极低密度脂蛋白受体在糖尿病患者脂肪组织中的分布和表达

目的 观察极低密度脂蛋白受体（VLDL－R）的两种亚型在糖尿病患者脂肪组织中的分布和表达。方法 手术中采集正常人及糖尿病患者腹壁及肠脂垂脂肪组织，从脂肪组织提取的mRNA用半定量－PCR方法扩增。结果 （1）正常腹壁及肠脂垂脂肪组织VLDL Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型受体均有表达，两部位各亚型受体比较，统计学分析差异无显著性。（2）糖尿病患者腹壁及肠脂垂脂肪组织中，Ⅰ型受体的分布和表达量与正常相比无明显变化。但Ⅱ型受体表达明显减少甚至丢失。结论 糖尿病代谢紊乱影响VLDL－R表达及亚型分布。     

老年大鼠心脏及肾脏血管紧张素AT1受体mRNA水平与受体密度的变化

目的探讨老年大鼠心脏及肾脏中血管紧张素Ⅱ受体第１亚型（ＡＴ１）ｍＲＮＡ水平与受体密度的变化。方法采用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）法测定３、１２、２４月龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠心脏及肾脏ＡＴ１受体ｍＲＮＡ水平，用免疫组织化学法检测ＡＴ１受体密度的改变。结果正常大鼠肾脏中ＡＴ１受体ｍＲＮＡ的表达高于其在心脏中的表达。随年龄增长心脏ＡＴ１受体ｍＲＮＡ水平呈下降趋势，与３月龄组比较，１２及２４月龄组分别下降至３月龄组的８７．０％±１１．８％及７０．８％±１８．８％；而肾脏中未发现明显改变。免疫组织化学方法观察结果表明：２４月龄大鼠阳性反应物面积下降，灰度无明显改变；在不同月龄大鼠肾脏中均未发现明显改变。结论随年龄增长心脏ＡＴ１受体ｍＲＮＡ水平下降、受体密度降低，肾脏ＡＴ１受体未发生明显改变，提示心脏功能更易受到老龄化的影响     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体2型与心血管系统

血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）在调节心血管血液动力学和结构稳态中起重要作用。根据药理学特性证明它至少有两种不同的受体亚型：１型受体（ＡＴ１－Ｒ）和２型受体（ＡＴ２－Ｒ）,它在成年组织已知的大多数效应是由ＡＴ１－Ｒ介导的,对ＡＴ２－Ｒ的功能了解尚少。ＡＴ１－Ｒ和ＡＴ２－Ｒ属于７－跨膜Ｇ－蛋白－偶联的受体族系。这些受体亚型的信号机制是十分不同的,就细胞生长和血压调节来说,这些受体表现相反的效应,本文对于ＡＴ２－Ｒ在心血管系统的分布和作用及作用的分子和细胞机制作了综述。     

甲状腺功能异常患者末梢血淋巴细胞T3核受体基因表达

为了解甲状腺功能异常患者末梢血淋巴细胞Ｔ３核受体基因表达情况，以人ｃ－ｅｒｂＡα和ｃ－ｅｒｂＡβ的ｃＤＮＡ片段为探针，应用分子杂交技术，检测了５例Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病和７例桥本甲状腺炎伴甲状腺功能减退患者末梢血淋巴细胞ｃ－ｅｒｂＡα和ｃ－ｅｒｂＡβｍＲＮＡ的相对含量。结果表明：人淋巴细胞ｃ－ｅｒｂＡαｍＲＮＡ有６．０ｋｂ和３．２ｋｂ两种形式，而ｃ－ｅｒｂＡβｍＲＮＡ有５．０、３．０和２．０ｋｂ三种形式。桥本甲状腺炎伴甲状腺功能减退患者末梢血淋巴细胞ｃ－ｅｒｂＡα和ｃ－ｅｒｂＡβｍＲＮＡ表达增强，但Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病患者无明显变化。提示：桥本甲状腺炎伴甲状腺功能减退患者血清甲状腺激素水平减低，对其末梢血淋巴细胞Ｔ３核受体亚型在基因转录水平有向上调节作用。     

新生和3月龄大鼠心肌β肾上腺素受体亚型研究(摘要)

新生和３月龄大鼠心肌β肾上腺素受体亚型研究（摘要）曾和平李万镇黄丽英杜军保梁发全⒇近年研究表明人和大鼠心肌两种β肾上腺素受体（β－ＡＲ）亚型并存，但对心肌的调节却存在明显的差异。目前尚不清楚发育对大鼠心肌β－ＡＲ亚型的影响。本文对新生和３月龄大鼠心肌...     

心脏血管紧张素Ⅱ受体与β肾上腺素受体相关的调节特点

心脏的血管紧张素Ⅱ受体两种亚型（ＡＴ１Ｒ、ＡＴ２Ｒ）与β肾上腺素受体两种亚型（β１－ＡＲ、β２－ＡＲ）之间存在着许多相关的调节特点，本文就近年来这一领域内的研究进展予以综述。     

白细胞介素-1β上行调节兔血管平滑肌细胞极低密度脂蛋白受体mRNA的表达

为了研究血管平滑肌细胞是否表达极低密度脂蛋白受体ｍＲＮＡ，采用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ分析法检测培养兔主动脉平滑肌细胞表达极低密度脂蛋白受体ｍＲＮＡ的情况。结果发现，培养兔主动脉平滑肌细胞可以表达极低密度脂蛋白受体ｍＲＮＡ；而且，细胞因子白细胞介素－１β能使表达增强约２倍。提示极低密度脂蛋白受体有可能参与动脉平滑肌细胞源性泡沫细胞；白细胞介素－１β上行调节平滑肌细胞表达极低密度脂蛋白受体ｍＲＮＡ     

单核细胞趋化蛋白-1对其表面淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-1、清道夫受体和载脂蛋白E表达的影响及雌二醇的干预作用

为研究单核细胞趋化蛋白－１对单核细胞表面淋巴细胞功能相关抗原－１、清道夫受体和载脂蛋白Ｅ表达的影响,采用培养人单核细胞株ＴＨＰ－１细胞,以间接免疫荧光法结合流式细胞术和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分别检测淋巴细胞功能相关抗原－１和清道夫受体蛋白的表达,用逆转录－多聚酶链反应检测清道夫受体和载脂蛋白Ｅ ｍＲＮＡ的表达水平。结果显示,在单核细胞趋化蛋白－１刺激组淋巴细胞功能相关抗原－１和清道夫受体蛋白的表达明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）;１７－β－雌二醇可抑制单核细胞趋化蛋白－１对ＴＨＰ－１细胞表面淋巴细胞功能相关抗原－１表达的促进作用（Ｐ〈０．０５）,但对单核细胞趋化蛋白－１促进清道夫受体表达的作用无明显影响;单核细胞趋化蛋白－１明显促进ＴＨＰ－１细胞清道夫受体ｍＲＮＡ的表达,而对载脂蛋白Ｅ ｍＲＮＡ的表达无明显影响。研     

淋巴细胞β肾上腺素受体特征及β阻滞剂的亲和力比较

为比较β1、β2和β3肾上腺素受体亚型阻滞剂对淋巴细胞β受体的亲和力，采用放射性配基3H－DHA、3H－CGP和125I－pindolol对人外周循环血淋巴细胞进行受体结合分析。结果发现，β2受体亚型阻滞剂的受体拮抗效应最强，β3受体亚型阻滞剂具有一定的受体拮抗效应，β1受体亚型阻滞剂的受体拮抗效应最弱，而非选择性β受体阻滞剂普萘洛尔的两种对映体S（－）型和R（＋）型的受体亲和力相差只有3～10倍。提示淋巴细胞β受体以β2亚型为主，β1亚型较少，而且可能存在β3亚型。     

TSH受体抗体对甲状腺细胞功能的调控及途径

ＴＳＨ受体抗体（ＴＳＡｂ）是Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病的主要致病因子，与甲状腺细胞膜上ＴＳＨ受体结合后，通过不同的信号途径调节甲状腺细胞生长、分化和激素合成及分泌。参与ＴＳＡｂ调节作用的信号途径包括腺苷酸环化酶（ＡＣ）－ｃＡＭＰ、磷脂酶Ｃ－Ｃａ２＋和磷脂酶Ａ２－ＡＡ等，其中ＡＣ－ｃＡＭＰ和磷脂酶Ａ２－ＡＡ参与甲状腺细胞生长的调节，磷脂酶Ｃ－Ｃａ２＋与甲状腺激素合成密切相关。通过激活不同的信号途径来区分ＴＳＡｂ的不同亚型尚需进一步研究     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.