南海沉积环境来源真菌Eurotium sp.SCSIO F452的次生代谢产物研究

目的对1株南海沉积环境来源真菌的次生代谢产物进行分离、鉴定及活性研究。方法采用溶剂萃取、硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析等方法对真菌Eurotiumsp.SCSIO F452的发酵产物进行化学分离,通过NMR、MS等波谱学技术并参阅文献进行化合物结构鉴定,采用SRB法评价化合物的细胞毒活性。结果从菌株SCSIO F452中分离鉴定6个单体化合物,分别为:isodihydroauroglaucin(1)、flavoglaucin(2)、tetrahydroauro-glaucin(3)、2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl)-1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde(4)、neoechinulin A(5)和methyl lino-leate(6)。化合物1-5对4种肿瘤细胞系表现出不同强度的细胞毒活性。结论苯甲醛衍生物1-3是真菌SC-SIO F452的优势代谢产物,细胞毒活性较强,具有潜在的研究价值。     

南海深海沉积环境来源真菌Aspergillus flavus SCSIO F025的次生代谢产物及活性研究

目的 对采集自南海中部1781 m沉积环境的1株曲霉属真菌Aspergillus flavus SCSIO F025进行次生代谢产物及活性研究。方法 通过优化培养条件对菌株进行规模发酵,发酵产物采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20、HPLC等色谱学方法进行化学分离,利用NMR、MS等波谱学技术并结合文献进行化合物的结构鉴定,应用纸片扩散法及DPPH自由基清除法对化合物进行初步抗氧化和抗菌活性测试。结果 从菌株SCSIO F025中分离鉴定5个单体化合物：penicillivinacine(1),arthrographol(2),dehydroxypaxilline(3),ditryptophenaline(4),kojic acid(5)。其中化合物1和2为首次从黄曲霉中分离得到。化合物1对溶藻弧菌和藤黄微球菌有弱的抑制活性,化合物2表现出显著抗氧化及溶藻弧菌和藤黄微球菌抑制活性,化合物3对溶藻弧菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌有抑制活性。     

基于OSMAC策略对深海来源真菌Acrostalagmus luteoalbus SCSIO F457化学多样性的初步研究

摘要：目的 采用单菌多次级代谢产物（OSMAC）策略对1株采自南海深海2 801 m沉积环境的白黄笋顶孢霉属真菌Acrostalagmus luteoalbus SCSIO F457进行化学多样性的初步研究。方法 通过在不同培养基、不同pH与不同盐度条件下对菌株进行培养调控并筛选2种适宜发酵条件进行小规模发酵。采用硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶层析、半制备高效液相等色谱学方法对发酵产物进行化学分离,利用NMR、MS等波谱学技术并结合文献鉴定化合物结构,并对化合物进行初步抗氧化和抗菌活性测试。结果 从菌株SCSIO F457的发酵产物中共新增分离鉴定11个单体化合物,包括paulownin（1）、cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro)（2）、cyclo(L-Tyr-L-Pro)（3）、cyclo(L-Val-L-Pro)（4）、cyclo(D-Ile-L-Pro)（5）、cyclo(D-Leu-L-Pro)（6）、1-methyoxy-4-(2-hydroxy)ethylbenzene（7）、2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol（8）、1-phenylbutane-2,3-diol（9）、3-methoxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one（10）及3-(hydroxy-acetyl)-1H-indole（11）,化合物7表现出较弱的1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, DPPH）自由基清除活性。     

中国南海深海真菌Penicillium brocae SCSIO 05793的次级代谢产物研究

目的 对分离自中国南海500m深层海水来源真菌Penicillium brocae SCSIO 05793进行菌种鉴定及次级代谢产物研究。 方法 通过ITS序列分析并构建系统发育树来鉴定菌株,综合运用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析、中压反相柱层析以及半制备高效液相等色谱学方法对其大米发酵产物进行分离纯化,利用核磁共振、质谱、旋光等波、光谱学手段并结合理化性质及文献数据鉴定其化学结构。结果 从中分离到8个单体化合物：cyclo(L-Pro-L-Leu)(1),cyclo-(L-pro-L-Ile)(2),cyclo(L-Pro-L-Phe)(3),cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr)(4),3,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯 (5), 4-羟基苯甲醛 (6), 4-羟基苯乙酮 (7), 对羟基苯乙酸甲酯 (8)。结论 从该菌株Penicillium brocae中分离得到8个化合物。     

南海柳珊瑚来源真菌Aspergillus hiratsukae SCSIO 7S2001的次生代谢产物及活性研究

目的 对一株采自南海柳珊瑚来源曲霉属真菌Aspergillus hiratsukae SCSIO 7S2001进行次级代谢产物及活性研究。方法 通过条件优化对菌株进行大规模发酵，采用硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶、半制备高效液相等色谱学方法对其大米发酵产物进行分离纯化，利用NMR、MS等波谱学技术，结合其理化性质及文献数据对比进行化合物的结构鉴定，并对化合物进行初步抗氧化和抗菌活性测试。结果 从菌株SCSIO 7S2001中分离鉴定9个单体化合物cristatumin F (1)，，neoechinulin B (2），，cyclo (Trp-Ana) (3)，，cyclo (D-Trp-L-Pro) (4)，，cyclo (D-Pro-D-Phe) (5)，，Phomoindene A(6)，，β-adenosine (7), ，E-6-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-benzo[b]furan-2-one(8a8)，Z-6-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzylid-ene)-benzo[b]furan-2-one(8b9)，并对化合物进行抗菌活性、DPPH自由基清除活性以及乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性的测定。化合物1-89均为首次从该菌株中分离得到，化合物8和9为首次从海洋真菌中分离得到的新天然产物。所有化合物均无抗菌活性，化合物6表现出显著的DPPH自由基清除活性，其IC50为8.50 μM，几乎与阳性对照相当(阳性对照IC50=5.58 μM)。化合物1和2表现出微弱的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性，在浓度为50 μg. /mL-1下，抑制率分别为16.44%和19.75%。     

海洋源放线菌Streptomyces sp.SCSIO 10428中吩嗪生物碱类抗生素的分离鉴定

目的对从广西北海斜阳岛海域沉积物中分离的1株海洋源放线菌Streptomyces sp.SCSIO 10428进行次级代谢产物及活性研究。方法对海洋源放线菌Streptomyces sp.SCSIO 10428的发酵产物进行有机溶剂萃取,利用硅胶、凝胶柱层析等手段纯化次级代谢产物,通过波谱数据分析及文献比较对化合物进行结构鉴定,对化合物进行了抗菌、卤虫致死以及抗氧化活性评价。结果从海洋源放线菌Streptomyces sp.SCSIO10428发酵产物中分离得到3个生物碱类化合物,其结构分别鉴定为1-甲氧基吩嗪(1),1-羟基吩嗪(2),吩嗪-1-羧酸(3);活性结果显示化合物1~3对白色念珠...     

海绵共附生菌Streptomyces olivaceus LHW2444的分离鉴定及其抗青枯菌活性代谢产物研究

目的 从海绵中分离培养放线菌,筛选具有抗青枯菌活性的菌株,分离鉴定活性代谢产物。方法 以来源于南海西沙永兴岛附近海域的海绵Leucetta chagosensis为实验材料,采用三种选择性分离培养基分离海绵的共附生放线菌,利用16S rRNA序列分析对各菌株进行种属鉴定。对各菌株的发酵提取物进行抗青枯菌活性筛选,采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析和高效液相色谱法对筛选到的活性菌株的发酵产物进行分离、纯化,运用核磁共振(NMR)、质谱(MS)等手段,鉴定化合物的结构。采用微量稀释法测定化合物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果 分离培养海绵共附生放线菌16株,筛选得到一株具有较好抗青枯菌活性的菌株Streptomyces olivaceus LHW2444,并从该菌株的发酵产物中分离鉴定2个吡咯类化合物、1个苯并二恶茂类化合物、2个吡喃酮类化合物,分别为pyrrole-2-carboxamide(1)、pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid(2)、1,3-benzodioxole-2-one-4-carboxylamide(3)、germicidin B(4)、germicidin C(5),化合物1-5为首次从该种属放线菌分离得到。首次发现pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid对青枯菌具有较强抑制作用,MIC值为8 μg/mL。结论 海绵共附生菌Streptomyces olivaceus LHW2444是潜在的植物青枯病生防菌,pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid是抗青枯菌的活性代谢产物。     

海洋真菌分离及菌株Aspergillus versicolor ZLQ-43的次级代谢产物的研究D

目的 对来源于渤海地区样品进行海洋真菌分离,并深入研究目标菌株杂色曲霉Aspergillus versicolor ZLQ-43的抗肿瘤活性成分。方法 采用稀释涂布平板法进行海洋真菌的分离;应用溶剂萃取,TLC分析,柱色谱层析及制备HPLC等方法对菌株ZLQ-43的发酵产物进行研究;通过理化性质及波谱学方法并参阅文献进行化学结构鉴定;采用CPE MTT法评价其抗H1N1流感病毒活性,采用SRB法评价其抗肿瘤的活性。结果 从渤海地区样品中最终筛选分离到海洋真菌90株,从菌株ZLQ-43发酵提取物中分离得到聚酮类化合物6个,经结构鉴定分别为sterigmatocystin (1), dihydrosterigmatocystin (2), vericolorin B (3), paeciloquinone C (4), versiconol (5)和2,4-dihydroxy-6-((R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxopentyl)-3-methylbenzaldehyde (6)。化合物4、6具有中等强度的抗H1N1病毒活性,抑制率分别为67.6%和51.5%;化合物5在1 mg?mL-1浓度下对P388细胞增殖抑制率67.79%。 结论 菌株ZLQ-43能够产生结构多样的活性次级代谢产物,发现化合物1、3、5具有P388细胞增殖抑制活性,并首次报道化合物4、6的抗H1N1病毒活性。     

深海链霉菌SCSIO 03032芳酰胺类代谢产物的研究

目的 对从印度洋深海沉积物中分离到的一株深海来源的放线菌Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 03032进行次级代谢产物分析及其活性研究。方法 对深海来源放线菌Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 03032的发酵产物进行有机溶剂萃取,利用正、反向硅胶层析、硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析、薄层层析等分离手段进行纯化,通过ESI-MS、₁H NMR、₁₃C NMR分析及文献查阅鉴定化合物结构,并对化合物进行抗菌及抗氧化活性研究。结果 从深海来源放线菌Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 03032的发酵产物中分离得到3个芳酰胺类化合物,其结构分别鉴定为4-甲基苯-1, 3-二氨基甲酸甲酯(1)、2-甲基苯-1, 3-二氨基甲酸甲酯(2)、羰基亚氨基4-甲基-3, 1-亚苯基双[氨基甲酸]甲酯(3);活性结果显示三个化合物均无明显的抑菌活性或抗氧化活性。结论 得到了一株能够产生3个不同芳酰胺类化合物的深海链霉菌SCSIO 03032。     

南极嗜冷真菌Pseudogymnoascus sp. OUCMDZ-3578次级代谢产物研究

摘要：目的 对来源于南极苔藓的嗜冷真菌Pseudogymnoascus sp. OUCMDZ-3578进行菌种鉴定及次级代谢产物的研究。方法 通过分子生物学方法鉴定菌株种属;综合运用硅胶柱层析、薄层色谱和半制备高效液相色谱等色谱学方法对次级代谢产物进行分离纯化,通过核磁共振（NMR）、质谱（MS）等现代波谱学方法并结合文献对所得化合物进行结构鉴定。结果 分离鉴定6个单体化合物,包含3个二苯甲酮类化合物sulochrin (1)、hydroxysulochrin (2)、desmethylsulochrin (3),3个蒽醌类化合物questin (4)、questinol (5)、endocrocin (6)。测试了化合物的抗老年痴呆活性。结论 从南极苔藓样品,分离获得嗜冷真菌,通过分子生物学和形态学鉴定为Pseudogymnoascus sp. OUCMDZ-3578,从中分离鉴定了化合物1~6,对研究嗜冷真菌及其代谢产物做出了探索。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.