聚乙烯醇-胶原凝胶的研制及其作为组织替代材料的探讨

研制一种新型的聚乙烯醇-胶原复合材料。并探讨其作为组织替代材料的可行性。聚乙烯醇（PVA）与Ⅰ型胶原以一定比例混合，真空冷冻干燥成为凝胶状，并对其进行生物安全性评价试验：包括细胞毒性试验与体内埋植试验。结果现示：3T3绌胞任PVA-胶原材料中以含10％新生牛血清的DMEM培养液培养，细胞能三维生长、形态正常；材料体内埋植4周后异物反应消失，材料与周围组织互相融合。因此，PVA-胶原材料无毒副作用，具有良好的细胞相容性与组织相容性，可安全地应用于体内移植。     

奥硝唑缓释膜生物学性能的初步研究

目的检测奥硝唑缓释药膜的生物相容性、抑菌性进行初步的生物学评价。方法1.12只大鼠下唇分别被缝成一盲袋,每日注入药膜浸提液,第7天做病理检查;2.于16只大鼠脊柱两侧肌肉内分别埋植药膜和手术丝线,第1,2,4,6周做病理检查。3.固体培养基体外抑菌法观察药膜对变形链球菌和具核梭杆菌的抑菌性。结果药膜无口腔黏膜刺激性,肌肉埋植后的周围组织反应与丝线相似,药膜第2周已降解;对所测致病菌有良好的抑菌性。结论奥硝唑缓释药膜具有良好的组织相容性和抑菌性,在临床有广阔的应用前景。     

壳聚糖-明胶-磷酸三钙多孔复合体作为骨组织工程支架的实验研究

目的探索壳聚糖-明胶-磷酸三钙(CS-Gel/TCP)多孔复合体作为骨组织工程支架材料的可行性。方法采用二次冻干技术制备CS-Gel/TCP复合体,为三维立体孔径200～400μm的海绵状支架材料。将兔骨髓基质细胞(MSC)进行体外培养、扩增,并植入该支架,检测支架的细胞相容性。皮下植入观察支架材料的体内降解及组织相容性。结果MSC植入支架后,其噻唑蓝(MTT)活性与碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。在植入早期可观察到一过性免疫排斥反应,支架在体内12周基本降解吸收。结论壳聚糖-明胶-磷酸三钙海绵状复合体是一种具有潜在价值的骨组织工程的支架材料     

可降解丝素蛋白防粘连凝胶局部反应研究

目的：通过可降解防粘连材料的皮下植入实验,分析材料降解过程中组织细胞的反应,评价可降解丝素蛋白防粘连凝胶局部组织相容性,探讨材料体内降解过程,为研究可降解防粘连材料体内降解机制提供支持。方法：将实验样品（丝素蛋白防粘连凝胶）植入新西兰家兔脊柱右侧皮下,对照样品（聚乳酸防粘连凝胶）植入新西兰家兔脊柱左侧皮下,于植入后1周、4周、12周和26周两侧取样进行组织病理学观察及降解情况研究,并对材料周围细胞进行分类计数和评价。结果：材料周围组织病理学显示,12周时实验样品组纤维囊厚度小于对照样品组;细胞分析结果显示,实验样品组1周、4周主要以淋巴细胞浸润为主,炎症反应高峰在4周,对照样品组1周、4周样品周围以巨噬细胞为主,12周时出现大量淋巴细胞和浆细胞,反应高峰在12周,26周时两组炎症细胞均降为0;半定量评价结果显示,与对照样品相比,丝素蛋白防粘连凝胶植入局部无明显刺激。结论：根据植入材料的局部反应情况,推测丝素蛋白防粘连凝胶的降解过程主要是以淋巴细胞为主的炎性浸润;聚乳酸防粘连凝胶4周前以巨噬细胞介导的呑噬反应为主,同时伴有炎症浸润,12周时转变为以淋巴细胞为主的炎性浸润。     

组织工程支架材料聚乙醇酸的体外细胞贴壁性和降解性能研究

目的:选择可降解材料PGA作为研究对象,对其细胞贴壁性和体外及体内降解性能进行研究。方法:通过将L929细胞与支架材料共培养的方法对PGA支架材料的细胞贴壁性进行研究。设计试验计算出细胞在材料上的粘附率,并且通过扫描电子显微镜观察了细胞在材料表面的贴壁形态。在体外降解试验中,分别在去离子水和磷酸盐缓冲液中,在37℃和70℃的条件下对材料的降解性能进行观察。用大鼠皮下包埋试验对PGA在大鼠皮下包埋后1周、4周、8周、12周这4个时间点的降解表现进行了观察。结果:试验结果表明,共培养72 h后,扫描电镜观察到L929细胞在PGA材料上良好贴壁,细胞粘附率大于80%;降解试验表明PGA组织工程支架在动物体内12周内基本降解。结论:体外细胞贴壁性和降解试验的数据表明PGA组织工程支架符合组织工程产品支架材料的需求,是一种较好的组织工程支架材料。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖/透明质酸钠复合材料构建组织工程髓核支架的实验研究

目的：构建一种新型的组织工程髓核支架材料,为应用组织工程技术修复退变椎间盘的研究奠定实验基础。方法以魔芋葡甘聚糖（konjac glucomannan,KGM）、透明质酸钠（Sodium hyaluronate,SH）为原料,应用真空冷冻干燥、化学交联等技术构建一种新型的组织工程髓核支架,同时对其理化性能及生物学、力学性能进行初步分析。结果支架材料大体及光学显微镜下观察呈三维立体多孔结构;扫描电子显微镜（ scanning electronic microscopy, SEM）观察显示支架材料为三维不均匀多孔结构;噻唑蓝比色法（MTT）分析结果显示支架材料生物相容性良好,无细胞毒性;体外生物降解性能检测结果显示支架材料具有良好的生物降解性能,12周时总降解率为87.6%;孔径为（572.5±51.8）μm,孔隙率为（82.1±7.5）%,吸水率为（1293.5±73.8）%;力学测试结果表明,支架材料具有一定的抗压强度。结论本研究制备的组织工程髓核支架材料具有理想的三维结构和理化性能,符合理想支架材料的结构要求,为进一步行体内外生物学性能研究提供了实验基础和依据。     

新型三维复合仿生网络的构建及其组织相容性评价

目的构建并评价新型三维复合仿生网络的组织相容性。方法采用仿生学方法,将壳聚糖、羟基磷灰石、明胶、果胶按一定比例制成新型三维复合仿生网络,将小鼠胚胎成骨细胞MC3T3-E1与材料进行复合培养,通过倒置相差显微镜、石蜡切片常规染色、扫描电镜、F-DA荧光染色法评价细胞相容性;将制备好的生物支架材料植入SD大鼠的背部皮下,术后2、4、8、12周评价组织相容性、血管化能力及体内降解情况。结果新型三维复合仿生网络呈三维多孔状,细胞在材料上贴附生长良好,呈多角形或梭形,形态饱满;皮下包埋实验发现:早期有轻微的炎症反应,随时间延长而消退,后期有血管化发生,材料降解吸收比较缓慢。结论新型三维复合仿生网络组织相容性好,易于血管化,是一种很好的骨组织工程支架材料。     

聚乳酸微球生物降解机制和生物相容性研究进展

介绍了人工合成高分子材料聚乳酸（PLA）的性质，综述了PLA和乳酸／羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）微球的生物降解性和生物相容性。其生物降解为均匀降解，材料相对分子质量及其分布对降解行为有很大影响。注射微球的组织反应分为3个阶段，做组织相容性考察时应注意药物或生物活性物质的细胞毒性、抗原性和愈合作用对组织反应的影响。     

RT-Q医用生物膜的止血及生物相容性研究

目的：研究RT-Q医用生物膜（以下简称RT-Q膜）的术中局部止血作用及其生物相容性。方法：通过比较RT-Q膜、瞬康医用胶（以下简称瞬康胶）、附加剂、阴性对照对大鼠颈外静脉切口出血时间和出血量的影响，研究其术中止血效果；通过观察大鼠后肢肌肉切开用此膜后对伤口愈合、生物膜降解及周围组织是否有毒性影响等情况评价其生物相容性。结果：与阴性对照组、附加剂组比较，RT-Q膜组止血效果显著（P〈0．01），与瞬康医用胶组比较无统计学意义；RT-Q膜对伤口愈合既无促进也无延迟性影响，形成的膜于术后15d开始降解，3～4周完全吸收，对周围组织无毒性影响。结论：RT-Q医用生物膜的局部止血效果显著、且具有生物相容性。     

组织工程化关节软骨的研究进展

20世纪80年代以来,组织工程学的出现及发展为解决关节软骨缺损、重建关节功能提供了新思路,使软骨组织缺损的完全再生成为可能。软骨组织工程是当前组织工程研究的热点之一,它的基本方法是将体外分离培养的正常组织细胞接种到具有一定空间结构和良好的生物相容性的三维支架上,然后将细胞一支架复合物在体外继续培养或植入体内,同时辅以特殊的生长因子,支架材料逐渐降解,为细胞分泌的基质所代替,形成组织或器官的结构,并行使功能,现将其研究进展综述如下。     

Fluvastatin efficacy and tolerability in comparison and in combination with cholestyramine

The aim of this study was to investigate the new synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, fluvastatin, for efficacy, safety and tolerability in comparison to cholestyramine. One hundred fifty one primary hypercholesterolaemic patients participated in this double-blind, parallel-group, randomized study. During the first 12 weeks of the study, fluvastatin (20 mg and 40 mg daily) was compared with cholestyramine (16 g per day). In the subsequent, 6-week part of the study, the comparative efficacy, safety and tolerability of 20 mg fluvastatin, combined with cholestyramine (4 g, 8 g, or 16 g) were assessed.Fluvastatin (40 mg) reduced LDL cholesterol by 28.0%, triglycerides by 10.5% and increased HDL cholesterol by 3.7%. Cholestyramine (16 g) reduced LDL cholesterol by 35.0%, but raised triglycerides and HDL cholesterol by 12.3% (p<0.01) and 3.7% respectively.The combination of fluvastatin 20 mg and cholesty-ramine (4 g, 8 g and 16 g) induced the following reductions in LDL cholesterol: 30.4%, 35.6% and 46.6% respectively. There was no significant change in triglycerides in either group although HDL cholesterol was raised by 4.9%, 8.3% and 7.2% respectively. One patient treated with fluvastatin and two treated with cholesty-ramine were withdrawn from the study due to elevation of liver transaminases. The most frequent subjective adverse effects in both treatment groups were mild, transient gastrointestinal complaints.Thus, fluvastatin was effective as a lipid-lowering agent; the effect was further enhanced when fluvastatin was combined with cholestyramine.     

Efficacy and tolerability of controlled-release trazodone in depression: A large multi-centre study in general practice

Summary

A double-blind, parallel-group study was carried out to compare the efficacy and tolerability of a controlled-release tablet formulation of trazodone with the standard trazodone tablet. Three hundred and forty-seven general practice patients with depressive symptoms were recruited into the trial. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either 1 controlled-release trazodone (150?mg) tablet at night or 1 standard trazodone (150?mg) tablet at night for a period of 6 weeks. Assessments of efficacy, tolerability and compliance were made at study entry and after 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of study medication. Seventy-seven patients withdrew from the study of whom 44 were in the standard trazodone tablet group and 33 were in the controlled-release trazodone tablet group. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in any of the measures of efficacy (global severity, global improvement and Hamilton Depression Rating Scales 17– and 21-item). Major improvements in patients' condition were shown in all efficacy measures by the end of the study in comparison with study entry. Treatment differences were small but were numerically in favour of the controlled-release tablet formulation. As expected, a greater proportion of side-effects were reported during the first 2 weeks of treatment in both groups. Treatment differences, revealed in a five symptom adverse event checklist used throughout the study, were small, although in favour of the controlled-release tablet in the majority of cases, but not statistically significant.     

Efficacy and tolerability of controlled-release trazodone in depression: a large multicentre study in general practice

A double-blind, parallel-group study was carried out to compare the efficacy and tolerability of a controlled-release tablet formulation of trazodone with the standard trazodone tablet. Three hundred and forty-seven general practice patients with depressive symptoms were recruited into the trial. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either 1 controlled-release trazodone (150 mg) tablet at night or 1 standard trazodone (150 mg) tablet at night for a period of 6 weeks. Assessments of efficacy, tolerability and compliance were made at study entry and after 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of study medication. Seventy-seven patients withdrew from the study of whom 44 were in the standard trazodone tablet group and 33 were in the controlled-release trazodone tablet group. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in any of the measures of efficacy (global severity, global improvement and Hamilton Depression Rating Scales 17- and 21-item). Major improvements in patients' condition were shown in all efficacy measures by the end of the study in comparison with study entry. Treatment differences were small but were numerically in favour of the controlled-release tablet formulation. As expected, a greater proportion of side-effects were reported during the first 2 weeks of treatment in both groups. Treatment differences, revealed in a five symptom adverse event checklist used throughout the study, were small, although in favour of the controlled-release tablet in the majority of cases, but not statistically significant.     

活血降糖饮及拆方对大鼠糖尿病肾病的防治作用机制

目的探讨活血降糖饮及不同拆方对大鼠糖尿病肾病的防治作用机制。方法选择90只大鼠进行高糖饲养加腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导,将造模成功的80只糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠均分为五组,研究组Ⅰ以活血降糖饮治疗,研究组Ⅱ以活血降糖饮"益气"拆方治疗,研究组Ⅲ以活血降糖饮"养阴"拆方治疗,研究组Ⅳ以活血降糖饮"活血"拆方治疗,另外设定一组无药物治疗的空白模型组。同时选择20只正常大鼠作为对照组。治疗4周后,比较活血降糖饮及不同拆方对DN大鼠的生化指标。结果①干预后,研究组所有大鼠均比造模后的空腹血糖低,但均高于对照组,均低于空白模型组,差异均具统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组Ⅰ的空腹血糖显著低于研究组Ⅱ、研究组Ⅲ与研究组Ⅳ,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);②干预后,研究组Ⅱ、研究组Ⅲ、研究组Ⅳ的胆固醇与对照组比差异显著(P<0.05),研究组其他指标与对照组比较无显著差异(P>0.05);干预后,研究组各组的胆固醇与三酰甘油均低于造模后及干预后的空白模型组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇均高于造模后及干预后的空白模型组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);③干预后,研究组所有大鼠均比造模后的空腹胰岛素高,但均低于对照组,且均高于空白模型组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组Ⅰ的空腹胰岛素显著高于研究组Ⅱ、研究组Ⅲ与研究组Ⅳ,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后,研究组各组胰岛素敏感性指数均高于造模后,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);④干预后,研究组所有大鼠尿蛋白、血肌酐均比造模后低,但均高于对照组,且均低于空白模型组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组Ⅰ的尿蛋白、血肌酐显著低于研究组Ⅱ、研究组Ⅲ与研究组Ⅳ,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论活血降糖饮对DN大鼠治疗具有显著效果,可改善空腹血糖、血脂、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素敏感性指数等糖尿病指标,降低尿蛋白、血肌酐等肾脏损伤指标。     

三联雾化吸入对婴幼儿喘憋性肺炎的疗效分析

目的普米克令舒、博利康尼、爱全乐联合雾化治疗婴幼儿喘憋性肺炎的疗效分析。方法将48例喘憋性肺炎的婴幼儿随机分为两组,对照组23例,采用抗感染、对症等综合治疗;观察组25例,在对照组基础上加用普米克令舒、博利康尼雾化溶液及爱全乐雾化溶液联合雾化治疗。比较两组疗效及症状、体征消失时间。结果观察组有效率92.00%及显效率72%均高于对照组的65.22%、39.13%,P〈0.05。观察组喘息缓解、哮鸣音消失、啰音消失及咳嗽消失时间均优于对照组,P〈0.05。结论联合雾化吸入普米克令舒、博利康尼雾化溶液及爱全乐雾化溶液明显提高婴幼儿喘憋性肺炎的疗效,而且起效迅速、安全方便。     

我国医药企业营销渠道成员冲突原因及其对策研究

目的:为我国医药企业做好营销渠道的管理工作提供参考。方法:采用文献研究、实地调查、数据分析等方法,考察造成我国医药企业营销渠道成员冲突的具体原因,并提出解决措施。结果与结论:造成我国医药企业营销渠道成员冲突的原因归集为“沟通与观念”、“渠道设计”、“渠道利益”等3类;针对性的解决措施有“渠道完善”、“加强合作”等2大类8个方面。     

Social drinking and cognitive functioning in college students: a replication and reversibility study

The purposes of this study were to replicate a previous study of the relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in college students and to investigate the reversibility of negative effects of social drinking on cognitive functioning when randomly assigned subjects abstained from drinking for 2 weeks. The previous study was replicated by administering the same battery of neuropsychological tests to 170 subjects (103 women) during the first testing session. Like the original study, the present study demonstrated several significant predicted inverse relationships between drinking and cognitive performance, but specific relationships between various drinking and cognitive variables were not replicated. As in the original study, some significant nonpredicted relationships also occurred. At the end of the first testing session, subjects were randomly assigned either to abstain from drinking or to maintain their usual drinking patterns for 2 weeks. They were then administered a different neuropsychological battery designed to assess functions similar to the original battery. Consumption the previous 2 weeks was significantly lower in the abstain group than in the maintain group, but there were no significant differences in the predicted direction between groups on the cognitive variables. Several significant predicted inverse correlations between drinking variables and cognitive performance occurred, but some nonpredicted relationships occurred also. Problems and implications for research in social drinking are discussed.     

Acute and subchronic toxicity of xylo-oligosaccharide in mice and rats

Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) is sugar oligomers composed of a β-1,4-linked xylopyranosyl backbone that are obtained by either chemical or, more commonly, enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan polysaccharides extracted from plant cell wall. In this study, acute and subchronic toxicity of XOS in mice and rats have been evaluated, respectively. In the acute study, no obvious clinical signs of toxicity or mortality were observed in mice at the dosage of 32?g/kg BW XOS, excepting transient unformed stools were observed. In the subchronic study, XOS was evaluated in rats with dietary administration at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.9, 2.9, 8.8 and 10% for 13 weeks. Measurements included clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, food conversion efficiency, hematology, blood chemistry, gross necropsy, organ weight and histopathology. Under the conditions, no treatment-related changes were noted in behavior or appearance of the rats and no mortalities occurred. No toxicological findings were found in food consumption, food conversion efficiency, hematology, clinical biochemistry or organ weights in either sex. It is concluded, therefore, that the high dose level, at which the female and male rats consumed about 11.51 and 14.95?g XOS/kg bw/d, respectively, is the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of this 13-week toxicity study.     

河南城乡12岁儿童DMFT指数和SIC指数比较

目的比较河南省城乡12岁儿童龋病的发病状况，评价该群体中高危人群的龋病分布情况。方法等容量、随机抽取河南省六个地市792名12岁儿童进行患龋状况调查。计算DMFT指数（龋、失、补指数）和SIC指数（显著性龋均指数），并对该指数进行统计学分析。结果河南省城乡DMFT指数分别为为0．31和0．23，SIC指数分别为0．94和0．70。城乡儿童龋均比较差异无统计学意义（z=-1．040，P〉0．05），城乡儿童SIC指数比较差异无统计学意义（z=-1．570，P〉005）。结论河南省12岁儿童龋病患病率相对较低，但龋病仍广泛存在并存在风险人群；龋充填率低。     

HPLC和LC-MS~n分析葛根素及其注射剂中的有关物质

目的研究葛根素及其注射剂中的有关物质。方法采用HPLC对9批葛根素原料药和18批葛根素注射剂中的有关物质进行了系统考察,采用LC-MSn技术对葛根素及其注射剂中有关物质的结构进行了初步鉴定。结果葛根素及其注射剂中存在5种主要有关物质,其中2种为相对分子质量432的同分异构体,推测可能为3′-羟基葛根素和染料木素-8-C-葡萄糖苷。结论建立的方法可有效分离主成分葛根素与有关物质,对有关物质能进行初步鉴定。