罗河石斛的生药学鉴定

目的 对罗河石斛进行生药鉴定.方法 采用生药鉴定方法对罗河石斛药材基源、性状和显微特征进行研究.结果 罗河石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和不同器官显微组织构造的鉴别特征明显.结论 可为罗河石斛质量标准的制定、石斛类药材的品种鉴别奠定基础.     

浮石斛的生药学鉴定

目的 对浮石斛进行生药鉴定.方法 采用生药鉴定方法研究浮石斛的药材基源、性状和显微特征.结果 浮石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和不同器官显微组织构造的鉴别特征明显.结论 为浮石斛药材的质量标准制定、石斛类药材的品种整理及其混淆品的区分奠定了基础.     

小瓜石斛的生药学鉴定

目的 对小瓜石斛进行生药鉴定.方法 采用生药鉴定方法研究小瓜石斛的药材基源、性状和显微特征.结果 和结论 小瓜石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和显微组织构造的鉴别特征明显,可为小瓜石斛质量标准、品种整理、混淆品的鉴别奠定基础.     

景洪石斛的生药学鉴别

目的 对景洪石斛进行生药学鉴别.方法 对景洪石斛药材的基源、性状和显微特征进行研究.结果 景洪石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和不同器官的显微组织鉴别特征明显.结论 可为景洪石斛质量标准的制定和开发利用奠定基础.     

药用植物束花石斛、流苏石斛及其形态相似种的PCR-RFLP鉴别研究药用植物束花石斛、流苏石斛及其形态相似种的PCR-RFLP鉴别研究

目的建立简易的采用rDNA ITS区作为分子标记对中药石斛的基源植物进行分子鉴定的技术。方法 用聚合酶链反应—限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法获得ITS片段的限制性图谱。束花石斛及其形态相似种的PCR扩增产物用Cla I和Apa LI酶切,流苏石斛及其形态相似种的PCR扩增产物用Sph I酶切。结果根据预测的PCR-RFLP图谱,可以鉴别药用植物束花石斛、流苏石斛及它们的形态相似种。用这种方法鉴定了市场上收集的25件商品束花石斛、流苏石斛新鲜药材的原植物。结论rDNA ITS的PCR-RFLP可用于鉴定石斛药材的原植物,具有简便、费用低的优点。     

12种红景天属植物性状鉴别特征的比较

目的 鉴定12种红景天属植物药材(根和根茎)的性状特征,为红景天药材质量标准的制定提供依据.方法 采用药材来源、性状鉴定方法.结果 描述川西高原产12种红景天属植物药材的性状特征.结论 为红景天属植物药材的准确鉴定和临床应用奠定了基础.     

滇金石斛的生药学鉴别

目的 对滇金石斛进行生药学鉴别.方法 采用原植物鉴别、性状鉴别和显微鉴别的方法.结果与结论 滇金石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和不同器官显微组织构造的鉴别特征明显,可为滇金石斛质量标准的制定和开发奠定基础.     

千里光属(Senecio)13种植物的形态和组织学特征

千里光在很多中成药中应用,但因其含有肝毒性吡咯里西啶生物碱而引起国际上的关注。为保证临床用药的安全,本文对千里光属11种、2变种药用植物的形态组织学特征进行了鉴定研究,了解千里光属植物的显微鉴定特征,为该类生药的商品鉴定提供依据。在性状鉴定的基础上,对千里光属生药茎横切面、叶表皮形态进行了观察比较。千里光属药材在生药性状、茎横切面、叶表面垂周壁观形态特征具有不同程度的差异,可以明显鉴别13种生药,为千里光类生药的鉴定提供依据。     

石斛类叶鞘的显微鉴定研究

商品石斛的植物来源复杂,规格繁多,外形鉴定较困难。为了准确鉴定石斛的品种,对常作为药用的16种石斛属(Dendrobium Sw)植物的叶鞘进行了显微观察,发现其表皮细胞的形状,大小,所含草酸钙结晶的形状、大小、分布等种间区别较明显,可作为鉴别石斛种类的科学依据之一。本文对金钗石斛D.nobile Lindl。等16种石斛的叶鞘表面特征加以描述,并附主要特征图和检索表。     

中药“枫斗”的性状鉴别研究

目的:研究同属不同种植物来源的枫斗性状,寻找鉴别特征。方法:收集石斛属植物20种并进行物种鉴定,将茎加工枫斗,对各种枫斗性状特征进行观察并描述。结果:20种枫斗在性状特征上有较大的差别。结论:研究结果可为20种枫斗供鉴别依据。     

维生素D缺乏性佝偻病防治的早期干预

目的 　观察维生素 D缺乏性佝偻病防治早期干预的效果。 方法 　干预组出生 2 8d后预防性口服伊可新 ( Vit.D1日 ,5 0 0 IU,Vit.A15 0 0 IU)至小儿满 3个月 ,并给予干预及喂养指导 ;对照组出生 2 8d后未服用 Vit.D,给予喂养指导至小儿满 3个月。 结果　干预组与未争取干预措施的小儿佝偻病的病情改善比较 ,有显著地差异 ( P<0 .0 1)。 结论 　佝偻病早期干预安全有效 ,简便易行 ,经济实用     

曲茎石斛及其近似种鉴别的形态和DNA分子证据

目的　探讨曲茎石斛 (南阳居群 )与同属近似种 :细茎石斛 (南阳居群 )、霍山石斛 (霍山居群 )、铁皮石斛(天台居群 )药材鉴别的形态及DNA分子证据。方法　对曲茎石斛 (南阳居群 )及其近似种的药材进行了外部形态和rDNAITS序列比较。结果　曲茎石斛及其近似种药材的外部形态虽无明显区别 ,但在rDNAITS序列上却存在着显著而稳定的差异。曲茎石斛 (南阳居群 )与铁皮石斛 (天台居群 )的rDNAITS序列的差异最小 ,绝对遗传距离为 7;但与细茎石斛 (南阳居群 )及霍山石斛 (霍山居群 )rDNAITS区的差异较大 ,绝对遗传距离分别为 4 0和 4 2。在rDNAITS区域中 ,作者共挑选了 7个碱基位点用作鉴别曲茎石斛 (南阳居群 )及其近似种的DNA证据。结论　根据药材的形态特征及rDNAITS区碱基序列差异 ,可准确鉴别曲茎石斛及其近似种药材。     

Stimulation of neuronal Na+, K+-ATPase by calcium

The effect of calcium on ATP-phosphohydrolase activity of rat brain homogenates has been investigated. In both the presence and absence of the chelating agent EDTA, free calcium within the concentration range 1.2 x 10(-7) to 5.0 x 10(-4) moles/l consistently affected only the activity of Na+, K+-ATpase; the activities of Mg2+-ATPase and Na+-ATPase were essentially unchanged by Ca2+; Ca2+-ATPase could not be demonstrated. In either the presence or absence of EDTA, concentrations of free-Ca2+ above 3 x 10(-6) moles/l caused an inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity. In the presence of EDTA, concentrations of free-Ca2+ below 3 x 10(-6) moles/l were ineffective at altering Na+, K+-ATPase activity but, in the absence of EDTA, free-Ca2+ in this concentration range caused a marked stimulation of the enzyme. Evidence is presented to show that the stimulation of Na+, K+-ATPase by calcium is modulated by the regulatory protein calmodulin. Since the stimulation occurs over the range of concentrations at which calcium would be expected to be encountered within the cell, it is suggested that this is the major physiological effect of calcium on Na+, K+-ATPase.     

Behavioural effects of central and peripheral injection of various analogues and metabolites of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Bilateral injection of 2 biologically stable analogues of TRH, CG3509 (orotyl-His-Pro-NH₂; 5 μg) or CG3703 (6-methyl-5-oxo-thiomorpholinyl-3-carbonyl-His-Pro-NH₂; 5 μg) into the n. accumbens produced prolonged locomotor activity and dopamine-like behavioural changes. Identical but short-lasting changes occur after TRH. The behavioural effects of administration of CG3509 (5 μg bilaterally) or CG3703 (5 μg bilaterally) into the accumbens were partially inhibited by prior injection of haloperidol (2.5 μg bilaterally) into the same site. Destruction of the presynaptic dopamine nerve terminals in the n. accumbens with 6-hydroxydopamine (8 μg bilaterally) reduced but did not abolish the behavioural responses to injection of the analogues.The behavioural responses to TRH (10 μg bilaterally) were increased when it was injected in combination with bacitracin (4 μg bilaterally).Injection into the n. accumbens of tranylcypromine-pretreated rats (5 mg/kg, 30 min earlier) of either pyro-Glu-His {dihydroxyphenylethyl}-NH₂ (10 μg bilaterally) or pyro-Glu-His-Pro {dihydroxyphenylethyl} -NH₂ (10 μg bilaterally) produced TRH-like behavioural changes and increased locomotor activity, while pyro-Glu-Tyr-Pro-NH₂ (10 μg bilaterally) was without effect. Intra-accumbens injection of the metabolites of TRH pyro-Glu-His-Pro-OH (10 μg bilaterally) or His-Pro diketopiperazine (10 μg bilaterally) produced no behavioural changes in tranylcypromine pretreated rats (5.0 mg/kg, 30 min earlier).Intraperitoneal injection of CG3509 (10 mg/kg) or CG3703 (10 mg/kg) produced locomotor activity and behavioural changes similar to those observed after central injection of TRH or the analogues. These effects were potentiated by pretreatment for 2 hr with tranylcypromine (10 mg/kg). Haloperidol (2 mg/kg, i.p.) or chlorpromazine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) abolished the behavioural changes induced by the analogues.Like TRH, peripheral injection of either analogue (5 mg/kg) to unilateral nigrostriatal lesioned rats failed to induce circling.Injection of either analogue (1 mg/kg), 2min before pentobarbital (40 mg/kg), prolonged the time to loss of righting reflex and reduced sleeping time.These results suggest that, like TRH, CG3509 and CG3703 selectively affect dopamine function in the n. aceumbens but not the n. caudatus, have prolonged actions because of resistance to enzymic degradation, but do not mimic all the actions of the parent compound.     

Voltammetric determination of vitamin D3 with a rotating glassy carbon electrode

A voltamperometric study (DC and DP) on the electroanalytical behaviour of vitamin D₃ in a methanolic solution using LiClO₄ as the supporting electrolyte and working with a glassy carbon electrode was carried out. Vitamin D₃ exhibits an oxidation wave (DC) or peak (DP) at potentials close to +1.1 V (versus SCE). The optimum experimental conditions for the best reproducibility of the voltamperometric signal were determined and the different parameters affecting the electrochemical process were studied. The electrochemical process was seen to be irreversible and, under certain conditions, adsorption of vitamin D₃ onto the electrode surface was observed. A voltamperometric procedure for the determination of vitamin D₃ in a concentration range of 2 × 10⁻⁶−2 × 10⁻⁴ M is proposed. The detection limit is of the order of 2 × 10⁻⁶ M and the relative standard deviations are 1.1% (DC) and 2.6% (DP), respectively.     

Effects of thiourea on pulmonary edema, pleural and peritoneal effusions and toxicity in rats pretreated with actinomycin D

Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of toxic amounts of thiourea result in pulmonary edema and pleural effusions. Following i.p. injections of sublethal doses a predominance of pleural effusion over pulmonary edema is demonstrated.Pleural effusion resulting from a sublethal dose of thiourea was seen at 6 h, reached a maximum at 12 h, remained constant until 24 h, and disappeared entirely by 48 h. Administration of 2 doses of Actinomycin D (Act D) (100 μg/kg i.p. 12 h apart) was found to produce profuse pleural and peritoneal effusions without causing pulmonary edema. This was in distinct contrast to intratracheal instillation (50 μg/kg 24 h apart) which produced a large amount of pulmonary edema and little pleural effusion.In general, the effects of thiourea in rats pretreated with Act D i.p. were the development of a greater degree of pleural effusion and a lesser degree of pulmonary edema. In addition, a dose-related reduction in the formation of peritoneal effusion was noticed in these rats. Rats pretreated i.p. with Act D were 4 times more sensitive to the lethal effect of thiourea than controls. It is postulated that Act D pretreatment somehow increases capillary permeability which enhances thiourea toxicity.     

四种萆薢类药材原植物叶表面扫描电镜观察

目的 :通过扫描电镜观察叶表面特征鉴别绵萆、粉萆、山萆、龙萆等 4种萆类药材原植物。方法 :取上述 4种原植物叶用扫描电镜常规制片法制片 ,置扫描电镜中观察摄影。结果 :上述 4种原植物表面特征有明显差异。结论 :用扫描电镜观察叶表面特征的方法可鉴别上述 4种药材的原植物。     

Unusual characteristics of the dose-dependent uptake of propylthiouracil by thyroid gland in vivo. Effects of thyrotropin, iodide or phenobarbital pretreatment.

Dose dependency of propylthiouracil (PTU) uptake by the thyroid gland was investigated in intact, adult male rats after a single intraperitoneal dose of PTU. PTU pharmacokinetics in rat serum, liver and lung were independent of the size of this single dose of PTU. However, in the thyroid gland, PTU concentrations corrected for dose were disproportionately high at low doses. At low PTU doses, a transport mechanism contributes substantially to thyroidal PTU uptake, but at high PTU doses this transport system becomes saturated. Thus, at serum PTU concentrations of 5 μg/ml or above, thyroid to serum (T/S) PTU ratios are independent of PTU dose and serum concentration. Alteration in the functional status of the thyroid changed the relationship between serum and thyroidal PTU concentrations. Thyroxine administration prior to an intraperitoneal PTU dose of 5 mg/kg reduced ratios of T/S PTU concentrations. However, thyrotropic hormone (TSH) preadministration had little effect on early thyroidal PTU concentration, but appeared to exert an effect at later times. Chronic administration of either potassium iodide or phenobarbital prior to PTU increased T/S PTU ratios, again suggesting an effect of TSH on PTU metabolism in the thyroid.