红芽大戟的化学成分

目的研究茜草科植物红芽大戟Knoxia valerianoides Thorel et Pitard的化学成分。方法采用各种色谱技术进行分离纯化，经光谱数据分析鉴定其结构。结果分离得到3个蒽醌类化合物：1,3,5-三羟基-2-甲基-6-甲氧基蒽醌(红大戟素，I)，1,3,6-三羟基-5-乙氧甲基蒽醌(II)及1,3-二羟基-2-甲基蒽醌(甲基异茜草素，III)。结论II为新化合物。     

巴戟天抗衰老活性成分研究(Ⅱ)

目的对巴戟天(Morinda officinalis How.)的活性部位进行化学成分研究。方法用色谱法分离,用波谱法对化合物结构进行鉴定。结果从巴戟天活性部位中分出7个化合物,分别为1-羟基-2-羟甲基蒽醌(1)、1-羟基-6-羟甲基蒽醌(2)、1-羟基-7-羟甲基蒽醌(3)、3-羟基-1,2-二甲氧基蒽醌(4)、2-羟基-3-甲基蒽醌(5)、2-甲氧甲酰基蒽醌(6)、1,2-二羟基-3-甲基蒽醌(7)。结论化合物6为首次从该属分离得到,化合物2、3为首次从该种分离得到,首次提供化合物2的核磁数据。     

红芽大戟化学成分的研究

目的研究茜草科植物红芽大戟Knoxia valerianoides Thorel et Pitard的化学成分。方法采用各种色谱技术进行分离纯化，经光谱数据分析鉴定其结构。结果从红芽大戟中分离得到2个蒽醌类化合物：1,3,5-三羟基-2-乙氧甲基-6-甲氧基蒽醌(I)及1,3-二羟基-2-乙氧甲基-蒽醌(II)。结论化合物I为新成分。II为从本植物首次发现。     

白花蛇舌草氯仿部位的化学成分研究

目的:研究白花蛇舌草氯仿部位的化学成分。方法:采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱和薄层色谱对白花蛇舌草氯仿部位化合物进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据分析鉴定化合物结构。结果:从白花蛇舌草氯仿部位中分离得到11个化合物,分别鉴定为2-羟基-3-甲基蒽醌(1)、2-羟基-1-甲氧基-3-甲基蒽醌(2)、2-羟基-1-甲氧基蒽醌(3)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(4)、甲基异茜草素(5)、熊果酸(6)、耳草酮B(7)、莨菪亭(8)、2,6-二羟基-3-甲基-4-甲氧基蒽醌(9)、2-羟基-3-羟甲基蒽醌(10)、正十六烷(11)。结论:化合物4、7、10、11为首次从白花蛇舌草植物中分离得到,本研究为白花蛇舌草质量评价奠定了一定基础。     

短刺虎刺化学成分的研究——Ⅰ.短刺虎刺素与8-羟基短刺虎刺素的分离和结构鉴定

从短刺虎刺(Damnacanthus subspinosus Hand-Mazz)的根中分到三种蒽醌化合物结晶,晶1通过光谱分析鉴定为茜根定-1-甲醚(rubiadin-1-methyl ether)(Ⅰ)。晶2和晶3为新化合物,经光谱分析推定其结构分别为1-甲氧基-2-羟基-3-乙氧甲基蒽醌(Ⅱ)和1-甲氧基-2,8-二羟基-3-乙氧甲基蒽醌(Ⅲ),各命名为短刺虎刺素(subspinosin)和8-羟基短蒯虎刺素(8-hydroxysubspinosin)。     

巴戟天抗衰老活性成分研究

目的研究巴戟天(Morinda officinalis)活性部位的化学成分。方法用色谱法分离,用波谱法对化合物结构进行鉴定。结果从巴戟天活性部位中分出5个化合物,分别为甲基异茜草-1-甲醚(Ⅰ)、2-羟基-1-甲氧基蒽醌(Ⅱ)、7-羟基-6-甲氧基香豆素(Ⅲ)、异嗪皮啶(Ⅳ)、2-醛基蒽醌(Ⅴ)。结论化合物Ⅳ为首次从该属植物分离得到,化合物Ⅴ为首次从该种植物分离得到。     

短刺虎刺素的结构更正及其合成

短刺虎刺素的结构文献曾报道为1-甲氧基-2-羟基-3-乙氧甲基蒽醌(1)⁽²⁾。作者以邻苯二甲酸酐和2,3-二羟基甲苯或2.6-二羟基甲苯经环合、选择性乙酰化、甲基化、溴化、乙醇钠缩合分别合成了1和1-甲氧基-2-乙氧甲基-3-羟基蒽醌(5)。经对照后证实,短刺虎刺素的结构应更正为5,即虎刺素-ω-乙基醚。     

海洋真菌09-1-1-1次级代谢产物的研究

目的从海洋真菌的代谢产物中寻找新的具有抗真菌活性的化合物。方法以稻瘟霉生物模型筛选海洋真菌,获得编号09-1-1-1的活性菌株,从其发酵液中分离活性代谢产物。结果从发酵液中分离到2个化合物,鉴定其结构为3a,12c-二氢-8-羟基-6-甲氧基-7H-呋喃[3′,2′∶4,5]呋喃[2,3-c]呫吨-7-酮(Ⅰ,sterig-matocystin)和1,3,6,8-四羟基-2-(1-羟己基)-9,10-蒽二酮(Ⅱ,averantin)。结论稻瘟霉生物模型用于筛选海洋真菌活性代谢产物成本低、快速又方便。化合物Ⅱ对109稻瘟霉菌丝的生长最小抑制浓度为1.6μg.mL-1。     

短刺虎刺中8-羟基虎刺素-ω-乙基醚的分离和结构鉴定

从短刺虎刺(Damnacanthus subspinosus Hand-Mazz)的根中分得一新蒽醌化合物,经光谱分析推定其结构为1-甲氧基-2-乙氧甲基-3,8-二羟基蒽醌,命名为8-羟基虎刺素-ω-乙基醚(8-Hydroxydamnacanthol-ω-ethyl ether)。对Hela细胞体外培养有一定抑制作用。     

巴戟天根皮中的醌类成分的分离与鉴定

目的研究巴戟天(Morinda officinalisHow.)化学成分。方法运用多种色谱学方法对巴戟天根皮体积分数70%乙醇提取物的化学成分进行分离,并根据光谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果从该植物中分离得到17个化合物,分别鉴定为rubiasin A(1)、rubiasin B(2)、2-羟基-1-甲氧基蒽醌(2-hydroxy-1-methoxy-anthraquinone,3)、3-羟基-1-甲氧基-2-甲基蒽醌(3-hydroxy-1-methoxy-2-methyl-anthraquinone,4)、1,3-二羟基-2-甲氧基蒽醌(1,3-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-anthraquinone,5)、2-甲基蒽醌(2-methyl-anthraquinone,6)、1,3-二羟基-2-甲基蒽醌(1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-anthraqui-none,7)、2-羟甲基蒽醌(2-hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone,8)、3-羟基-1,2-二甲氧基蒽醌(3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethoxy-anthraquinone,9)、1,8-二羟基-3-甲氧基-6-甲基蒽醌(1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone,10)、苯乙醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2-phenylethyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,11)、2-丁醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(sec-butyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,12)、3,4-二羟基苯乙醇(3,4-di-hydroxyphenylethanol,13)、3-(4-羟基-苯基)-1,2-丙二醇(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propandiol,14)、阿魏酸(ferulic acid,15)、熊果酸(ursolic acid,16)、β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,17)。结论化合物1,2,11~14为首次从巴戟天属植物中分离得到。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.