盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊人体生物利用度及药物动力学研究

目的：对盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊的人体内生物利用度进行研究。方法：单剂量口服盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊和片剂２ｍｇ。血药浓度采用ＨＰＬＣ测定，数据用３Ｐ８７计算药动学参数。结果：盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊剂的药动学参数：Ｋａ为８．２±４．０ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２为８．２±２．５ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ为０．６１±０．１１ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ为４３．５±８．５ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１，ＡＵＣ为３６７．４±３４．６ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；盐酸特拉唑嗪片剂的药动学参数：Ｋａ为６．４±７．４ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２为７．４±２．１ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ为０．９±０．４ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ为４３．１±４．８ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１，ＡＵＣ为３７１．３±４４．４ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１。结论：两种剂型的药物动力学参数之间差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５），胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为９９．８８％。     

盐酸特拉唑嗪在健康人体内的药物动力学

目的：在８名健康志愿者体内研究了国产盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊和进口片剂的药物动力学和生物利用度。方法：受试者交叉口服单剂量（２ｍｇ）盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊和片剂后,采用高效液相色谱法和荧光检测器测定血药浓度。结果：胶囊和片剂的药时曲线均符合二室模型,其Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．３±０．６ｈ和１．３±０．４ｈ,Ｃｍａｘ分别为４９．５±８．６ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和５０．３±５．２ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１,ＡＵＣ０→∞分别为５３６．５±３９．８ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和５８６．６±５２．８ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１·ｈ,测试药品的相对生物利用度为９２．３０％±１２．９１％。结论：经方差分析两药药物动力学参数间差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）;结果表明两药具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口地高辛片人体生物利用度的研究

目的：国产地高辛片长期以来存在着生物利用度差的问题,为此杭州民生药厂进行了工艺改进。方法：以英国Ｌａｎｏｘｉｎ片为对照,采用荧光偏振免疫分析法测定了８名健康男性受试者口服单剂量０．５ｍｇ地高辛片的药时数值,经ＰＫＢＰＮ１程序拟合,计算其药动学参数。结果：国产和进口的Ｃｍａｘ分别为３．０±０．６ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和２．５±０．５ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１;Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．１±０．６ｈ和１．１±０．４ｈ;ＡＵＣ分别为３７．９±４．２ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１和３７．２±６．１ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１;杭州民生药厂工艺改进后的片剂相对生物利用度为１０３．８％±１７．０％。结论：国产片与进口片地高辛完全等效。这为临床应用提供参考,也为药品的国际接轨提供依据     

进口和国产索他洛尔片剂的相对生物利用度研究

目的：本文对进口和国产索他洛尔片剂在１２名男性健康志愿者中的药物动力学和相对生物利用度进行了研究。方法：建立了一个检测血清中索他洛尔浓度的反相高效液相色谱－荧光检测法。结果：单剂量口服索他洛尔１６０ｍｇ后的血药浓度数据用３Ｐ８７药物动力学程序进行模型拟合，国产片剂ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２分别为１６．２±３．６ｈ·μｇ·ｍｌ－１，１．２±０．２μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２．１±０．７ｈ，１７．０±７．２ｈ；进口片剂ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２分别为１５．９±３．５ｈ·μｇ·ｍｌ－１，１．２±０．４μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２．１±０．６ｈ，１８．６±９．４ｈ。国产片剂的相对生物利用度为１０３．５％。结论：两种片剂的所有药动学参数经统计学（ＳＰＳＳ软件）处理差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸塞利洛尔血浆浓度及人体生物利用度

目的：研究盐酸塞利洛尔片的相对生物利用度，双单侧Ｔ检验、方差分析等方法判断生物等效性。方法：９名健康志愿受试者交叉服用两药厂产的盐酸塞利洛尔片２００ｍｇ，以ＨＰＬＣ法测定。结果：药－时曲线符合一级吸收一室模型，其主要药动学参数Ｔ１／２Ｋ３．４５～３．５６ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ３．５８～３．６２ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ５０１．４３～５３１．９２ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１，ＡＵＣ４５０８．３８～４６０５．９０μｇ·ｈ·Ｌ－１。结论：国产药与进口药的药动学参数相似，相对生物利用度９８．１％±９．９％。综合分析两制剂生物等效。     

替硝唑胶囊剂的相对生物利用度

目的：研究替硝唑胶囊剂的相对生物利用度。方法：８名健康男性志愿者交叉口服２ｇ替硝唑胶囊和片剂，用高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度经时过程。结果：替硝唑胶囊与片剂的药时曲线符合一房室模型，胶囊与片剂的Ｔ１／２（Ｋｅ）分别为１３．７±１．５ｈ、１４．２±２．０ｈ、Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．４±０．４ｈ、１．９±０．８ｈ；Ｃｍａｘ分别为５２．１±９．１μｇ·ｍｌ－１、５１．１±１０．３μｇ·ｍｌ－１；ＡＵＣ分别为１０９３．０±１１１．８、１１２３．０±１２８．２（μｇ·ｍｌ－１）·ｈ，胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为９７．６％，经统计学分析处理，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：替硝唑胶囊与片剂具有生物等效性     

萘普生肠溶胶囊人体药物动力学和相对生物利用度

目的：测血药浓度，３Ｐ８７药动学程序进行药物动力学参数模拟，双单侧检验法作生物等效性判别。方法：８名健康男性志愿者交叉服用萘普生肠溶和胃溶胶囊各５００ｍｇ，以ＨＰＬＣ法测定。结果：药－时曲线符合一级吸收二室模型，萘普生肠溶胶囊的主要药动学参数分别为Ｋａ０．７５±０．２８ｈ－１，ＡＵＣ１５３３．０±２１７．６μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１，Ｔｍａｘ３．６±１．６ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ７８．１±１４．１μｇ·ｍｌ－１。结论：胃溶胶囊的药动学参数与肠溶胶囊的药动学参数相似，肠溶胶囊的相对生物利用度为１０４．０１％。     

复方卡托普利片中卡托普利在人体内的药物动力学

１６名健康志愿者单剂量口服５片复方卡托普利片，用ＨＰＬＣ方法测定血药浓度，体内符合二室开放模型。结果表明，卡托普利片的平均药动学参数为Ｔ１／２β２．３ｈ，Ｔｐｅａｋ０．４９ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ６４０ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１，ＡＵＣ１０４０ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１·ｈ－１。与文献报道一致。     

环孢素A微乳浓缩液的药代动力学和生物等效性评价

将雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠１６只随机分为两组,分别口服自制和进口环孢素Ａ（ＣｙＡ）微乳浓缩液,采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,对其药代动力学和相对生物利用度进行了研究。试验结果表明两种制剂中ＣｙＡ的药动学过程均符合口服吸收二室模型。自制和进口环孢素Ａ微乳浓缩液的全血药物浓度达峰时间分别为１．５７±０．５５和１．６８±０．４３ｈ;Ｃｍ ａｘ 分别为１７５５．６±２２６．０和１８３２．２±５９８．８ｎｇ／ｍｌ;Ｔ１／２ 分别为１９．９３±６．４４和１９．７９±６．９８ｈ;ＡＵＣ分别为３０６３７．９±７５５２．４和３０３１６．６±６５７８．９ｎｇ·ｈ／ｍ ｌ;自制环孢素Ａ微乳浓缩液的相对生物利用度为１０１．１％ 。经统计分析,两种制剂的药代动力学参数均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）,两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

奥美拉唑在健康人体内的药物动力学研究

本实验建立了奥美拉唑在人体内血药浓度的ＨＰＬＣ测定方法，并对奥美拉唑片（供试品）及胶囊剂（对照品）在健康人体内的药物动力学进行了研究。结果表明，奥美拉唑片与胶囊剂的达峰时间（Ｔｍ）分别为３．３ｈ和３．５ｈ（Ｐ＞０．０５）；Ｃｍ分别为７７４．５ｎｇ／ｍｌ和６１６．５ｎｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＡＵＣ分别为３２７４．９（ｎｇ·ｈ）／ｍｌ和２９６８．１（ｎｇ·ｈ）／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。供试品的相对生物利用度为１０７．０±０．０９％，显示奥美拉唑片生物利用度优于对照品。但以２０％作为等效性判断检验标准，两者显示生物等效。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.