论制药工程专业的特色建设

全国新布点的工科类制药工程专业的教育，应该如何提高教学质量和办学效益、培养合格的制药工程专门人才呢?笔者认为：必须有明确的办学方向和鲜明的专业特色；同时依托和发挥校、院的整体实力，扬长避短、提高教学质量，走出一条自我发展、自我完善，全面提高学生制药工程能力的办学新路。     

天津大学化工学院制药工程学科与专业

天津大学化工学院是我国化工类学科最齐全、在国内外具有重要影响的学院之一 ,天津大学制药工程学科、专业是在传统优势学科(化学工程、化学工艺、生物化工和精细化工)基础上 ,与生物技术、药学、高分子化工和制药机械等学科交叉 ,成长起来的新兴整合工程学科。天津大学制药工程学科、专业现有工学博士、工学硕士与制药工程领域硕士、工学学士三个层次。本专业面对人才和科技密集型的“常盛、常青”的医药工业产业 ,培养既懂制药工艺 ,又懂工程技术和装备 ,掌握并熟练运用制药工程学科的理论和实践知识 ,解决药物研发与制造过程中的工程技术…     

制药工程专业工程类课程的教学模式探讨

制药工程专业是一个以培养从事药品制造工程技术人才为目标的化学、药学和工程学交叉的工科专业.本专业是1998年教育部在调整高校专业设置时为加快制药工程专门人才的培养而设立的新专业.制药工程专业的工程性是其特点,该专业的学生未来要面对的工程实际,要完成药品由实验室阶段向大型工业生产的转化工作,他们将成为制药工业的高级工程技术人才.因此,只懂药物的实验室合成或制取原理而不懂工程技术应用是难以适应药品生产企业的老产品、旧车间的改造及新产品放大、投产和新车间、新厂房的设计工作的[1].     

我校制药工程专业生物技术制药精品课堂建设的探索与实践

目的:提高高等院校制药工程专业生物技术制药课程的教学质量。方法:针对制药工程专业学生生物技术专业知识相对薄弱的特点,围绕临沂大学精品课堂建设工程,对生物技术制药课程的教学内容及教学方法进行了有效的探索和实践。结果:我校在教学内容上补充了生物技术理论知识,突出前沿性和应用性;在教学方法上,变灌输式教学为问题式和启发式,并利用多媒体辅助教学;同时,注重了课堂教学与实验教学相结合。结论:优化后的课程增强了学生的学习兴趣,提高了教学质量,为培养创新意识和实践能力强的复合型人才奠定了基础,亦为其他课程进行精品课堂建设提供了有益的参考。     

制药工程专业毕业设计和毕业论文的教学实践

制药工程专业毕业实践包括毕业实习、毕业设计和毕业论文三个环节,是本科生在校完成基础及专业课学习后进行的总结性实践教学,目的是使学生将所学的理论知识运用于实践,进行综合能力的训练,将该专业的学生培养成为制药工业所需的应用型、复合型、创造型的高级专业人才.因此,制药工程专业学生的毕业环节教学要与工程实践相结合,采取因地制宜、因材施教的教学方法,搞好毕业设计和毕业论文工作:     

改革制药工程专业教学计划 注重创新及工程能力培养

阐述从拓宽专业面、立足于工程特色进行制药工程本科专业教学计划的改革情况，强调对学生创新意思及工程能力的培养，以适应新时期对人才的需求，培养应用型、复合型、创新型的制药工程专业人才。     

开展制药分离技术教育 提高学生工程创新能力

培养制药工程专业学生的工程能力是制药工程专业教学的一项重要任务,其中进行制药分离技术的教育已迫在眉睫.原因有三,其一,长期以来国内制药工程专门人才的培养在工程知识上存在一些明显的缺陷,特别是"制药过程及设备"课程中关于分离技术的内容浅显,知识陈旧,没有反映当今医药工业中获得应用或正在推广应用的特殊制药过程及设备,如膜分离、分子蒸馏、超临界流体萃取、反应精馏、色层分离、离子交换等高效分离方法与技术;其二,制药工程专业现已涵盖化学制药、生物制药和天然药物制药,而"制药过程及设备"中仅少量反映化学制药分离内容,而生物制药分离技术基本上没有提及;其三,新型分离技术在医药工业上的应用研究在国外异常活跃,工业化应用迅速发展.     

制药工程专业虚拟现实仿真平台的特点及对学生进行实践教学的优势

生产实习是制药工程专业实习教学的重要组成部分,制药工程专业由于自身特点,实习一直存在各种问题.安徽理工大学制药工程专业引入了仿真实训软件,极大的提高了学生的实习兴趣,加强了学生实际操作的能力,收到了良好的教学效果.笔者基于教育认证的要求和理念,探讨制药工程专业虚拟现实仿真平台的特点及对学生进行实践教学的优势.     

为制药工程专业学生配备企业导师的意义与可行性分析——以山东大学药学院制药工程系为例

制药工程专业学生就业去向一般为制药企业,本文以山东大学药学院制药工程专业学生为例,对学生在校培养过程中配备企业导师的必要性与可行性进行了分析探讨,旨在探索一种更切合社会需求的新型制药工程人才特色培养模式。     

制药工程专业建设实践与发展

提出制药工程专业应突出能力培养,专业课程体系的设置应彰显特色,专业实践教学与理论教学应有效对接.结合本校具有化学、工程学、药学、生命科学多学科群的独特优势,建设具有本校特色的制药工程专业,即建设以化学制药为主,兼顾中药制药和生物制药的特色专业课程体系,培养以化学制药工程能力为主,又具有中药制药工程及生物制药工程广博知识的复合型专业技术人才.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.