Tinospora crispa extract inhibits MMP-13 and migration of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines

Objective: To investigate the effect of Tinospora crispa(T. crispa) extract on matrix metalloproteinase 13(MMP-13) expression and cell migration. Methods: The cytotoxicity of T. crispa extract was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC) cell lines. The effect on expression of MMP-13 was analysed by RT-PCR and ELISA. The migration was assessed by wound healing assay. Results: MMP-13 m RNA was highly expressed in the metastatic human HNSCC cell lines, HN22 and HSC-3. T. crispa extract at a concentration of 100.0 μg/m L caused about 50% reduction of cell survival. T. crispa extract at a non-toxic concentration of 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 μg/m L signii cantly suppressed MMP-13 m RNA expression and secreted MMP-13 in both HN22 and HSC-3. The expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloprotease by HSC-3 cells was attenuated by 25.0 and 50.0 μg/m L of T. crispa extract. Addition of the extract to cells in a wound healing assay showed inhibition of cell migration by HN22 cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that T. crispa could be considered as a potential therapeutic drug to prevent metastasis of HNSCC.     

Effect of human osteopontin on proliferation, transmigration and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in osteosarcoma cells

Background To explore the effect of human osteopontin (hOPN) on the proliferation, transmigration and expression of matrix metallproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metallproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in osteosarcoma (OS) cells in vitro.Methods The prokaryotic-expression vector of hOPN was produced, hOPN was then subcloned into E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells and purified with ProBond^TM Columns. The proliferation, cell cycle and the expression of cycUn A in OS cells were investigated by using MTT assay, flow cytometry and Western blot respectively. The transmigration of OS cells was checked by using transwell cell culture chamber.The micro-pore-filter-membrane system was used to study the chemiotaxis of hOPN to OS cells. The levels of total protein were examined according to Coomassie Brilliant Blue manuals. The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated by detecting the volume of degradation of gelatin on SDS-PAGE gel.Results The prokaryotic-expression vector of hOPN and purified hOPN protein were achieved hOPN promoted OS cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and stimulated cyclin A expression in OS cells to accelerate cell division cycle, hOPN facilitated the trans-membrane migration of OS cells.hOPN also enhanced the secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in OS cells.Conclusion hOPN could stimulate cyclin A expression in OS cells, hOPN has chemiotaxis to OS cells and increases their transmigration, hOPN enhances the secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in OS cells.     

Expression and biological function of N-myc down-regulated gene 1 in human cervical cancer

The expression of N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has previously been reported to be involved in the proliferation,differentiation,invasion and metastasis of cancer cells,but its role in cervical cancer is still unclear.This study aimed to investigate the expression of NDRG1gene in human cervical cancer and its effect on aggressive tumor behaviors.The NDRG1 expression in cervical tissues and cells was detected by RT-PCR.Specific expression plasmid pEGFP-N1-NDRG1-GFP was used to enhance the expression of NDRG1 in human cervical cancer cell lines.The mRNA and protein level of NDRG1 was assessed by RT-PCR and Western blotting,respectively.Its effects on cell proliferation,migration,invasion,cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by MTT,transwell migration assay and flow cytometry (FCM),respectively.The results showed that the expression of NDRG1 in cervical cancer tissues and cells was significantly lower than in normal cervical tissues (P<0.001).After transfection with pEGFP-N1-NDRG1-GFP,the mRNA and protein expression of NDRG1 was up-regulated in Siha cells,which suppressed cell proliferation (P<0.001),induced cell cycle arrest (P<0.05),reduced invasion and migration of Siha cells (P<0.05),but caused no cell apoptosis.Moreover,vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),a tumor-induced angiogenesis factor,was markedly reduced and E-cadherin,a cell adhesion molecule,was increased in the cells transfected with pEGFP-N1-NDRG1-GFP.It was concluded that up-regulated NDRG1 may play a role in the suppression of malignant cell growth,invasion and metastasis of human cervical cancer.     

SHP-2 promoting migration and metastasis of MCF-7 with loss of E-cadherin dephosphorylation of FAK and secretion of MMP-9 induced by IL-1 bete in vivo and in vitro

Shp-2, an src homology （SH） two-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase, appears to be involved in cytoplasmic signaling downstream of a variety of cell surface receptors. It also plays an important role in the control of cell spreading, migration, and cytoskeletal architecture. In our study, abrogation of SHP-2 catalytic activity with adominant-negative mutant （SHP-2C 〉 S） displayed an increased number of focal adhesion, high expression of E-cadhenrin and phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase （FAK）. Interestingly, the cells expressing SHP-2C 〉 S showed reduced IL-lbeta-stimulated chemotaxis compared with either mock- or SHP-2 wild type-transfected cells. We also found that SHP-2-GFP-transfected cell lines did not express E-cadherin nearly and produced high level of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 in the supernatants. The loss of E- cadherin-mediated adhesion and the increase of MMP-9-induced migration had been shown to play an important role in the transition of epithelial tumors from a benign to an invasive state. These findings have raised the possibility that SHP-2 can promote the cancer cell to invasion the distant tissues. To determine whether SHP-2 promotes invasion and metastasis, we transfected MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines with SHP-2-GFP, SHP-2C 〉 S-GFP and analyzed the effects of the SHP-2 on cell migration, invasion, and metastasis, in vitro, SHP-2-GFP-transfected cells migrated more efficiently, showed an increased invasion of Matrigel, and adhered less efficiently to monolayers of fibroblast cells. When injected into the abdominal cavity of nude mice, SHP- 2-GFP-transfected cells metastasized widely to the lung, kidney, but MCF-7 with SHP-2C 〉 S-GFP was not observed in the these organs. These results demonstrate that SHP-2 promotes invasion and metastasis of MCF-7 with the loss of E-cadherin, the dephosphorylation of FAK and the secretion of MMP-9 induced by IL-lbeta.     

Silencing MTA1 by RNAi Reverses Adhesion,Migration and Invasiveness of Cervical Cancer Cells （SiHa） via Altered Expression of p53, and E-cadherin/β-catenin Complex

It has been reported that metastasis-associated gene 1 (Mta1) is overexpressed in many malignant tumors with high metastatic potential. In addition, some studies indicated that MTA1 participated in invasion, metastasis, and survival of cancer cells by regulating cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. But the role of MTA1 is unclear in vitro in the development of cervical cancer cells. This study investigated whether and how MTA1 mediated cell proliferation, migration, invasion and adhesion in cervical cancer. MTA1 expression level was detected by Western blot in two cervical cancer cell lines of different invasion potentials. The effects of MTA1 expression on SiHa cell apoptosis, cycle, proliferation, migration, invasion and adhesion were tested by flow cytometry, MTT, wound-healing assay, Transwell assay and adhesion assay, respectively. The expression levels of p53, E-cadherin, and β-catenin activity were evaluated in untreated and treated cells. The results showed that MTA1 protein expression was significantly higher in SiHa than in HeLa, which was correlated well with the potential of migration and invasion in both cell lines. Furthermore, the cell invasion, migration and adhesion capabilities were decreased after inhibition of MTA1 expression mediated by Mta1-siRNA transfection in SiHa. However, no significant differences were found in cell apoptosis, cycle, and proliferation. In addition, E-cadherin and p53 protein levels were significantly up-regulated, while β-catenin was significantly down-regulated in SiHa transfected with the siRNA. These results demonstrated that MTA1 played an important role in the migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells. It was speculated that the decreased migration and invasion capability by inhibiting the MTA1 expression in the SiHa cell line may be mediated through the altered expression of p53, and E-cadherin/β-catenin complex. MTA1 could serve as a potential therapeutic target in cervical cancer.     

Piperine suppresses growth and migration of human breast cancer cells through attenuation of Rac1 expression

Objective:To investigate the effect of piperine on human breast cancer cells.Methods:The effect of piperine on proliferation and migration of human breast cancer cells,MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231,was investigated using colony formation assays,wound healing assays,Matrigel migration assays,flow cytometry,RT-qPCR,and Western blotting assays.Results:Piperine inhibited the growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and suppressed colony formation.Cell reduction at the G₀/G₁ phase and cell arrest at the G₂/M phase were observed in breast cancer cells.However,the significant effect was only demonstrated in MDA-MB-231 cells.Moreover,cancer cell migration was suppressed by piperine at low concentration.RT-qPCR and Western blotting assays showed that piperine downregulated Rac1 gene and protein expression.Conclusions:Piperine could inhibit growth and migration of breast cancer cells by reducing Rac1 gene and protein expression.     

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factorl65-regulated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Lines Invasion and Migration Involve Expression and Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2

The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression on matrix met-alloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells in vitro and the possible mechanism involved were investigated, and the correlation between the expression of VEGF and MMP-2 in NPC evaluated. The NPC cells were transfected with PAd-trackVEGF165 plasmid. The expression levels of VEGF and MMP-2 mRNA and protein in NPC cells were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot respectively. It was found that the expression of VEGF and MMP-2 mRNA and protein was significantly increased in NPC cells after transfection of VEGF165. It was concluded that the expression of VEGF was correlated to the in vitro invasion of NPC cells, and the induction of MMP-2 by VEGF was a key process of NPC cell invasion.     

Expression of Angiopoietin-1/-2 in the Process of Mouse Embryo Implantation

This study examined the expression and distribution of angiopoietin-1/-2 (Ang-1/-2) in the endometrium of early pregnant mice. The expression of Ang-1/-2 was detected by immunohisto- chemical staining and in situ hybridization respectively. Computerized image analysis system was used to measure the average optical intensity of Ang-1/-2 in endometria at different time points after gestation. Mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group, D2 group (2 days after preg- nancy), D4 group (4 days after pregnancy), D6 group (6 days after pregnancy) and D8 group (8 days after pregnancy), each containing 15 mice. The results showed that the expression of Ang-1 and Ang-2 was very different among 4 groups (P<0.01). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that Ang-1 was localized in the cytoplasma of stromal cells 2 days after pregnancy (day 2), and in luminal epithelial cells on day 4. The protein of Ang-2 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasma of glandular epithelia and stromal cells. With gestation time, the positive reactions of Ang-1/-2 were stronger in the endometria of the pregnant mice (P<0.01). In situ hybridization showed Ang-1 mRNA in stromal cells on day 2. Hybridization signal was localized in both stromal cells and vessel epithelial cells on day 4; Ang-2 mRNA was expressed in stromal cells and glandular epithelia on day 2; high mRNA levels appeared in stromal cells, glandular epithelia and vascular endothelia on day 4; an increasing in mRNA expression of Ang-1/-2 was observed on day 6 and day 8 (P<0.01). It is suggested that Ang-1/-2 may play an important role in the cross-talk between blastocyst and maternal endometrium during the process of embryo implantation.     

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor165-regulated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Lines Invasion and Migration Involve Expression and Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2

The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） overexpression on matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2） in nasopharyngeal carcinoma （NPC） cells in vitro and the possible mechanism involved were investigated, and the correlation between the expression of VEGF and MMP-2 in NPC evaluated. The NPC cells were transfected with PAd-trackVEGF165 plasmid. The expression levels of VEGF and MMP-2 mRNA and protein in NPC cells were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot respectively. It was found that the expression of VEGF and MMP-2 mRNA and protein was significantly increased in NPC cells after transfection of VEGF 165. It was concluded that the expression of VEGF was correlated to the in vitro invasion of NPC cells, and the induction of MMP-2 by VEGF was a key process of NPC cell invasion.     

稳定转染ERα基因抑制MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞COX-2和VEGF-C的表达

Background Estrogen receptor （ER）-negative breast cancer cells are more aggressive than ER-positive cells. Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2） and vascular endothelial growth factor-C （VEGF-C） expression have been detected in cultured human breast cancer cells and are associated with negative hormone receptor status. In this study, we created ERα stable transfectants in MDA-MB-231 cells to explore the effect of ERα on cell growth and COX-2 and VEGF-C expression.Methods The green fluorescent protein （GFP）-ERα plasmids were stably transfected into ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. The proliferation and migration of untransfected MDA-MB-231 cells, ERα-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells and ER-positive MCF-7 cells were determined. The expression of COX-2, and the levels of VEGF-C mRNA and the VEGF-C secretion concentration were assayed in these cell lines.Results The proliferation and migration capacities of ERα-tranfected MDA-MB-231 cells were significantly decreased （P 〈0.05）. The expression of COX-2 was significantly lower in ERa-tranfected MDA-MB-231 cells than in untranfected MDA-MB-231 cells. The mRNA and protein levels of VEGF-C were lower in ERa-tranfected MDA-MB-231 cells than in untransfected MDA-MB-231 cells （P〈0.05）.Conclusions ERα stable transfection inhibits proliferation and migration capacities of MDA-MB-231 cells and decreases expression of COX-2 and VEGF-C. The decreases of proliferation and migration capacities may be related to suppression of COX-2 and VEGF-C expression.     

Effect of epigenetic modification of maspin on extravillous trophoblastic function

This study investigated the effect of epigenetic modification of maspin on extravillous tro-phoblastic function. The mRNA expression of maspin in placentae from normotensive and preeclamptic pregnant women was detected by RT-PCR. TEV-1 cells, a human first-trimester extravillous trophoblast cell line, were cultured and treated with CoCl2 (300 μmol/L) to induce chemical hypoxia and with 5-aza (500 nmol/L) to induce demethylation. The mRNA expression of maspin in TEV-1 cells subjected to different treatments was determined by RT-PCR, and the proliferative and migratory abilities of TEV-1 cells were assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell assays. Our results showed that the maspin mRNA expression level in placentae from preeclamptic women was much higher than that from normotensive women. CoCl2 or 5-aza could up-regulate the mRNA expression of maspin and significantly suppress the proliferation and migration of TEV-1 cells. It was concluded that the epigenetic modification in promoter region of maspin contributes to incomplete trophoblast invasion, which offers a novel approach for predicting and treating placental dysfunction.     

Human ovarian neoplasm cell CD147 stimulates production and activation of matrix metalloproteinases in co-cultures with mouse fibroblasts

Objective: To investigate the expression of CD147 on human ovarian neoplasm cell lines and its influence on production and activation of matrix metallproteinases (MMPs). Methods : The expression of CD147 on different human ovarian neoplasm cell lines was studied by western blotting. Co culture was carried out to investigate the stimulative effect of the positive expression CD147 cell HO-8910 on the production of MMPs of fibroblast cell in vitro. Zymography and immune blotting were used to study the production and activity of positive MMPs, at the time, to explore the relation between CD147 and MMPs. Results: CD147 was positively presented in 2 ovarian neoplasm cell lines (HO-8910, 3-AO), but in SKOV3, TC-1,NIN3T3 cell was negative. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were detected by HO-8910 cell line, mouse fibroblast cell and co-culture cells ； but the expression in co-culture cell is obviously higher than individual cultures of each type alone. CD147 stimulated MMPs in dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: CD147 causes increased production and activation of MMP-2, MMP-9. CD147 is probably a indirect marker of some ovarian cancer cells with invasion and metastasis.     

SUPPRESSION OF MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE OF A TRANSFORMED MOUSE MAMMARY EPITHELIAL CELL LINE （11A1） BY TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE RB

A malignant transformed mammary epithelial cell line (11 A1) was transfected with liposome encapsulated eukaryotic expression plasrrdd pCMV-neo-RB, yielding 4 constant clones which have obvious phenotypic reversion changes, and named 11Al-R1～R4 respectively. Further experiments showed that the llA1-R1 behaved like normal epithelial cells in both morphological and hiolcgical characteristics, with decreased clonogenicity in solid argar medium as well as decreased tumorigenicity. Northern blot hybridization showed increased expression of RB gene and decreased expression of c myc gene in llA1-R1, 11A1-R2 cells compared to llA1 cells. This was an ideal phenotypic reversion model for epithelial transformed cell line and demonstrated that the RB gene can reexpress and suppress malignant phetlotype in RB inactive cells.     

Effect of Cigarette Smoke Extract on the Proliferation of Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Expression and Activation of FAK

The effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on the proliferation of human airway epithelial cells and the possible mechanism was studied. After airway epithelial cells were treated with different concentrations of CSE for 24 h, the cell proliferation was measured by MTT and the distribution of different cell cycles by flow cytometry. The FAK expression level was detected by Western blot and the degree of tyrosine phosphorylation by immunoprecipitation. The results showed that CSE could inhibit the proliferation of human airway epithelial cells, arrest the epithelial cells in G1 phase of cell cycle, dramatically decrease the number of epithelial cells in S and G2 phases； Meanwhile CSE could decrease the expression level of FAK and the degree of its tyrosine phosphorylation. The above effects of CSE were concentration-dependent. The expression of FAK and the degree of its phosphorylation was positively correlated to the increased number of epithelial cells in G1 phase, and negatively to the number of epithelial cells in S and G2 phases. It was concluded that the mechanism by which CSE could inhibit the proliferation of human epithelial cells was contributed to the increased expression and activation of FAK.     

The regulating role of mutant IκBα in expression of TIMP-2 and MMP-9 in human glioblastoma multiform

Background Our previous studies demonstrated that mutant IKBα （IKBαM） inhibited the occurrence, growth and angiogenesis of human glioblastoma multiform （GBM）. However, the specific mechanism by which IKBaM regulates protein-degrading enzymes secreted from GBM to inhibit invasion and metastasis has remained unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulatory role and significance of IKBαM genes in the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase （TIMP）-2 and matrix metalloproteinase （MMP）-9 in human GBM. Methods We established the following four GBM cell lines stably expressing IKBaM by plasmid construction, gene transfection and screening for IKBαM protein expression： mutant IKBa-transfected cells （G36A-M）, wild-type IKBa-transfected cells （G36A-W）, empty plasmid transfected cells （G36A-P） and untransfected cells （G36A）. The TIMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Tumor cells were then implanted subcutaneously into nude mice to establish an animal model of ectopic tumor growth, and TIMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was determined by immunohistochemical methods. Results The results showed that there was a significant increase in TIMP-2 expression and a significant decrease in MMP-9 expression in the G36A-M group at both the RNA and protein levels compared with the G36A-W group, G36A-P group and G36A group. Similar results were observed in the immunohistochemical staining analysis of tumor tissues. In the G36A-M group, TIMP-2 expression was significantly higher while MMP-9 expression was significantly lower than in the other three groups. Conclusions Our findings indicate that IKBaM inhibits the activation of NF-KB. It significantly up-regulates TIMP-2 expression in human malignant glioma cells and down-regulates the expression of MMP-9. Thus, IKBαM maintains the integrity of the extracellular matrix and further inhibits the growth and metastasis of tumor tissues. Chin Med J 2009; 122（2）：205-211     

Effect and mechanism of tacrolimus on melanogenesis on A375 human melanoma cells

Background Topical tacrolimus has been used for vitiligo as a common treatment option for more than ten years while the underlying mechanism is still uncertain.The aim of this study was to investigate the direct effects of tacrolimus on the melanogenesis and migration on human A375 melanoma cells.The expression of c-KIT mRNA and protein of human A375 cells were also investigated.Methods The cultured A375 human melanoma cells were randomly assigned to control and tacrolimus treatment groups （10,102,103and 104 nmol/L）.The cell proliferation was measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 assays.Melanin content was measured with NaOH method.Transwell migration assay was used to measure cell migration.The expression of c-KIT mRNA and protein were measured with real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry respectively.Results The cell proliferation of the 103 and 104 nmol/L tacrolimus groups were significantly lower （0.666±0.062 and 0.496±0.038） as compared with the control （0.841±0.110,P 〈0.05）.The mean melanin content in all groups treated with different concentration of tacrolimus （10,102,103,104 nmol/L） increased compared with the control group （P 〈0.05）.Dosedependent increase in cell migration were seen in all tacrolimus-treated groups （P 〈0.01）.The expression of c-KIT mRNA level in A375 cells exposed to tacrolimus （103and 104 nmol/L） had significantly increased by 3.03-fold and 3.19-fold respectively compared with the control （P 〈0.05）.Conclusions Although tacrolimus had no effects on cell proliferation on A375 human melanoma cells,it could increase the melanin content and cell migration.The expression of c-KIT mRNA and protein increased dose-dependently in tacrolimus-treated groups as compared with the control.Our study demonstrated that tacrolimus could enhance the melanogenesis and cell migration on A375 cells.