的总菌株为22株，其对亚胺培南、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星及环丙沙星的耐药率分别为45.45%、45.45%、50.00%、50.00%、40.91%和40.91%；携带exoS基因的总菌株为44株，其对以上药物的耐药率分别为4.55%、6.82%、4.55%、18.18%、11.36%和18.18%。结论 我院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌毒力基因以exoS+/exoU-基因型为主；铜绿假单胞菌携带exoU基因时，显示出对亚胺培南、氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物具有更高的耐药性。     

Efficacy of human gamma-globulin preparation in experimental pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in mice and its mode of action

The agglutinin titer of S-sulfonated human gamma-globulin (GGS, Venilon) against the formalinized cells of 20 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa distributed as follows: 1:128 to 1:512 in 6 strains, 1:32 to 1:64 in 13 strains and 1:16 in only 1 strain. GGS given passively protected mice against P. aeruginosa infection, however, the effect of GGS differed markedly among the strains used. The difference in the effect was in correlation with the agglutinin titer of GGS against the formalinized cells but not in correlation with that against the heat-killed cells, serotypes or elastase- or protease-producing abilities of P. aeruginosa. In the experiment with representative GGS-sensitive P. aeruginosa No. 97 and GGS-resistant P. aeruginosa No. 20, P. aeruginosa No. 97 was drastically killed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and macrophages in the presence of GGS, but P. aeruginosa No. 20 remained entirely unaffected. P. aeruginosa No. 97 preopsonized with GGS became more sensitive to phagocytic killing by PMNs and in vivo bactericidal activity than non-treated P. aeruginosa No. 97. Preopsonized P. aeruginosa No. 97 also markedly decreased its virulence in mice. Absorption of GGS with the formalinized P. aeruginosa No. 97 cells simultaneously reduced the agglutinating activity, protective capacity and in vivo bactericidal activity. These results indicate that the protective effect of GGS against pseudomonal infection in mice depended on an amount of specific antibody to heat-labile antigens of each P. aeruginosa used.