临床药师对高血压患者的药学服务及其效果

目的：探讨临床药师为高血压患者提供药学服务的效果和意义。方法：100例依从性差、血压控制不佳的高血压病患者,随机分为干预组和对照组各50例。临床药师通过问卷调查了解患者高血压用药知识和疑难问题,对干预组患者实施个体化药学服务,对照组不予干预,并分别在干预前和干预后3个月对患者的治疗结果、用药依从性、用药知识等进行随访调研。结果：干预组患者的用药依从性、血压控制情况较对照组有明显改善,高血压用药知识水平也较对照组有明显提高。结论：临床药师通过面向高血压患者的药学服务可及时发现和解决患者治疗过程中的疑难问题,有助于提高患者的治疗效果、依从性和用药知识水平,避免严重药物不良反应的发生。     

药学干预对社区高血压患者用药依从性的影响

目的 探究药学干预下社区高血压患者的药物治疗依从性,为患者的安全有效用药提供指导,亦为转型期的二级医院临床药师探索药学服务新路径提供参考。方法 采用药师干预与不干预对照试验方法,比较药师干预前后干预组与对照组高血压患者临床治疗依从性、血压变化和生活方式改善依从性。结果 经过12个月实验,药师干预组高血压患者的临床治疗依从性和生活方式改善依从性均明显高于对照组（P<0.05）,收缩压和舒张压也都有明显降低（P<0.05）。结论 药学干预对社区高血压患者用药依从性有积极的影响。     

全程药学干预对2型糖尿病合并高血压患者用药依从性、血压和血糖达标率的影响

目的 ：评估全程药学干预对2型糖尿病合并高血压患者用药依从性、血压和血糖达标率的影响。方法 ：选取80例2型糖尿病合并高血压患者，随机分为对照组和观察组，各40例。对照组运用常规宣教；观察组基于对照组方法上进行全程药学干预。比较两组患者血压和血糖的控制效果及用药依从性。结果 ：观察组干预后的血压、血糖水平、用药不良反应发生率等低于对照组；血压、血糖达标率、干预后完全用药依从率等高于对照组（P <0.05）。结论 ：全程药学干预可提高2型糖尿病合并高血压患者用药依从性，强化血压、血糖的控制水平。     

药师参与门诊老年高血压患者慢病管理的效果评价

目的：评价药学服务对门诊老年高血压患者开展药学干预的效果。方法：选取本院门诊就诊的高血压患者200例,随机分成两组：对照组行常规用药指导;干预组行高血压病的相关医学知识、合理用药知识教育,定期随访、用药指导等干预措施,历时12个月。以患者血压控制率、对高血压知识的认知程度和用药依从性作为评价指标。结果：干预组血压达标率从31.13％提高到74.71％,高血压认知问卷分数从干预前的61.07分提高到77.07分,不及格率从39.08%下降到2.30%;用药依从性从31.00%提高到86.20%,与干预前比较均有显著差异（P<0.05）,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：药师主导的药学服务有助于增强患者对疾病和合理用药的认知,提高血压达标率和用药依从性。     

临床药师参与高血压慢病管理的效果评价

目的:评价临床药师对高血压慢病管理患者开展药学干预的效果。方法:选取北仑区新矸街道紫荆社区的所有高血压慢病管理患者为研究对象,由临床药师定期和社区医生一起对慢性病患者进行面对面用药指导、电话交流沟通、上门随访、专题健康讲座等方法,为慢病管理患者提供用药指导,实施药学干预,将干预前后患者对自身疾病的认知水平、血压控制水平、用药依从性等进行统计并比较。结果:临床药师干预后患者对高血压和抗高血压用药的认识水平有明显提高(P<0.05或P<0.01),患者血压控制水平及用药依从性明显改善(P<0.01),非预约就诊率、急诊率、住院率及住院次数明显下降(P<0.05或0.01)。结论:临床药师开展高血压慢病管理患者的药学干预,可以为患者提供科学合理的用药保障,提高患者的生活质量,值得推广。     

药学服务在2型糖尿病合并高血压患者治疗中的作用

摘 要 目的：观察药学服务在2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并高血压患者治疗中的应用效果。方法: 160例T2DM合并高血压患者随机分为观察组和对照组各80例,观察组由临床药师提供全程化药学服务,对照组无临床药师进行药学服务,观察两组患者入院治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 hPG）及血压、用药依从性、药物不良反应变化。结果: 治疗后,两组患者FPG、2 hPG均较入院前明显降低（P<0.05）,且观察组明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后两组血压达标率和用药依从率均较前明显改善（P<0.05）;且观察组出院时血压达标率和用药依从率明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。两组药物不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:药学服务在T2DM合并高血压患者治疗中的应用效果较好,其可有效降低血糖,改善血压,提高患者用药依从性。     

药学服务干预对原发性高血压患者服药依从性的影响分析

目的:探讨药学干预对原发性高血压患者服药依从性的影响.方法:随机抽取确诊原发性高血压患者100例,分为药学干预治疗观察组(58)和常规治疗对照组(42例).观察组实施健康教育、个性化用药指导等药学服务干预,对照组不实施药学服务干预,定期考察2组患者依从性的变化及血压控制效果.结果:干预前,观察组与对照组患者用药依从性分别为52.03%和49.83%,两组差异无明显性,6个月后观察组依从性87.81%,对照组51.00%,两组患者用药依从性在6个月后均差异具有显著性;与对照组相比,舒张压改变值平均下降了15.9 mmHg(1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa),收缩压改变值平均下降了8.9 mmHg,两组血压改变值差异具显著性.结论:针对原发性高血压患者的药学服务干预,可以提高患者用药依从性,促进患者持续用药.     

药学服务对门诊糖尿病患者用药依从性和血糖控制的影响

目的探讨药学服务对门诊糖尿病患者用药依从性和血糖控制的影响。方法将我院2017年1月~2017年12月救治的100例糖尿病患者,按照随机数字法分为两组各50例,研究组采取药学服务,对照组采取常规用药指导,比较两组治疗效果。结果治疗前两组血糖无明显差别(P>0.05),治疗后发现研究组空腹血糖,餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平较对照组改善(P<0.05);且相关知识知晓,用药依从性,药物认知能力评分较对照组提高(P<0.05)。结论药师为门诊糖尿病患者开展药学服务,可使患者的用药依从性和血糖控制得到明显改善。     

药学服务对高血压患者合理用药的干预效果分析

目的:分析药学服务对高血压患者合理用药的干预效果。方法:选取我院2017年4月～2018年4月期间收治的170例高血压患者,随机分为观察组与对照组各85例,将基础护理实施于对照组,将药学服务实施于观察组,对比两种护理的效果。结果:观察组高血压患者的血压水平要明显优于对照组;观察组服药依从性明显高于对照组,差异存在统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:将药学服务应用于高血压患者,患者的血压水平得到明显改善,并提高患者的服药依从性,具有临床推广价值。     

药学干预对缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防用药依从性的影响

目的：评价药学干预措施对缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防用药依从性的影响。方法：将某院神经内科收住的418例缺血性脑卒中患者分为干预组和对照组,干预组配备专科临床药师,实施个体化给药、开展床旁用药宣教、发放患者出院用药指导单,对照组不予干预。制定二级预防用药知识和用药依从性调查表,在出院时对2组患者进行用药知识调查,在出院3个月后对2组患者行电话回访进行用药依从性调查。结果：在二级预防用药知识方面,干预组回答为优的比例明显高于对照组,差异有高度统计学意义（P<0.01）。依从性方面干预组明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：临床药师对缺血性脑卒中患者进行药学干预可以增加患者的用药知识、提高二级预防用药依从性。     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.     

Disposition of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase, in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey

The physiological disposition of fluvastatin, a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and thus cholesterol synthesis, has been studied in the mouse, rat, dog, and monkey using 14C- or 3H-labeled drug. Oral doses of fluvastatin were absorbed at a moderate to rapid rate. The extent of absorption was dose-independent and was essentially complete in all four species studied. However, the drug was subject to extensive presystemic hepatic extraction followed by direct excretion via the bile, thus minimizing the systemic burden and yielding high liver/peripheral tissue concentration gradients for fluvastatin and its metabolites. Only at high doses far exceeding the intended human daily dose of ca 0.6 mg kg-1 did fluvastatin bioavailability approach unity, apparently due to saturation of the first-pass effect. Dose-normalized blood levels of fluvastatin and total radioactivity were higher in the dog than in the other species, suggesting a smaller distribution volume in the former. Fluvastatin was partially metabolized before excretion, the extent of metabolism being smallest in the dog and greatest in the mouse. The half-life of intact fluvastatin ranged from 1-2h in the monkey to 4-7h in the dog. Regardless of the dose or dose route, the administered radioactivity was recovered predominantly in feces, with the renal route accounting for less than 8 per cent of the dose. No tissue retention of radioactivity was observed, and material balance was essentially achieved within 96h after dosing.     

New antiretroviral drugs: a review of the efficacy,safety, pharmacokinetics,and resistance profile of tipranavir,darunavir, etravirine,rilpivirine, maraviroc,and raltegravir

Background: The introduction and approval of new antiretroviral agents in the US and Canada bring new opportunities and new challenges. Arguably, for the first time ever, clinicians have the drugs necessary to achieve the goal of suppressing HIV RNA to levels less than 50 copies/mL in even the most treatment-experienced patients and in those with extensive drug-limiting resistance mutations. However, the use of these new agents is complicated by many drug–drug interactions and – to some extent – pre-existing mutations. To derive maximum durability from the use of these newer drugs, a thorough understanding of their indications and limitations is critical. Objective: To thoroughly review the six most recently approved or soon-to-be-approved antiretroviral drugs in the US and Canada: tipranavir, darunavir, etravirine, rilpivirine, maraviroc, and raltegravir. Methods: Discussion of the indications for, and pharmacokinetics, resistance profile, activity, toxicity, and clinical trials results of, the six new agents. Results/conclusions: These six new agents have resulted in marked progress towards the goal of being able to provide HIV-infected individuals with the drugs necessary to achieve decades of durable suppression of HIV without substantial toxicity.     

Simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone

A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of bupivacaine, etidocaine, lidocaine, meperidine, mepivacaine, and methadone in serum is described. The drugs and the internal standard, prilocaine, are extracted from 1 ml of serum. The procedure involves a two-step extraction and injection of the extract into a gas chromatograph equipped with a 10-ft OV-11 glass column and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The temperature gradient program results in a run time of 16 min and retention times for meperidine, prilocaine (internal standard), lidocaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, methadone, and bupivacaine of 3.8, 5.4, 6.0, 8.7, 11.0, 11.7, and 14.8 min, respectively. Standard curves for all drugs were linear over the 80 to 2,000-ng/ml range and recovery of all components averaged 97 +/- 2% with the lowest detection limit of 10 ng/ml for all drugs except meperidine and methadone, which were 20 ng/ml. The within-day coefficients of variation ranged from 12 to 8% at 500 ng/ml. The day-to-day coefficients of variation of the slope and intercept values ranged from 2 to 0% and 130 to 3%, respectively. Response factors of the nitrogen-specific collector varied with the drug analyzed and resulted in peak area variation at constant offset and attenuation of 30%. This method is intended and adequate for therapeutic monitoring of chronically treated pain patients who are being given various combinations of local anesthetic and/or narcotic agents.     

Strength of drug habits: For heroin,morphine, methadone,alcohol, barbiturates,pentobarbital, benzedrine,cocaine, and marijuana

The drug habits for 78 confirmed opiate addicts were studied on eight scales from the Process Association Test of Addiction (PATA) for many drug names. Through cluster analysis eight stages of addiction were defined: “to be clean”, “to learn about drugs”, “to hustle”, “to chip” (also “to be high”), to be psychologically dependent or “to need a shot”, “to be hooked”, “to kick a habit” and “to be in treatment”. Associations stimulated by the words heroin and morphine were very similar over the eight stages of addiction in opiate addicts. The subjects were especially inclined to associate morphine and heroin with the most severe level of addiction, “to be hooked”. Associations to both methadone and cocaine were elevated at the “hooked” stage, but in other respects associations to these drugs were opposite. Thus, associations to cocaine were focused on the stage of psychological dependence and the lower intermediate stage of addiction, “to chip” and “to be high”, whereas associations to methadone suggested a turning away from addiction as indicated by avoidance associations (“to come down” and “to kick a habit”) as well as associations to “treatment” and “to be clean”. Marijuana, Benzedrine, “goofball” (barbiturates) and alcohol habits were prominent at an intermediate stage of addiction (“to chip” and “to be high”). Avoidance associations were common for Benzedrine and “goofballs” (also pentobarbital) but not for marijuana or alcohol. “Hustling” associations were frequent for marijuana but not for alcohol.     

马蹄金中铁、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、镍的形态分析

目的：研究马蹄金全草中微量元素的存在形态。方法：采用超声波提取。电感耦合等离子发射光谱法（ICP—AES）对马蹄金不同形态中Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Ma、Ni等元素进行分析。结果：Fe元素在马蹄金中含量最高，而Cu元素含量最低；Ca的提取率最高，Fe的提取率最低；Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni6种元素的可溶态均大于悬浮态；且渣中的微量元素含量较高。结论：马蹄金中的微量元素是以无机态为主，多种形态共存的复杂体系。     

Effects of amendments of N, P, Fe on phytoextraction of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in soil of Zhangshi by mustard, cabbage, and sugar beet

Soil contaminated with Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the Zhangshi irrigation area is very hard to be remediated. Phytoextraction is considered as an efficient method to remove these toxic metals from soil. In the present study, three vegetables including sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata Linn.) were used to bioaccumulate heavy metals in soil through pots experiment for 90 days; and nutrient elements were applied to stimulate the phytoextraction of metals. Results of bioconcentration factors (BCF) and translocation factors (TF) from this study showed that these plants could phytoextract heavy metals, but the accumulation and translocation of metals differed with species of plants, categories of heavy metals, and some environmental conditions (e.g. nutrients). Meanwhile, the addition of nutrient elements, such as N, P, and Fe, could affect the phytoremediation of heavy metals via promoting the normal metabolism of vegetables or changing forms of metals. Results of this study could provide some available information for in-site bioremediation of soil from Zhangshi irrigation area.