外周血非编码微小RNA与HIV-1感染者病情进展的关系研究

目的 检测HIV-1感染者外周血微小RNA-155(miR-155)水平,并研究其与疾病进展的关系.方法 收集121例接受抗病毒治疗(HAART) HIV-1感染者和43例未接受HAART的感染者,实时荧光定量PCR法测定miR-155表达水平,流式细胞术检测CD3+CD4+和CD3+CD8+T细胞数及其活化细胞的比例(CD4+CD38+％和CD8+CD38+％). 结果 HIV-1感染者特别是治疗无效组外周血单核细胞(PBMC),CD4+和CD8+T细胞中的miR-155水平显著升高(F=11.317,P＜0.01).治疗无效者和未HAART治疗者CD38+的CD4+和CD8+T细胞比例高于正常对照和治疗有效组(F=5.813,P＜0.05),miR-155表达水平与T细胞免疫活化正相关(r=0.581,P=0.037;r=0.732,P=0.001).结论 本研究提示HIV-1感染者外周血miR-155表达水平显著升高,并与T细胞免疫活化正相关,可以作为HIV-1免疫应答的指标之一.     

经治HIV-1感染者CD8细胞免疫紊乱与CXCL9/10/11的相关性分析

目的 分析经治HIV-1感染者CD8细胞分化及激活特征,探索其与趋化因子CXCL9/10/11及CD4/CD8细胞比值的关系。方法 入组33例ART时间大于2年且血浆VL小于20拷贝/mL的HIV-1感染者以及15例健康对照,通过流式细胞术检测CD8细胞分化和激活水平,利用酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆CXCL9/10/11水平,随后分析CD8细胞分化、激活水平和血浆CXCL9/10/11水平以及CD4/CD8细胞比值的相关性。结果 与健康对照相比,经治HIV-1感染者幼稚CD8细胞占比（中位数9.6%vs. 28.6%,P=0.004）显著降低,而效应记忆CD8细胞占比（中位数36.9%vs.7.0%,P<0.000 1）及HLA-DR+CD38+CD8细胞占比（中位数7.4%vs. 3.3%,P<0.000 1）显著升高。在经治HIV-1感染者中,HLA-DR+CD38+CD8细胞占比与CXCL9(r=0.477,P=0.005)和CXCL11(r=0.402 9,P=0.020 1)水平显著正相关,效应CD8细胞占比与CXCL9(r=0.581 9,P=0.000 4)、CX...     

HIV-1感染者外周血增加的CD71~+红系细胞特点及临床意义

目的探讨HIV-1感染者外周血CD71~+红系细胞的特点及其与疾病进展的关系。方法通过流式细胞术检测HIV-1感染者外周血CD71~+红系细胞,分析其与HIV-1 RNA、CD4细胞计数、CD4/CD8细胞比值的相关性。结果入组10例健康对照(HCs)和49例HIV-1感染者,后者包括28例未接受过ART者(TNs)和21例免疫重建成功患者(CRs)。与HCs组(平均值0.69%)相比,TNs组患者CD71~+红系细胞频率明显升高(平均值2.79%)。CRs组患者经ART后,CD71~+红系细胞频率降低(平均值1.18%),但是未恢复到正常水平。TNs组患者CD71~+红系细胞频率与病毒载量呈显著正相关(r=0.503 4,P=0.006 3),与CD4/CD8细胞比值呈明显负相关(r=-0.464 0,P=0.012 9)。与HCs(平均值158 g/L)相比,TNs组患者外周血血红蛋白含量明显降低(平均值149 g/L);CRs组患者经ART后,血红蛋白含量升高(平均值154 g/L),并且恢复到正常水平;TNs组患者CD71~+红系细胞频率与血红蛋白含量呈明显负相关(r=-0.462 5,P=0.013 2)。与HCs(平均值53.84%)相比,TNs组患者CD71~+红系细胞活性氧(ROS)表达水平明显升高(平均值66.64%);CRs组患者经ART后,CD71~+红系细胞表达ROS显著降低(平均值43.82%),并且降至正常水平。结论HIV-1感染导致外周血CD71~+红系细胞频率升高,并且与疾病进展和血红蛋白的降低密切相关。     

HIV-1感染者CD73~+CD8~+ T细胞减少与T细胞异常活化的相关性研究

目的探讨HIV-1感染者外周血CD8~+T细胞上CD73的表达特点及其与T细胞异常活化和疾病进展的关系。方法研究入选65例HIV-1感染者和27例健康对照。通过流式细胞术检测研究对象外周血CD73~+CD8~+T细胞的频率和绝对计数,并将患者CD73~+CD8~+T细胞绝对计数和频率与其CD4~+T细胞计数、HIV-1载量以及CD38~+CD8~+T细胞频率进行相关性分析。结果与健康对照相比,HIV-1感染者外周血CD73~+CD8~+T细胞绝对计数和频率均明显降低(P均0.05);HIV-1感染者外周血CD73~+CD8~+T细胞绝对计数和频率与CD4~+T细胞计数呈正相关(r=0.555,P=0.001;r=0.342,P=0.005),与CD38~+CD8~+T细胞频率呈负相关(r=-0.384,P=0.002;r=-0.387,P=0.001);HIV-1感染者CD73~+CD8~+T细胞的绝对计数与HIV-1载量呈弱负相关(r=-0.261,P=0.035)。结论 HIV-1感染者外周血CD73~+CD8~+T细胞的减少不但与患者T细胞的活化程度呈显著负相关,而且与AIDS疾病进展相关。     

HIV-1急性期感染者肠道归巢CD4~+T淋巴细胞的变化特点

目的分析Ⅰ型艾滋病病毒(HIV-1)急性期感染者肠道归巢CD4~+T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)的变化特点及在HIV-1致病机制中的作用。方法共纳入26例HIV-1急性期感染者、31例HIV-1慢性期感染者和20例健康对照者。采用流式细胞仪检测三组样本的肠道归巢CD4细胞的比例和数量,并分析HIV-1急性期感染者肠道归巢CD4细胞与CD4细胞之间的相关性。结果与健康对照者相比,HIV-1急性期感染者肠道归巢CD4细胞的比例(平均值13.5%vs 11.0%,P0.05)和数量(平均值88.1vs 61.9,P0.01)均显著减少。HIV-1慢性期感染者肠道归巢CD4细胞的比例(平均值11.0%vs 8.1%,P0.01)和数量(平均值61.9vs 11.9,P0.000 1)均显著低于HIV-1急性期感染者。HIV-1急性期感染者肠道归巢CD4细胞的数量与外周血CD4细胞(r=0.53,P=0.006)和CD4/CD8细胞比例(r=0.51,P=0.009)呈显著正相关,与血浆中HIV-1病毒载量(r=-0.70,P=0.000 6)和机体T细胞免疫活化水平(r=-0.57,P=0.003)呈显著负相关。结论肠道归巢CD4细胞的丢失可能在HIV-1急性期感染的致病机制中起作用。     

CD1d~(hi)CD5~+CD19~+B细胞在HIV-1感染者外周血中的表达

目的研究艾滋病病毒1型(HIV-1)感染者外周血中调节性B细胞(Breg)与T淋巴细胞数量、病毒载量及白介素-10(IL-10)的表达水平,分析其相关性并探讨Breg在HIV发病机制中的作用。方法选择30例未经抗病毒治疗的HIV-1感染者,分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),用流式细胞术(FCM)检测CD1dhi CD5+CD19+B细胞的比例、CD+4T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)数量、CD+8T淋巴细胞(简称CD8细胞)数量,用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)测定其PBMC培养液上清中IL-10的表达水平,经反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测病毒载量,与同期选择的健康对照组比较。结果与健康对照组相比,HIV-1感染者的CD1dhi CD5+CD19+B细胞的比例均明显升高(P0.0001),其培养液上清中IL-10的表达水平也显著升高(P=0.0005)。另外,HIV-1感染者PBMC中的CD1dhi CD5+CD19+B细胞的比例与CD4细胞数量(r=-0.6084,P=0.0004)及CD4细胞/CD8细胞的比值(r=-0.8715,P0.0001)均呈显著负相关性,与血浆中病毒载量的水平(r=0.6825,P0.0001)及IL-10的水平均呈正相关性(r=0.7656,P0.0001),而与CD8细胞数量未见相关性(r=0.1183,P=0.5334)。结论CD1dhi CD5+CD19+B细胞比例与其相关细胞因子IL-10表达水平的上调可能参与HIV的发病机制。     

抗病毒治疗HIV-1感染者外周血CD39~+ NK细胞的表达特点

目的通过分析接受长期抗病毒治疗(ART)的1型艾滋病病毒(HIV-1)感染者体内CD39~+NK细胞的频率和表型特征,探索其与主要临床指标的关系及临床意义。方法本研究入组10例健康对照(HCs)和28例长期接受ART的HIV-1感染者。利用流式细胞术检测NK细胞亚群分布以及NK细胞上CD39的表达情况,分析CD39+NK细胞亚群比例与CD4、CD8~+T淋巴细胞(简称CD4、CD8细胞)计数、以及CD4/CD8细胞比值的相关性。结果 28例长期接受ART的HIV-1感染者中,18例免疫重建成功患者(CRs)和10例免疫重建失败患者(INRs)。相较于HCs和CRs组,INRs组CD56dim亚群比例明显下降(平均值94.75%vs.82.65%,P 0.01;平均值93.20%vs.82.65%,P 0.001);INRs组CD39~+NK细胞的频率明显高于CRs组(平均值21.45%vs.7.79%,P 0.05)和HCs组(平均值21.45%vs.4.115%,P 0.001);长期接受ART的HIV-1感染者CD39+NK细胞占比与其CD4/CD8细胞比值呈负相关(r=-0.392 4,P=0.038 9)。结论免疫重建失败患者外周血中CD39+NK细胞表达频率明显高于免疫重建成功患者,HIV-1慢性感染者外周血CD39~+NK细胞表达增加伴随着CD4/CD8细胞比值的降低。     

HIV-1慢性感染者CD39~+PD-1~+CD4~+T淋巴细胞特点与抗病毒治疗疗效的关系

目的通过分析1型艾滋病病毒(HIV-1)感染者不同疾病阶段CD39~+PD-1~+CD4~+T淋巴细胞(简称CD39~+PD-1~+CD4细胞)的特点及其与潜伏病毒库形成的关系,探讨CD39~+PD-1~+CD4细胞的临床意义。方法通过流式细胞术检测CD4细胞上CD39及PD-1的表达情况,分析CD39~+PD-1~+CD4细胞与CD4细胞计数、病毒载量及CD4细胞内病毒指标的相关性。通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测免疫重建成功患者(CRs)和免疫重建失败患者(INRs)的HIV库,分析CD39~+PD-1~+CD4细胞与HIV库的关系。结果入组11例健康对照(HCs)和69例HIV-1感染者,其中包括38例未抗病毒治疗(ART)者(TNs)、21例CRs、10例INRs。1)与HCs相比,TNs组患者CD39~+PD-1~+CD4细胞亚群占比显著升高(平均值0.99%vs. 2.50%);与TNs组相比,ART后,CRs组患者的CD39~+PD-1~+CD4细胞亚群占比显著降低(平均值2.50%vs. 0.86%);而INRs组患者该细胞亚群占比显著高于CRs组(平均值2.74%vs. 0.86%);2)在TNs组患者中CD39~+PD-1~+CD4细胞亚群占比与CD4细胞计数呈负相关(r=-0.359 6, P=0.026 6),与病毒载量呈正相关(r=0.451 1, P=0.004 5);3)ART两年以上患者CD39~+PD-1~+CD4细胞亚群占比与HIV脱氧核糖核酸(HIV DNA)正相关(r=0.565 9,P=0.047 3),与细胞相关的未剪接HIV核糖核酸(HIV us RNA)正相关(r=0.675 8,P=0.013 7)。结论 CD39~+PD-1~+CD4细胞与ART后免疫重建失败相关,其机制可能是CD39~+PD-1~+CD4细胞促进HIV建立潜伏病毒库。     

慢性HIV-1感染者CD8细胞的铁死亡特点及其临床意义北大核心CSCD

目的 分析慢性HIV-1感染者外周血中CD8细胞的铁死亡水平,探讨CD8细胞铁死亡的临床意义。方法 利用流式细胞术检测HIV-1感染者和健康对照者外周血中CD8细胞的脂质过氧化水平,分析不同疾病状态下HIV-1感染者CD8细胞的不同记忆分化亚群及CXCR5+CD8细胞和CXCR3+CD8细胞的铁死亡情况,探究其变化特点及与疾病进展的关系。结果 纳入符合标准的30例未经ART的HIV-1感染者(TN),ART大于两年的免疫应答者(IR)17例,免疫无应答者(INR)9例与13例健康对照(HC),分析发现HC组和IR组相比TN组的CD8细胞的脂质过氧化水平显著升高(中位数TN vs. HC,0.068 85 vs. 0.041 16,P=0.000 8;TN vs. IR,0.068 85 vs. 0.045 06,P=0.001 6)。TN组CD8细胞EM亚群的脂质过氧化水平高于CM亚群、Naive亚群和EMRA亚群(中位数EM vs. CM vs. Na?ve vs.EMRA:0.083 14 vs. 0.061 19 vs. 0.071 27 vs. 0.063 09)。在TN组中,CXCR5+CD8细胞的脂质过氧化水平显著高于CXCR5-CD8细胞(中位数0.082 65 vs. 0.068 75, P<0.000 1),CXCR3+CD8细胞显著低于CXCR3-CD8细胞(中位数0.065 68 vs. 0.072 80,P<0.000 1)。TN组的CD8细胞脂质过氧化水平与CD4细胞计数具有显著负相关性(r=-0.470 1,P=0.008 8)。结论 在未经ART的HIV-1感染者中CD8细胞的铁死亡水平显著升高,其铁死亡水平与CD4细胞计数显著负相关,暗示了CD8细胞的铁死亡与HIV-1感染后的疾病进展程度有关。     

HIV感染前后血浆CCL3水平变化与疾病进展的关系

目的探究HIV感染前后血浆CCL3水平变化、急性期血浆CCL3水平与CD4细胞数量及病毒载量之间的关系,评估其对HIV感染的疾病进展的预测能力。方法选取中国医科大学附属第一医院红丝带门诊HIV感染者54例,对其感染前和急性期感染的血浆CCL3、CD4细胞数量以及病毒载量进行检测。结果 HIV感染前后CCL3升高倍数高组的病毒载量明显高于升高倍数低组(P=0.006);急性期血浆CCL3水平高组在感染120天和感染1年时的CD4细胞数量均低于CCL3水平低组(P=0.018 2;P=0.001 3),且急性期血浆CCL3水平与CD4/CD8比值均呈负相关关系(r=-0.562 0,P=0.000 4;r=-0.614 4,P=0.000 4);ROC曲线分析显示CCL3升高倍数对感染120天的病毒载量的预测价值为75.2%(P=0.021 4),Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示CCL3升高倍数高于1.215的HIV感染者,其发生高病毒载量(lg拷贝/mL≥4)结局事件所用时间更短(P=0.010 3);ROC曲线分析显示急性期血浆CCL3水平对感染1年的CD4细胞数量和病毒载量水平的预测价值为81.25%(P=0.035 7),Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示急性期血浆CCL3水平高于2.855 pg/mL的HIV感染者,其感染120天后发生低CD4细胞数(500个/μL)和高病毒载量(lg拷贝/mL≥4)的结局事件所用时间更短(P=0.019 2)。结论 HIV感染前后血浆CCL3水平升高倍数大及急性期血浆CCL3水平表达高预示着HIV感染者较快的疾病进展。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.