岩白菜和厚叶岩白菜不同部位有效成分的比较研究

目的:建立岩白菜药材中有效成分熊果苷、岩白菜素、儿茶素HPLC含量测定方法,为其药材质量评价和资源合理利用提供科学依据。方法:采用反相C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.0 mL.m in-1,检测波长为275 nm,对岩白菜属植物岩白菜和厚叶岩白菜的主根、须根和叶片等不同部位中的熊果苷、岩白菜素、儿茶素含量进行HPLC分析比较。结果:岩白菜和厚叶岩白菜中的熊果苷、岩白菜素、儿茶素含量存在一定差异;同植物不同部位中的熊果苷、岩白菜素、儿茶素含量存在明显差异。主根和须根中岩白菜素的含量较高,而叶中熊果苷的含量较高。结论:本研究方法可以同时测定熊果苷、岩白菜素和儿茶素的含量,为岩白菜属植物的科学研究及药材质量评价奠定基础。     

岩白菜中熊果苷积累动态分析

目的探讨岩白菜中熊果苷的积累动态。方法熊果苷60%甲醇提取液的分析采用Agilent Hypersil ODS色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相甲醇-0.1%磷酸,梯度洗脱;柱温30℃;体积流量1.0 mL/min;检测波长274 nm。结果 8个不同部位中熊果苷含有量存在极显著差异,依次为成熟叶老叶幼叶叶柄一年生根状茎三年生根状茎二年生根状茎根。8个采收时期各部位熊果苷含有量也存在极显著差异,其积累高峰在秋季。结论岩白菜最佳利用部位为成熟叶,最佳采收时期为秋季,此时熊果苷含有量最高。     

岩白菜和岩陀中岩白菜素含量比较

目的：探讨岩白菜和岩陀中岩白菜素含量,以供开发参考。方法：采用高效液相色谱法测定。结果：岩白菜根茎的岩白菜素含量（5.14%～7.46%）明显高于叶片的岩白菜素含量（0.19%～0.27%）;人工栽培岩白菜根茎的岩白菜素含量（5.14%～5.20%）比野生的含量（7.25%～7.46%）略低;不同居群岩陀中岩白菜含量差异不大（4.29%～4.63%）,但稍低于岩白菜的含量。结论：供试的各居群岩白菜和岩陀的根茎均是提取岩白菜素的最佳原料;岩白菜采用人工栽培是可行的。     

厚叶岩白菜组培苗、种子苗和野生苗不同部位有效成分含量分析

目的 测定厚叶岩白菜组培再生植株、种子苗和野生苗不同部位岩白菜素和儿茶素的含量,为人工种植厚叶岩白菜的质量评价提供科学依据.方法 采用反相C18色谱柱,甲醇-水为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为275 nm,对不同厚叶岩白菜苗的主根、须根和叶片等不同部位中的岩白菜素、儿茶素含量进行HPLC分析比较.结果 厚叶岩白菜不同部位的岩白菜素、儿茶素含量存在一定差异,主根和须根中岩白菜素的含量较高;但组培苗和种子苗与野生苗中的岩白菜素和儿茶素含量差别不大,甚至组培苗叶片岩白菜素含量高出种子苗和野生苗1倍;而儿茶素的含量组培苗主根、须根均高于种子苗和野生苗含量3倍左右.结论 该研究表明采用组培或种子人工种植的厚叶岩白菜其有效成分能够满足临床应用的要求.     

夏枯草总黄酮提取方法及其在居群间分布特征研究

目的:探讨夏枯草总黄酮的最佳提取工艺及其在不同居群、不同部位间分布情况。方法:应用响应面法确定最佳提取工艺,并对不同居群、不同部位中总黄酮含量进行测定。结果:液固比为25∶1,以35%的乙醇在86℃水温下回流提取3.5 h,可获得夏枯草总黄酮的最佳提取效果。不同居群总黄酮含量变异幅度为2.16%~10.29%;叶片中总黄酮含量最高,根中最低;果穗去除种子后总黄酮含量平均高出27.6%。结论:响应面法对夏枯草总黄酮的提取条件优化合理可行;不同居群间总黄酮含量表现出明显的地理分布差异。     

基于不同地理种源头花蓼中没食子酸的含量分析

目的:建立HPLC测定头花蓼中没食子酸含量方法,测定评价48个不同地理种源样品。方法:反相高效液相色谱法,XB-18 C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(4∶96),流速0.8 mL.min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长220 nm,分别测定头花蓼48个不同地理种源229株样本,SPSS17.0分析结果。结果:没食子酸线性范围进样量在10.24～102.40 ng,r=0.999 9,平均回收率97.32%,RSD 0.52%。所测定样本单株没食子酸含量0.594 6%～0.147 5%,居群间含量0.131 3%～0.330 6%。结论:该方法可准确测定头花蓼中没食子酸含量。在头花蓼不同地理种源中,野生居群间和居群内的没食子酸含量差异较大。     

滇产小白及不同种源、不同生长部位多糖含量测定

目的:研究滇产小白及不同种源、不同生长部位的多糖含量,为小白及的人工种植和种源评价提供参考。方法:选取不同种源小白的叶、假鳞茎、根为研究对象,采用蒽酮比色法对研究对象中的多糖含量进行测定,对不同种源、不同部位的多糖含量进行了比较研究。结果:小白及不同部位的含水率、多糖含量有极显著差异,与之相反的是在同一的栽培条件下,不同种源小白及的多糖含量和含水率没有显著差异。从总体来看,小白及多糖在各个部位的含量从大到小依次为假鳞茎根叶。叶片和根多糖含量最高的是小田坝种源,为18.27%和26.25%,假鳞茎多糖含量最高的是四格山种源,为51.04%。结论:从获得更多小白及多糖的角度,建议将小白及的根纳入收获范围,该研究为更好地开发和利用民族中药小白及提供了理论依据。     

岩白菜中没食子酸的积累动态的研究

目的建立用HPLC法检测岩白菜中没食子酸含量的方法,并探索岩白菜中没食子酸的积累动态。方法使用Agilent Hypersil ODS(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相,采用梯度洗脱技术,流速1.0ml·min-1,检测波长274nm,柱温30℃。结果比较了5个不同部位的没食子酸含量,其由高到低的顺序是:叶片叶柄茎叶结合部根状茎根系。测定了7个不同采收时期的幼叶、成熟叶和老叶的没食子酸含量,三者的积累高峰分别是4月29日、6月29日和夏秋季。结论叶片是合成和积累没食子酸的主要器官,夏季是采收岩白菜中没食子酸的最佳时期。     

多茎滇重楼不同部位甾体皂苷活性成分积累的研究

目的:探讨不同居群多茎滇重楼不同部位中甾体皂苷活性成分的积累。方法:采用HPLC法测定不同居群多茎滇重楼根茎,茎,叶中主要活性成分重楼皂苷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ含量,建立HPLC图谱,运用单因素方差分析、聚类分析和HPLC图谱分析探讨多茎滇重楼不同部位甾体皂苷活性成分积累的差异。结果:不同居群多茎滇重楼不同部位中重楼皂苷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ含量及其总含量具有极显著(P0.01)或显著(P0.05)性差异,根茎中只有一个居群重楼皂苷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ总含量未达到《中华人民共和国药典》(2015年版)0.60%的限量标准;根茎中重楼皂苷主要以Ⅰ、Ⅶ的形式存在,茎中只检测到重楼皂苷Ⅶ,叶中皂苷活性成分分布不规律;不同居群多茎滇重楼不同部位HPLC色谱图相似度均较高。结论:不同居群多茎滇重楼根茎中重楼皂苷Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ总含量除一个居群外均达到国家限量标准,且不同居群多茎滇重楼不同部位中甾体皂苷活性成分差异较小。该研究为多茎滇重楼是否能够替代滇重楼入药提供了一定科学依据。     

草果5个居群果序数量多态性比较研究

目的:探讨草果不同居群花序小花数量和果序结实率的差异,及其与海拔、经纬度等环境因素的关系。方法:观测和分析草果5个居群果序的数量性状。结果:保山、贡山、金平、马关、西畴5个居群的花序小花数量有极显著的差异,海拔越高,花序小花数量越少;经度越高,花序小花数量越多。环境温度和湿度影响花序小花数量的形成,环境温度越低、气温日较差越大、相对湿度日变化越大,花序小花数量越少。花序小花数量与果序结实率成显著的负相关性。5个居群的果序结实率没有显著差异,多重比较结果显示马关居群与保山居群、贡山居群、西畴居群有显著差异;结实率与海拔、经纬度没有显著的相关性。结论:花序小花数量受环境因素的影响,海拔高度变化引起的气侯变化对花序小花数量产生极显著影响。从提高结实率的角度考虑,草果优良种源的筛选,并不是花序小花数量越多越好。草果植株遗传素质的不同可能是造成果序结实率差异的主要原因,采用分子生物学技术对其遗传多样性的研究是优良种源筛选的重要工作。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。