阿托伐他汀钙自微乳的HPLC测定

建立了HPLC法测定阿托伐他汀钙自微乳制剂含量.采用C18色谱柱,乙腈-0.05%乙酸(65:35)为流动相,检测波长248nm,流速1.0ml/min.检测限0.12μg/ml.线性范围1～100μg/ml(r=0.9998),回收率为98.9%～99.5%.     

阿替洛尔与硝苯地平复方片的HPLC测定

采用高效液相色谱法测定复方阿替洛尔片中阿替洛尔与硝苯地平的含量.色谱柱为Kromasil C18,流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸盐缓冲液(pH3.0)(55:42:3,含6.0 mmol/L辛烷磺酸钠),流速0.8ml/min,检测波长274 nm.阿替洛尔和硝苯地平的线性范围分别为20～80μg/ml和8～32μg/ml,平均回收率分别为100.2%(RSD 0.45%)和100.4%(RSD 0.77%).     

阿奇霉素片的HPLC测定

建立了HPLC法测定阿奇霉素片的含量.采用ODS色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-水(9:1,含0.3%三乙胺,pH 8.0),流速0.5ml/min,检测波长215nm.线性范围为0.6～3mg/ml(r=0.9991),平均回收率为101.2%,RSD 1.2%.     

布洛芬愈创木酚酯及有关物质的HPLC测定

建立了HPLC法测定布洛芬愈创木酚酯的含量及有关物质.采用Spherisorb C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水-乙酸(79:20:1),流速1ml/min,检测波长223nm.布洛芬愈创木酚酯在2.5～200μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均回收率99.1%,检测限为5ng.     

杏贝止咳颗粒中苦杏仁苷的HPLC测定

建立了杏贝止咳颗粒中苦杏仁苷的HPLC测定法.色谱柱Kromasil Ci8柱,以甲醇-水(24:76)为流动相,流速1.0ml/min,检测波长218nm.在13.32～428μg/ml浓度范围内,线性关系良好(r=0.9997),平均回收率98.8%,RSD为1.36%.     

氨苄西林丙磺舒胶囊的HPLC测定

建立了HPLC法测定氨苄西林丙磺舒胶囊的含量.采用C18色谱柱,以甲醇-0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调至pH 3.0)(50:50)为流动相,检测波长232nm,流速lml/min.氨苄西林和丙磺舒分别在80～800μg/ml(r=0.9992)和22～220μg/ml(r=0.9996)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.2%和99.5%.     

甲氧氯普胺鼻腔喷雾剂的HPLC测定

建立了测定甲氧氯普胺鼻腔喷雾剂含量和有关物质的HPLC法.采用ODS C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.01mol/L己烷磺酸钠溶液(用冰醋酸调至pH4.0)(25:75),流速1.2ml/min,检测波长265nm.线性范围为10～200μg/ml(r=0.9999),日内和日间精密度小于1.0%.     

高效液相色谱法测定布洛芬片的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定布洛芬片含量.方法:使用Waters SymmetryC18色谱柱,流动相为0,1mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈(37:63),检测波长为263nm,流速1.0ml/min.线性范围为0.040～0.640mg/ml,r=0.9998,平均回收率为99.87%.结果:布洛芬分离好.结论:本方法可以快速准确检测布洛芬片含量.     

维C银翘颗粒中绿原酸的HPLC测定

建立HPLC法测定维C银翘颗粒中绿原酸的含量.采用KF C18色谱柱,乙腈-0.4%磷酸(10:90)为流动相,流速1.0ml/min,检测波长327nm.绿原酸线性范围为0.04～0.8μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率99.5%,RSD为0.81%.     

清热消炎片中大黄酚的HPLC测定

建立了HPLC法测定清热消炎片中大黄酚的含量.采用C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸(90:10),流速0.8ml/min,检测波长254nm.大黄酚在0.048～0.48μg时线性关系良好(γ=0.9995).平均回收率为100.7%(RSD=0.4%).     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.