安庆市2017—2018年流行性感冒流行病学分析

目的　分析安庆市2017—2018年流行性感冒（流感）监测结果，掌握本地流感流行特征，为制定防控策略提供科学依据。方法　登录中国流感监测信息系统，对安庆市2017—2018年流感样病例（influenza like illness, ILI）数据、病原学数据进行统计学分析。结果　安庆市哨点监测ILI百分比为3.46%，流感监测网络实验室检测流感病毒阳性率为13.84%，主要型别为新H1N1，占42.18%，流感病毒阳性率呈现“一前一后，一小一大”的夏季和冬季高峰，＜15岁组和≥15岁组流感病毒阳性率的差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.648，P=0.031）。安庆市共报告聚集性疫情23起，其中16起发生在城市，7起发生在农村，城市和农村的流感病毒阳性率的差异无统计学意义（χ2=3.181，P=0.074）。结论　安庆市2017—2018年哨点监测流感活动呈双峰分布，流感病毒以新H1N1和乙型Yamagata系为主，聚集性疫情上升明显，建议做好学校聚集性疫情的防控工作。     

2017-2019年贵阳市流行性感冒病原学监测分析

目的 了解2017—2019年贵阳市流行性感冒（简称流感）病原学特征和变化趋势,为制定防控措施提供资料依据。方法 从中国疾病预防控制信息系统子系统中国流感监测信息系统中,收集并分析2017—2019年贵阳市流感监测哨点医院流感样病例以及暴发和聚集性疫情流感样病例标本的病原学检测结果。结果 2017年1月—2019年12月间共收集流感样病例标本13 028份,检出流感病毒阳性标本1 568份,阳性率为12.04%;2019年阳性率最高18.33%,各年度流感病毒阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ²=226.816,P<0.05）。阳性标本中,甲型H1N1占37.76%（592份）、甲型H3N2占30.55%（479份）、BV型占19.07%（299份）、BY型占10.84%（170份）、混合型流感病毒占1.78%（28份）;不同年度各型流感病毒阳性率差异除混合型（χ²=1.195,P>0.05）外,均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 贵阳市不同年度流感亚型优势株不同,学校和托幼机构极易发生聚集性流感疫情,应加强相关场所的管理和健康宣...     

2009～2010年度济南市流感监测结果分析

目的了解2009~2010年度济南市流感流行特征及流感流行优势毒株的分布,为流感防治工作提供科学依据。方法对济南市2009~2010年度流感监测哨点医院流感样病例、病原学监测结果及暴发疫情资料进行描述性分析。结果济南市2009~2010年流感监测哨点医院流感样病例就诊百分比为3.69%,较上年度大幅上升,呈现春、夏、冬季三个流行高峰,其中冬季高峰较往年提前,且持续时间最长。流感哨点医院病原学监测结果呈现多种流感病毒交替或混合流行的特点,有明显的季节性分布特点。不同人群流感病毒核酸阳性率及各型别阳性率不同,其中15~24岁年龄组流感病毒阳性率及甲型H1N1阳性率最高。全市报告37起流感样病例暴发疫情,为济南市历史上报告疫情最多年份。结论2009~2010年度济南市流感活动较强,呈现春、夏、冬季三个流行高峰;流感流行优势毒株随季节变化而明显不同。     

2004～2007年新疆流感监测分析

目的通过对新疆2004～2007年度流行性感冒（下简称流感）监测结果的分析,了解新疆流感流行特征,为进一步加强监测工作、制定防治对策提供科学依据。方法在4所哨点医院开展季节性流感流行病学与病原学监测,通过突发公共卫生报告管理信息系统进行流感暴发疫情监测。结果2004～2007年度,在4个哨点医院相关科室共监测就诊病例641613例,监测到流感样病例（ILI）21627例,流感样病例占就诊病例百分比（ILI%）为3.37%;采集并检测流感样病例样本1132份,分离到流感病毒181株,阳性检出率为16.0%,其中甲型流感病毒H1N1亚型92株,占50.8%,H3N2亚型44株,占24.3%,乙型流感病毒45株,占24.9%。结论2004～2007年度新疆流感呈低水平活动状态,其中2005～2006年度流感活动强于其他2个年度。散发病例呈现冬季高发的特点,暴发疫情多见于冬春季。3个监测年度中,流感病毒优势株的型别各不相同。     

2015—2020年铜陵市流行性感冒监测结果分析

目的 了解铜陵市流行性感冒（简称流感）流行特征,为辖区流感防控提供科学依据。方法 通过中国流感监测信息系统收集2015—2020年铜陵市流感样病例（influenza-like illnesses,ILI）、病原学监测和ILI暴发疫情等监测数据,分析ILI的分布特征以及病毒阳性标本的人群、时间分布和分型等流行特征。结果 2015—2020年,铜陵市2家哨点医院报告ILI共计26 862例,其中5岁以下人群占比最高,为46.04%（12 367/26 862）;流感样病例百分比（ILI%）为3.11%（26 862/862 671）,各年度ILI%差异有统计学意义（χ2=941.478,P<0.05）;监测年度内共出现8次就诊高峰,主要发生在冬春季。共采集ILI标本8 490份,总阳性率为12.60%（1 082/8 490）,男性和女性阳性率分别为14.44%（586/4 059）和11.19%（496/4 431）;各年龄组中,5～14岁组阳性率较高,为22.41%（322/1 437）;各年度中,以2017—2018年度阳性率较高,为20.63%（255/1 236）;不同性别、年龄组、年度间阳性率差异均有统计学意义（χ2=20.038、249.020、941.478,P均<0.05）。不同监测年度中,甲型H1N1、A（H3N2）流感在每个监测年度均有流行,B型流感Victoria 系和 Yamagata 系则呈交替流行。共报告流感暴发疫情20起,均发生在中小学。结论 铜陵市流感流行季节主要为冬春季,5～14岁组儿童青少年为发病重点人群,需加强学生疫苗接种及重点场所流感监测。     

2021—2022年南通市流感监测结果分析

目的 了解2021—2022年度江苏省南通市流行性感冒(简称流感)流行特征及优势毒株监测情况,为流感防控提供科学依据。方法 收集2021—2022年南通市流感监测哨点医院上报的流感样病例(influenza-like illness,ILI)资料和病原学检测结果,采集ILI病例咽拭子标本,使用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测流感病毒核酸。采用描述流行病学方法分析数据。结果 两家哨点医院门急诊就诊病例共计836 164例,ILI病例78 965例、ILI%为9.44%;2021年和2022年ILI%分别为6.47%和13.38%。共采集咽拭子标本4 170份,流感病毒核酸检测阳性416份、阳性率9.98%;2021与2022年的阳性率分别为6.12%与13.85%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=69.213,P<0.05);不同年龄组阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=298.580,P<0.05)。不同性别阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.883,P>0.05)。呈冬春季和夏季双高峰分布。病毒流行株2021年为B型(Victoria),2022年为A型(H1N1、H3N2)。流感暴发疫情以中小学校为主、占91.78%。结论2021—2022年南通市流感病毒的流行优势株不同,阳性率和构成比均较高;流感仍然是重点防控传染病之一。     

2013—2022年阿克苏地区儿童流感样病例监测结果分析

目的 分析新疆阿克苏地区儿童流行性感冒(简称流感)病原学特征,为当地流感防控提供科学依据。方法收集2013—2022年阿克苏地区流感监测哨点医院流感样病例(ILI)信息,采集咽试子标本,利用实时荧光RT-PCR法检测流感病毒,统计分析儿童流感样病例监测结果。结果 2013—2022年共检测儿童流感样病例标本4 582份,其中阳性464份、阳性率10.13%。不同年度甲乙流感病毒构成差异有统计学意义(χ²=559.066,P<0.05)、甲型流感不同亚型构成差异有统计学意义(χ²=424.779,P<0.05)、乙型流感不同系别构成差异有统计学意义(χ²=350.000,P<0.05);儿流行高峰从12月—次年3月,12月阳性率最高27.78%;6—9月阳性率最低0.00%。7～10岁儿童阳性率最高14.95%,1岁以下儿童阳性率最低3.73%;儿童流感阳性率无性别差异(χ²=3.718,P>0.05)。MDCK细胞分离培养出流感病毒93株。结论阿克苏地区出现儿童甲乙型流感病毒...     

2005～2008年济南市流感监测结果分析

目的了解济南市流感的流行特征及流感流行优势毒株的变化,为流感防治工作提供科学依据。方法对济南市流感哨点医院流感样病例、病原学监测结果及暴发疫情资料进行描述性分析。结果济南市2005～2008年3个流感监测年度哨点医院流感样病例就诊百分比分别为3.81%、3.79%和2.93%,基本呈下降趋势。流感样病例就诊百分比各年龄组呈现显著差别,以0～4岁组最高,为5.90%。2005～2006年度流行优势毒株为甲1型,2006～2007年度流行优势毒株为甲3型,2007～2008年度乙型与甲3共同成为优势毒株。3个监测年度共报告流感样病例暴发疫情9起,有5起检出乙型流感病毒。结论2005～2008年济南市流感流行活动比较平稳,流行优势毒株不断发生变化,局部有暴发疫情发生。     

2010-2020年新疆克拉玛依市流感监测分析

目的分析2010—2020年新疆克拉玛依市流行性感冒(流感)监测的实验室数据,为本市制定流感防控措施提供参考依据。方法描述性分析2010—2020年克拉玛依市流感监测哨点医院报告的流感样病例(ILI)和病原学监测结果。结果2010年1月—2020年10月,克拉玛依市共检测流感样病例咽拭子样本6976份,核酸检测检出流感病毒阳性1414份、阳性率为20.3%;阳性样本中以甲型季H3亚型最多(38.7%),其次为乙型流感病毒(33.1%)、新甲H1亚型病毒(28.0%)和混合型病毒(0.2%),不同年度优势型别不同;12月至次年4月为流感高发期,5岁~组儿童检出阳性率最高(23.5%),男女性流感病毒均以甲型季H3为主,病原构成差异无统计学意义(χ²=3.520,P>0.05)。结论新疆克拉玛依市以甲型流感病毒为主,冬春季为高发期;建议加强中小学生流感防控,鼓励家长在流行季前为儿童接种流感疫苗。     

2010—2015年新疆流感监测分析

目的了解2010—2015年新疆流感活动特征,为制定流感防制策略提供依据。方法通过疾病监测信息报告管理系统、突发公共卫生事件报告管理信息系统和中国流感监测信息系统收集流感及流感样病例(ILI)监测资料,分析其流行病学、病原学以及流感暴发疫情监测结果。结果新疆ILI在冬春季有较明显的流行高峰,报告流感暴发疫情27起,主要发生在学校;检测47 256份ILI标本,核酸检测阳性率9.7%;流感毒株亚型为甲型H1N1流感、H3N2亚型和B型交替流行,哨点医院流感样病例就诊百分比(ILI%)与标本核酸检测阳性率高峰时间基本吻合,两者呈正相关(r=0.281,P<0.001),但部分地区核酸检测阳性率与ILI报告不一致。结论新疆流感流行具有明显的冬春季节流行性特征,部分地区ILI监测不能及时、有效地探测出社区流感病毒的活动情况,应进一步评估和改进ILI监测,提高其探测疾病的灵敏性和及时性。     

Divergent seasonal patterns of influenza types A and B across latitude gradient in Tropical Asia

Introduction

Influenza circulation in tropics and subtropics reveals a complex seasonal pattern with year‐round circulation in some areas and biannual peaks in others.

Methods

We analyzed influenza surveillance data from nine countries around southern and southeastern Asia spanning latitudinal gradient from equatorial to temperate zones to further characterize influenza type‐specific seasonality in the region. We calculated proportion of positives by month out of positives during that year and adjust for variation in samples tested and positivity in these countries.

Results

Influenza A epidemics were identified between November and March during winters in areas lying above 30°N latitude, during monsoon months of June–November in areas between 10° and 30°N latitude, and no specific seasonality for influenza A virus circulation in areas lying closer to the equator. Influenza B circulation coincided with influenza A circulation in areas lying above 30°N latitude; however, in areas south of 30°N Asia, influenza B circulated year round at 3–8% of annual influenza B positives during most months with less pronounced peaks during post‐monsoon period.

Conclusion

Even though influenza B circulates round the year in most areas of the tropical regions of southern and southeastern Asia, the most appropriate time for influenza vaccination using the most recent WHO recommended vaccine would be prior to the monsoon season conferring protection against influenza A and B peaks.     

An avian outbreak associated with panzootic equine influenza in 1872: an early example of highly pathogenic avian influenza?

Please cite this paper as: Morens and Taubenberger (2010) An avian outbreak associated with panzootic equine influenza in 1872: an early example of highly pathogenic avian influenza? Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 373–377. Background An explosive fatal epizootic in poultry, prairie chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese, occurred over much of the populated United States between 15 November and 15 December 1872. To our knowledge the scientific literature contains no mention of the nationwide 1872 poultry outbreak. Objective To understand avian influenza in a historical context. Results The epizootic progressed in temporal-geographic association with a well-reported panzootic of equine influenza that had begun in Canada during the last few days of September 1872. The 1872 avian epizootic was universally attributed at the time to equine influenza, a disease then of unknown etiology but widely believed to be caused by the same transmissible respiratory agent that caused human influenza. Conclusions Another microbial agent could have caused the avian outbreak; however, its strong temporal and geographic association with the equine panzootic, and its clinical and epidemiologic features, are most consistent with highly pathogenic avian influenza. The avian epizootic could thus have been an early instance of highly pathogenic avian influenza.     

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2011年2月卫生部组织我国流感防治研究领域的专家制定并发布了《流行性感冒诊断与治疗指南(2011年版)》(以下简称《2011版指南》)。《2011版指南》从病原学、临床表现、诊断、治疗、预防等方面集中反映了流感的最新进展,强调了诊断和治疗。总体上说,《2011版指南》与先前卫生部发布的各类流感指南的基本原则一致,但是内容更加细化和全面,具有较强的临床指导性。本文就《2011版指南》的背景、定义、要点和特色作一解读。     

2011—2015年北京市儿童流行性感冒流行特征分析

目的 了解北京市儿童2011—2015年流行性感冒(流感)的流行特征和流感病毒优势株的变化,为儿童流感的防控提供参考.方法 利用北京市儿童医院2011—2015年监测到的流感样病例(influenza like illness,ILI)及流感病原学监测数据,分析流感流行趋势和流感病毒的构成情况.结果 在7331597例门、急诊病例中监测到ILI 638623例,ILI占门、急诊就诊病例的8.71％,0～岁组所占比例最高,为69.56％;采集门诊ILI咽拭子标本5351例,其中流感病毒核酸阳性515例.各年份优势毒株构成不同,夏季也出现了ILI就诊的高峰.结论 2011—2015年各年份流感流行高峰出现在冬春季,小于5岁儿童是主要易感人群,建议夏季就诊高峰对儿童ILI开展多病原检测,从而可采取有针对性的预防及治疗措施.     

Parental perceptions and predictors of consent for school‐located influenza vaccination in urban elementary school children in the United States

Background

School-located influenza vaccination (SLV) programs have the potential to mass-vaccinate all enrolled children, but parental consent is required.

Objective

To examine parental attitudes and determine predictors of parental consent for vaccination of schoolchildren through SLV programs.

Patients/Methods

Surveys were distributed to parents of 4517 children during 2009–2010 (year 1) and 4414 children during 2010–2011 (year 2) in eight elementary schools in conjunction with a SLV program.

Results

Participants included 1259 (27·9%) parents in year 1 and 1496 (33·9%) in year 2. Parental consent for 2009 H1N1, 2009 seasonal, and 2010 seasonal influenza vaccines was obtained from 738 (70·8%), 673 (64·5%), and 1151 (77·2%) respondents, respectively. During the 2009 pandemic, respondents concerned about influenza severity were twice as likely to consent for the 2009 H1N1 vaccination compared to unconcerned respondents (OR 2·04, 95% CI:1·19–3·51). During year 2, factors that predicted parental consent were the perception of high susceptibility to influenza infection (OR 2·19, 95% CI:1·50–3·19) and high benefit of vaccine (OR 2·23, 95% CI:1·47–3·40). In both years, college-educated parents were more likely to perceive vaccine risks (year 1: 83·6 versus 61·5%, P < 0·001 and year 2: 81·1% versus 60·6%, P < 0·001) and less likely to consent for seasonal influenza vaccine (year 1: OR 0·69, 95% CI:0·53–0·89 and year 2: OR 0·61, 95% CI:0·47–0·78) compared to non-college-educated parents.

Conclusions

Parents who appreciate the risks of influenza and benefits of vaccination are more likely to consent for SLV. More research is needed to determine how to address heightened safety concerns among college-educated parents.     

Universal Influenza Vaccines,a Dream to Be Realized Soon

Due to frequent viral antigenic change, current influenza vaccines need to be re-formulated annually to match the circulating strains for battling seasonal influenza epidemics. These vaccines are also ineffective in preventing occasional outbreaks of new influenza pandemic viruses. All these challenges call for the development of universal influenza vaccines capable of conferring broad cross-protection against multiple subtypes of influenza A viruses. Facilitated by the advancement in modern molecular biology, delicate antigen design becomes one of the most effective factors for fulfilling such goals. Conserved epitopes residing in virus surface proteins including influenza matrix protein 2 and the stalk domain of the hemagglutinin draw general interest for improved antigen design. The present review summarizes the recent progress in such endeavors and also covers the encouraging progress in integrated antigen/adjuvant delivery and controlled release technology that facilitate the development of an affordable universal influenza vaccine.     

The relative efficacy of trivalent live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in children and adults

In the United States, two types of vaccines are recommended for the prevention of influenza: an intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) for eligible individuals aged 2-49 years and unadjuvanted injectable trivalent inactivated vaccines (TIV) for eligible individuals aged ≥ 6 months. Several recent studies have compared the efficacy of the 2 vaccines in children and adults. In children 6 months to 18 years of age, each of the four comparative studies of LAIV and TIV demonstrated that LAIV was more protective. In individuals 17-49 years of age, most comparative studies have demonstrated that LAIV and TIV were similarly efficacious or that TIV was more efficacious. However, LAIV was shown to be more protective than TIV in new military recruits of all ages, and placebo-controlled studies in adults in 1997-1998 suggested that LAIV was more protective against the mismatched A/H3N2 strain. The relative efficacy of LAIV and TIV among young adults may vary depending on the specific population and the antigenic match between the vaccines and circulating strains. In adults 60 years of age and older, limited data suggest that the two vaccines are similarly effective. In children and adults, studies also suggest that the relative efficacy of LAIV versus TIV may increase when measured against more severe illness. Additional research comparing LAIV and TIV is needed in adults and would also be valuable in older children and adolescents. Studies should examine the role of pre-existing immunity as well as vaccine impact on influenza illness of varying severity.