丙泊酚对内毒素休克兔的保护作用

目的探讨不同剂量丙泊酚对内毒素休克兔的保护作用。方法连续注射LPS复制内毒素休克模型,新西兰大白兔50只,雌雄不限,随机分为5组:正常对照组(A组);内毒素对照组(B组);丙泊酚2mg·kg-1·h-1组(C组);丙泊酚5mg·kg-1·h-1组(D组);丙泊酚10mg·kg-1·h-1组(E组)。C、D、E组均为LPS注入后30min后予丙泊酚持续静脉泵入。5h内观察动物的MAP、PaO2、pH,血清TNF-α。比较48h内存活率。结果与B组比较,C、D、E三组均能不同程度地逆转MAP的下降,降低血清TNF-α水平,降低死亡率(P<0·01或P<0·05)。结论丙泊酚对内毒素休克兔具有保护作用。不同剂量丙泊酚对内毒素休克兔的保护效果不尽相同,并非丙泊酚剂量越大就效果越好。     

异甘草酸镁对D-氨基半乳糖急性肝损伤模型小鼠的保护作用研究

目的研究异甘草酸镁对D-氨基半乳糖急性肝损伤模型小鼠的保护作用。方法以D-氨基半乳糖建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型,分别设正常对照组、病理模型组、异甘草酸镁高、低剂量组以及美能组、易善复组、凯西莱组,测定各组小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性及肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)、诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)含量。另以HE染色,采用光镜对各组小鼠肝脏作病理检查。结果异甘草酸镁可明显降低ALT、AST的活性(P<0.01)及肝组织中MDA、XOD、NO、NOS、iNOS的含量;升高肝组织中SOD、GSH-PX、T-AOC的含量。光镜下可观察到异甘草酸镁能减轻小鼠肝脏坏死性病理改变。结论异甘草酸镁对D-氨基半乳糖诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有良好的保护作用。     

维生素E对胃黏膜损伤模型小鼠的保护作用研究

目的:观察维生素E(VE)对胃黏膜损伤模型小鼠的保护作用。方法:取小鼠50只随机均分为正常对照组、模型组、西咪替丁(25mg·kg-1)组和VE低、高剂量(25、50mg·kg-1)组,灌胃给予相应药物30min后,后4组灌胃给予吲哚美辛25mg·kg-1,4h后处死小鼠,检测各组小鼠胃黏膜损伤程度及血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠胃黏膜损伤指数和SOD活性、MDA含量均明显升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,西咪替丁组和VE低、高剂量组小鼠胃黏膜损伤指数和SOD活性、MDA含量均明显降低(P<0.01);与西咪替丁组比较,VE高剂量组小鼠胃黏膜损伤指数和SOD活性均明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:VE可能通过抗氧化、清除氧自由基和抑制脂质过氧化过程发挥预防胃黏膜损伤的作用,且VE高剂量(50mg·kg-1)组对胃黏膜损伤的保护作用强于西咪替丁(25mg·kg-1)组。     

续断提取物对小鼠D-半乳糖拟痴呆模型的抗氧化作用

目的:观察续断提取物对D-半乳糖(D-galactose,D-gal)模型小鼠脑组织和外周血中SOD活性、MDA含量及学习记忆能力的影响.方法:小鼠皮下注射D-gal 100mg·kg-1·d-1×49 d,用续断的正丁醇、水提取物灌胃给药.于第0 d和49 d进行Y迷宫游泳试验,第50 d处死小鼠,生物化学方法检测脑组织、外周血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脂质过氧化物(MDA)含量.结果:与模型组比较,续断正丁醇提取物按生药剂量7.5 g·kg-1和10 g·kg-1组小鼠学习记忆能力明显改善,其中10 g·kg-1组小鼠脑组织SOD活性明显升高;续断水提取物按生药剂量20 g·kg-1组小鼠游泳时间明显减少,脑组织SOD活性明显升高.两种提取物各剂量组小鼠脑组织、外周血中MDA含量均较模型组显著下降.结论:续断正丁醇和水提取物具有明显的抗氧化作用,并能增强小鼠学习记忆能力.     

甘草酸二铵对动物血清胆碱酯酶的影响

目的 :研究甘草酸二铵 (diammoniumglycyrrhizinate ,DG)对小鼠和家兔外周血清胆碱酯酶的影响。 方法 :昆明种小鼠尾静脉注射甘草酸二铵 10～ 2 0mg·kg-1,家兔耳缘静脉注射甘草酸二铵 10～ 2 0mg·kg-1,静脉注射 30min后 ,采血测定血清胆碱酯酶活性。结果 :应用甘草酸二铵组的小鼠、家兔胆碱酯酶活性明显低于生理盐水组 ,但高于敌百虫组。结论 :甘草酸二铵可抑制血清胆碱酯酶活性 ,但抑制作用低于敌百虫组。     

自由基清除剂依达拉奉对脓毒性休克家兔的治疗作用

目的：观察依达拉奉(ED)对脓毒性休克家兔血气、血生化指标及动物存活率的影响。方法：动物脓毒性休克后1 h用3个剂量ED(1．6,0．8,0．4 mg·kg~(-1))治疗,测定4个时相点动脉血气及酸碱度,并测血乳酸(L)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、肌酐(Cr)及尿素氮(BUN)含量。观察24 h时动物存活情况。结果：家兔脓毒性休克4 h后出现代谢性酸中毒合并呼吸性酸中毒,L、LDH、BUN明显升高,SOD活性明显降低,动物死亡率为70％。不同剂量ED治疗后可改善血气、酸碱平衡紊乱,增强SOD和CAT活性,降低LD、MDA浓度及LDH活性。治疗后3个剂量组动物死亡率分别为0,0和33％,明显低于模型组(P<0．05)。结论：ED能增强脓毒性休克机体的抗氧化能力,降低脓毒性休克死亡率。     

前列腺素E_1预处理对异丙肾上腺素性心肌损伤的保护作用

目的　探讨前列腺素E1(PGE1)预处理对急性心肌梗塞的早期和延迟保护作用。方法　ivPGE1(2 5mg·kg-1和15 0mg·kg-1)对大鼠进行预处理 ,分别于预处理后 2 0min或 2 4hip异内肾上腺素 (80mg·kg-1)造成急性心肌梗塞 ,于ip异丙肾上腺素后 2 4h取出心脏、匀浆 ,测定其丙二醛(MDA)含量 ,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)活性 ,总超氧化物歧化酶 (T SOD)和锰 超氧化物歧化酶 (Mn SOD)活性。结果　心肌梗塞模型组心肌MDA含量明显上升 ,GSH Px活性降低 ,T SOD和Mn SOD活性增高。与模型组比较 ,两剂量PGE1预处理后 2 0min及 2 4h的各组均明显降低梗塞心肌的MDA含量 (P <0 0 1)和T SOD、Mn SOD活性 (均P<0 0 1) ,提高GSH Px活性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　前列腺素E1预处理具有预适应性早期和延迟心肌保护作用。     

异甘草酸镁对急性四氯化碳肝损伤小鼠保护作用的研究

目的:研究异甘草酸镁(magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate,MgIG)对急性四氯化碳(CCl4)肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及其机制.方法:采用CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤模型,分别设空白组,模型组,阳性药组,MgIG低剂量组,MgIG中剂量组,MgIG高剂量组.测血清ALT、AST和组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,观察MgIG等各给药组对肝损伤的保护作用.HE染色,采用光镜对各组肝脏作病理检查.结果:MgIG能显著降低小鼠血清中升高的ALT、AST水平和过氧化物终产物MDA的含量,增加SOD活力.病理学检查可见MgIG高剂量组细胞变性、坏死及炎细胞浸润明显减轻,病变降低.结论:MgIG对CCl4所致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤具有保护作用,其机制与其抗自由基、提高抗氧化酶的活性有关.     

果糖二磷酸钠镁对失血性休克大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的探讨果糖二磷酸钠镁(FDPM)对失血性休克大鼠肾脏的保护作用及其机制。方法按照Wiggers改良法建立失血性休克模型,模型成功后分别自股静脉注射FDPM(90.0、45.0、22.5mg.kg-1),1.6-二磷酸果糖(37.5mg.kg-1),硫酸镁(3.4mg.kg-1)及等容量生理盐水,于休克前、休克末、给药后10、、30、60min及回输血后0、30、60min检测平均动脉压的变化,并测定血清中的尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)含量和肾脏组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、Na+-K+-ATPase、Mg2+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase活性的变化。结果FDPM能够升高失血性休克大鼠的平均动脉压(MAP),减少血清中的BUN和Cr含量,同时降低肾脏组织MDA含量和提高SOD、Na+,K+-ATPase、Mg2+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase活性。结论FDPM能够有效的减轻失血性休克大鼠肾脏组织缺血缺氧性损伤,改善能量代谢,增加ATP酶活性,减轻自由基损伤,从而起到保护肾脏的作用。     

泥鳅多糖对小鼠耐缺氧作用的研究

目的　研究泥鳅多糖 (MAP)对小鼠耐缺氧作用的影响。方法　连续灌胃小鼠不同剂量的泥鳅多糖 14d ,末次给药后 1h ,进行密闭缺氧实验、亚硝酸钠中毒缺氧实验和急性脑缺血性缺氧实验。以存活时间、Hb、MDA含量及SOD活性为指标 ,观察MAP对小鼠耐缺氧作用的影响。结果　实验结果表明 ,MAP可延长小鼠在不同缺氧条件下的存活时间 ,以 5 0mg·kg-1·d-1剂量效果最佳。MAP可增高小鼠血红蛋白含量 ,抑制组织脂质过氧化反应以及增加血浆中SOD活性。结论　MAP具有提高实验小鼠耐缺氧能力的作用     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Glycofection: The Ubiquitous Roles of Sugar Bound on Glycoplexes

Glycofection (transfection by using sugar-substituted polylysine) was assessed in order to provide an alternative to viral vectors for the transfer of genes into vascular smooth muscle cells. A rabbit vascular smooth muscle cell line (Rb-1 cells) was selectively transfected by using glycoplexes (glycosylated polylysine/pSV2LUC complexes) in the presence of 10 mu M of the fusogenic peptide GALA. A sugar-specific transfection was obtained when the glycofection was conducted for 1 h with glycoplexes containing either alpha Gal, alpha -Glc, alpha -GalNAc, beta -GlcNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues. The gene expression was high after transfection, with glycoplexes bearing alpha Gal, alpha -GalNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues that were weakly internalized, and low with glycoplexes carrying Lact or Rha residues that were well taken up by cells. These results suggest that 1) glycofection can be a good approach for a selective transfer of genes intovascular smooth muscle cells, 2) an efficient uptake of the glycoplexes is not the unique limiting step for an efficient transfection, and 3) the sugar-dependent trafficking of the glycoplexes inside the cells may account for the transfection efficiency.     

直肠癌下切缘病理组织学分析

目的探讨直肠癌逆向浸润与下切缘的安全距离的关系。方法对36例直肠癌Miles手术和Dixon手术后标本的肿瘤下缘1.0cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查,观察直肠癌逆向浸润或转移的距离。结果36例直肠癌标本距癌肿下缘1.0 cm、2.0cm、3.0cm的肠壁及对应的系膜病理组织学检查均为阴性,结论直肠癌远恻逆向浸润或转移未见超过1.0cm,因此认为保肛手术时切除肿瘤远侧肠管(包括系膜)2.0cm是安全的。