丙型肝炎感染途径与肝损害程度的相关性

目的探讨丙型肝炎（丙肝）感染途径及其对肝脏病变程度的影响。方法应用荧光定量聚合酶链反应（FQ-PCR）技术、酶联免疫吸附方法（ELISA）和自动生化速率法分别检测90例输血后丙肝患者（PTHC组）和33例献血查体发现的丙肝患者（DHC组）血清丙型肝炎病毒HCV-RNA、抗·HCV及ALT水平。结果PTHC组HCV-RNA阳性率和ALT异常率均显著高于DHC组（P均〈0．01）;HCV-RNA阳性患者中,PTHC组HCV-RNA水平均显著高于DHC组（P〈0．01）;ALT异常患者中,PTHC组ALT水平均显著高于DHC组（P〈0．01）。HCV-RNA水平与ALT水平呈正相关（r=0．797,P〈0．01）。结论丙肝患者肝损害程度与感染途径有关,输血后丙肝患者肝损害程度重于其他途径感染的丙肝患者,原因为输衄后丙肝感染HCV量大。     

散发性和输血后丙型肝炎临床特点病理变化及HCV-RNA水平的比较

回顾性研究2 6例散发性丙型肝炎(SHC)和35例输血后丙型肝炎(PTHC)患者的临床资料,以比较两者的临床特点、病理变化及HCVRNA水平。SHC组中15例无任何自觉症状,2 2例肝功能反复异常,但仅抗-HCV阳性的14例ALT水平超过10 0U/L ,其他8例一直低于10 0U/L ;PTHC组急性期ALT值均超过2 0 0U/L ,33例反复ALT异常,其中2 1例常高于2 0 0U/L ;SHC组的肝脏病理组织炎症活动程度较PTHC组为轻;SHC组血清HCVRNA含量显著低于PTHC组(P <0 . 0 5 ) ;SHC患者起病隐匿,病情发展缓慢,大多无自觉症状,临床症状的发生率、病毒血症水平、ALT值和肝损害程度均显著低于PTHC患者。     

丙型病毒性肝炎发病机制中自身免疫反应的作用

目的探讨丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的发病机制.方法应用酶联免疫吸附法、间接免疫荧光法、放射免疫法测定了慢性HCV感染者66例,慢性HBV感染者37例和正常对照39例的血清抗GOR抗体(抗GOR)、抗核抗体(ANA)、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体及抗甲状腺微粒体抗体(TGA/TMA).结果 HCV感染者抗GOR,ANA,TGA/TMA的阳性率较正常对照组均明显增高(53.0% vs 5.1%,χ2=24.649,P＜0.01;42.4% vs 2.6%,χ2=19.490,P＜0.01;13.6% vs 0%,χ2=5.820,P＜0.01);与慢性HBV感染者比较,慢性HCV感染者抗GOR,ANA阳性率显著增高(χ2=20.550,P＜0.01;χ2=4.513,P＜0.05). 慢性HCV感染中,血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)增高者抗GOR阳性率及ANA阳性率显著高于ALT正常者(65.0% vs 34.6%,χ2=6.110;52.5% vs 26.9%,χ2=5.910,P＜0.05),HCV-RNA阳性者抗GOR阳性率显著高于阴性者(χ2=4.810,P＜0.05).结论上述结果说明HCV感染者存在自身免疫反应,这种自身免疫反应与病毒复制有关,可引起肝功能损害,自身免疫可能是慢性HCV感染的重要发病机制之一.     

慢性丙型肝炎患者肝组织学改变及其影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性丙型肝炎患者肝组织学改变及其影响因素。方法选择经皮肝组织活检的慢性丙型肝炎患者102例,记录患者年龄、性别、体质指数(BMI)、感染途径等,检测ALT水平、AST水平、HCV基因分型、病毒载量和肝脏组织学改变。统计学处理采用t检验和Logistic回归分析。结果肝脏炎症活动指数( HAI)≥4的慢性丙型肝炎患者的ALT、AST水平较高,PLT较低,与HAI＜4的患者相比差异有统计学意义(t=2.209、2.298、2.565,均P＜0.05)。纤维化分期评分(F)≥3的患者平均年龄、ALT水平、AST水平以及感染时间均高于F＜3的患者（t=2.340、3.497、2.758、2.570,均P＜0.05）,而PLT则较低(t=2.761,P=0.007)。女性、ALT＞1×正常值上限(ULN)、AST水平、F≥3、HCV RNA≥6 lgIU/mL和PLT计数是HAI≥4的单因素预测因子;经多因素分析后,Ishak纤维化分期评分是HAI≥4的唯一独立预测因子(OR 3.098,95％ Cl1.884～5.092,P＜0.01)。单因素分析F≥3的预测因子为年龄、BMI≥24 kg/m2、ALT＞1×ULN、AST水平、HAI≥4、PLT计数以及感染年限≥15年;多因素回归分析显示,年龄(OR 1.074,95％CI1.006～1.146,P=0.033)、ALT水平(OR 1.035,95％CI 1.015～1.055,P＜0.01)、AST水平(OR0.969,95％CI 0.948～0.990,P=0.005)、感染年限≥15年(OR 37.215,95％CI 5.816～238.127,P＜0.01)和HAI≥4(OR 1.939,95％CI 1.426～2.636,P＜0.01)是F≥3的独立危险因素。结论年龄、ALT水平、AST水平、感染年限≥15年和HAI≥4是肝组织学显著纤维化的独立预测因子。     

隐匿性丙型肝炎病毒感染与慢性丙型肝炎的比较分析

目的:比较隐匿性丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染者与慢性丙型肝炎(CHC)患者的特点.方法:选择51例隐匿性HCV感染者和52例未经治疗的CHC患者,两组患者的年龄、性别、肝功能异常的持续时间相匹配,分别比较两组患者的肝功能指标和外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)中的丙型肝炎病毒核酸(HCV RNA)含量.结果:CHC患者的天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)显著高于隐匿性HCV感染者(P<0.01),而胆固醇(Ch)和甘油三酯(TG)则显著低于后者(P<0.01),γ谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)在两组感染者中差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);CHC患者的PBMCs中HCV RNA平均含量显著高于隐匿性HCV感染者(P<0.01).结论:隐匿性HCV感染者病情严重程度不如CHC患者,这可能与其PBMCs中的病毒载量高低相关.     

天津市慢性丙型肝炎患者感染途径分析

目的 分析天津市133例慢性丙型肝炎(丙肝)患者的感染途径,为丙肝的预防提供依据.方法 2009 ～2012年天津市133例确诊为慢性丙型肝炎患者,通过患者的主诉确定丙肝的感染途径.采用FQ-PCR技术检测血清HCV RNA定量,对于HCV RNA定量＞1 000 IU/mL者参照文献采用基因芯片行HCV RNA基因型检测.应用全自动生化分析仪检测肝功能.结果 133例慢性丙肝患者感染途径有输血及血制品76例,手术10例,牙齿治疗13例,穿耳洞、纹身13例,母婴传播1例,吸毒5例,不明原因15例.38例患者进行病毒基因型检测,1b型患者32例,2a型患者5例,3型患者1例.其中1b型患者输血或血制品感染18例,2a型患者输血或血制品感染4例.2000年之前经输血或血制品感染丙肝的感染率(84.1％)显著高于2000年及之后感染者(23.1％),P＜0.01(x2=30.70),而2000年及之后感染者多数是经纹身、穿耳洞、吸毒等不良生活方式感染.输血及血制品感染者与非输血感染者的年龄分别为(53.84±10.94)、(42.70±12.71)岁,白蛋白(ALB)水平分别为(37.08±6.68)、(41.10 ±5.18) g/L,两者比较,P均＜0.01;病毒载量、丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)三指标在两者之间无统计学差异.不同年龄段慢性丙肝患者血清学指标比较,P均＞0.05.结论 HCV感染者的感染途径包括经输血及血制品途径及经纹身、牙齿治疗、吸毒等非输血途径,病毒基因型多数为1b和2a型,对目前丙肝的主要感染途径进行有效阻断是防止丙肝感染的重要途径.     

实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测血清和单个核细胞中HCV RNA的意义

目的探讨实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-RT-PCR)检测血清和外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)中HCV RNA含量及其临床价值。方法采集可疑丙型病毒性肝炎病人血,用FQ-RT-PCR分别检测血清和PBMCs中HCV RNA含量。血清或PBMCS HCV RNA阳性者都视为HCV RNA阳性。结果检测可疑患者180例,HCV RNA阳性106例。其中血清HCV RNA阳性84例,占79.25%;PBMCs HCV RNA阳性63例,占59.43%。HCV RNA阳性比率血清高于PBMCs(χ2=9.78,P<0.01)。单独血清HCV RNA阳性43例,占40.57%;单独PBMCs HCV RNA阳性22例,占20.75%;血清和PBMCs中HCV RNA同时阳性41例,占38.68%。血清和PBMCs HCV RNA含量差异无显著性。结论同时检测血清和PBMCs HCV RNA可提高HCV感染诊断的阳性率,检测PBMCs HCV RNA对抗病毒治疗的疗效评价及治疗时间有重要意义。     

HCV感染患者436例丙型肝炎病毒载量与抗-HCV及ALT异常的关系

目的 了解丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)载量与HCV抗体(抗-HCV)滴度及丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平的关系.方法 采用双抗原夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测抗-HCV;用荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(FQ-RT-PCR)检测436例抗-HCV阳性者的HCV RNA定量,同时检测ALT水平.用SAS9.0软件进行分析.结果 HCV RNA阳性率随S/CO值的增大而增高,当S/CO值在11.965时,敏感性为80.83%,特异性为70%;HCV RNA载量与ALT水平呈正相关(r=0.234 10,P<0.05),HCV RNA介于104～105IU/ml时ALT异常率最高,说明异常ALT水平在不同HCV RNA分组中存在统计学差异(P<0.05);随着HCV RNA载量的升高,ALT异常率升高,但以中病毒载量组最明显(χ2=58.4480,P<0.05).结论 抗-HCV滴度越高,HCV RNA阳性率越高;HCV RNA是反映HCV复制的可靠指标,结合ALT结果可帮助了解HCV在体内的复制情况.     

丙型肝炎病毒感染的不同人群HCV RNA定量研究

目的了解丙型肝炎病毒感染的不同人群血清HCV RNA水平,比较定性和定量PCR结果,探讨HCV RNA含量与血清ALT的相关性.方法采用荧光定量PCR和逆转录巢式定性PCR同时检测136例丙型肝炎病毒感染者血清HCV RNA,并测定定量PCR(+)者血清ALT.用相关系数分析HCV RNA含量与血清ALT的关系.结果定性PCR阳性率为80.88%,定量PCR阳性率为77.94%.两者相对符合率为94.12%.定量PCR(+)血清(106例)HCVRNA含量在107.04～1010.96拷贝·L-1.无症状献血员HCV RNA含量显著低于慢性丙型肝炎、肝硬变和肝细胞癌患者(P＜0.05),肝细胞癌患者血清ALT水平显著低于慢性丙型肝炎(P＜0.05).HCVRNA滴度与血清ALT呈正相关(r=0.61,P＜0.01).结论定性和定量检测结果有很好的一致性.病毒复制水平上升在肝损伤和肝病进展中可能起重要作用.     

慢性丙型肝炎患者血清HCV RNA,ALT与肝脏病理间的关系

目的:探讨慢性丙型肝炎患者血清HCV-RNA 水平、ALT浓度及肝组织病理改变三者之间的关系．方法:采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR) 检测132例慢性丙型肝炎患者血清中HCV RNA的水平,用生化自动分析仪检测ALT值, 其中30例患者进行了肝脏活检,用HE染色,光学显微镜下观察肝脏病理改变．结果:在132例慢性丙型肝炎患者中有98例 HCV RNA水平超过1．0×106拷贝／L,阳性率为74．2％,有99例ALT水平超过正常值,异常率为75．0％．HCV-RNA水平与ALT浓度相关性不显著(r=0．40,P=0．695),与ALT异常率呈明显相关(r=1．00,P<0．01)．肝穿病理结果表明, HCV-RNA水平与肝脏的炎症活动度和纤维化程度均不相关(r=0．50,P=0．667;r=0．20,P= 0．80)．ALT浓度与肝脏的纤维化程度不相关(r =0．40,P=0．60),而与肝脏的炎症活动度呈明显相关(r=1．00,P<0．01)．结论:慢性丙型肝炎患者血清HCV RNA水平与ALT浓度无关,也不能反映肝组织病理损伤程度;ALT浓度与肝脏的纤维化程度无关,但可在一定程度上反映肝脏的炎症改变．     

Clinical trials update: highlights of the scientific sessions of The American College of Cardiology 2002: LIFE,DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD,OVERTURE, OCTAVE,ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS,AFFIRM, RACE,WIZARD, AZACS,REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL

This article continues a series of reports updating recent research developments of particular interest to personnel involved in the treatment and management of patients with heart failure. This is a summary of selected presentations made at the American College of Cardiology 51st Annual Scientific Session held in Atlanta on 17-20 March 2002. Reports of the following clinical studies are included: LIFE, DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD, OVERTURE, OCTAVE, ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS, AFFIRM, RACE, WIZARD, AZACS, REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL.     

Electrochemical Recovery and Behaviors of Rare Earth (La,Ce, Pr,Nd, Sm,Eu, Gd,Tb, Dy,Ho, Er,Tm, and Yb) Ions on Ni Sheets

The electrochemical behaviors of rare earth (RE) ions have extensively been studied because of their high potential applications to the reprocessing of used nuclear fuels and RE-containing materials. In the present study, we fully investigated the electrochemical behaviors of RE(III) (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) ions over a Ni sheet electrode in 0.1 M NaClO₄ electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry between +0.5 and −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Amperometry electrodeposition experiments were performed between −1.2 and −0.9 V to recover RE elements over the Ni sheet. The successfully RE-recovered Ni sheets were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The newly reported recovery data for RE(III) ions over a metal electrode provide valuable information on the development of the treatment methods of RE elements.     

Prevalence,Self-Awareness,Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in Lhasa,Tibet

To investigate the prevalence, self-awareness, and treatment of hypertension in Lhasa, Tibet, a total of 1370 native Tibetan aged ≥18 years were selected, using stratified proportional sampling. The study showed that the prevalence of hypertension was 51.2%, significantly higher in men (56.0%) than in women (48.0%) (P = .004). The hypertension prevalence increased with increasing age (77.8% in 60–74 y and 82.5% in ≥75 y groups) and was higher in urban, suburban, or agricultural area than in pastoral area (P < .001). The self-awareness, treatment, and control rate of hypertension were 63.5%, 24.3% and 7.7%, respectively. In multivariable regression analysis, age, urban residence, amount of daily intake of fat and oil, and body mass index <18.5 kg/m² were independently associated with hypertension. In conclusion, hypertension was highly prevalent among native Tibetan people in Lhasa, and the rates of self-awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension were low.     

Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin,atenolol, enalapril,phenytoin, rosiglitazone,and sitagliptin

Aims

Drug interactions with bile acid sequestrants are primarily due to the potential of these agents to bind to concomitant drugs. Six clinical studies were performed to determine the effects of colesevelam on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin.

Methods

All six studies enrolled healthy subjects aged 18–45 years. The phenytoin study used a single-dose, three-period crossover design (phenytoin alone, phenytoin simultaneously with colesevelam, and phenytoin 4 h before colesevelam). The other studies used a two-period crossover design (test drug alone and test drug simultaneously with colesevelam). Colesevelam (3750 mg once daily) was dosed throughout the pharmacokinetic sampling period. After each single dose of the test drug, serial blood samples were collected for determination of plasma drug concentrations and calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters.

Results

For all six test drugs, 90% CIs for geometric least-squares mean ratios of AUC and C_max for the measured analytes were within specified limits, indicating no interaction between the test drug and colesevelam.

Conclusions

Aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin may be taken with colesevelam. Although the phenytoin study indicated no pharmacokinetic interaction, phenytoin should continue to be taken ≥4 h before colesevelam in accordance with current prescribing information.     

Clinical trials update from the American College of Cardiology 2008: CARISMA, TRENDS, meta-analysis of Cox-2 studies, HAT, ON-TARGET, HYVET, ACCOMPLISH, MOMENTUM, PROTECT, HORIZON-HF and REVERSE

This article provides information and a commentary on trials relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of heart failure, presented at the American College of Cardiology. Unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as analyses may change in the final publication. CARISMA investigated the use of implantable loop recorders for detecting life-threatening arrhythmias in patients with LVSD after MI and found that brady- and ventricular tachy-arrhythmias predicted an adverse prognosis. The TRENDS study showed that the burden of atrial fibrillation detected by pacemakers or defibrillators predicted the risk of embolic events but not with sufficient precision to justify changes in anti-thrombotic management. A meta-analysis of six trials reported an increased cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib, particularly for heart failure, which was related to dose and baseline cardiovascular risk. The HAT study failed to show a benefit of providing post-MI patients with a home defibrillator. MOMENTUM, a study of a device designed to augment aortic blood flow, was stopped early due to increased bleeding risk. Results from PROTECT support the use of rolofylline 30 mg/day in acute heart failure, a definitive study is now underway. Istaroxime, an agent that appears to have both inotropic and lusitropic effects, improved haemodynamics when added to standard therapy in patients stabilised after admission with heart failure in HORIZON-HF. The REVERSE study suggested that CRT improves ventricular function and reduces morbidity even in patients with few or no symptoms of heart failure and may delay or prevent worsening heart failure.     

Clinical trials update from the American College of Cardiology 2007: ALPHA, EVEREST, FUSION II, VALIDD, PARR-2, REMODEL, SPICE, COURAGE, COACH, REMADHE, pro-BNP for the evaluation of dyspnoea and THIS-diet

This article provides information and a commentary on trials relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of heart failure, presented at the American College of Cardiology meeting in March 2007. Unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as analyses may change in the final publication. The ALPHA study suggested that patients with heart failure (HF) due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy who have a negative T-wave alternans test have a good prognosis and are unlikely to benefit from ICD therapy. EVEREST provides some evidence of short-term symptom benefit of tolvaptan in patients with acute decompensated HF but no clinically important long-term benefit. FUSION II failed to show a benefit of nesiritide in patients with chronic decompensated HF. Reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients improved diastolic dysfunction in VALIDD. Eplerenone did not improve left ventricular remodelling in mild to moderate chronic HF. Selecting HF patients for revascularisation using FDG-PET imaging did not significantly improve outcome. Crataegus extract added to standard HF therapy did not reduce morbidity or mortality in SPICE. The COURAGE study, conducted in patients without HF or major cardiac dysfunction, showed that PCI did not reduce cardiac morbidity or mortality and can be safely deferred in patients with stable coronary disease on optimal medical therapy. The COACH study failed to show that HF nurse-intervention could reduce hospitalisations but did show trends to lower mortality, especially amongst patients with reduced ejection fraction; however, the smaller REMADHE study suggested striking benefits on morbidity and mortality. A large study of BNP provided additional information on its ability to distinguish cardiac and pulmonary breathlessness. The importance of dietary intervention in post-MI patients was highlighted by the findings of THIS-diet study.