色素放大结肠镜诊断结直肠隆起性病变的临床应用

目的 探讨色素放大结直肠镜结合Kudo分型在诊断结直肠病变中的临床应用价值。方法 对125例病人行常规内镜诊断后，对结直肠新生儿进行染色并结合Kudo分型作出色素放大内镜诊断，取标本作病理检查，将仙和色素放大内镜诊断结果与病理诊断结果相比较，观察符合率。结果 在125例病灶中，普通内镜下诊断为炎性息肉，管状腺瘤，绒毛状腺瘤和结直肠癌的病理符合率分别为：95．6％，80．0％，90．0％和100％，总病理符合率为85．6％；色素放大内镜诊断的病理经分别为100．0％，93．8％，99％和100．0％，总病理经为95．2％。结论 色素放大结肠镜对判断结直肠病变的性质有较高的病理符合率，并能有效提高微小，表浅隆起型病灶的检出率，具有较高临床应用价值。     

CT仿真结肠镜在老年患者中的临床应用

目的探讨CT仿真结肠镜在老年患者中的临床价值。方法 75例高度怀疑存在结直肠病变却不能耐受或不愿接受结肠镜检查的老年患者,进行CT仿真结肠镜检查。结果 CT仿真结肠镜显示存在阳性病变61例,包括肿瘤53例,其中16例患者最后得到了手术治疗,经手术及术后病理得到进一步证实;另有良性狭窄病变8例。8例良性病变及14例阴性结果病例中有11例在6个月后得到复查,病情均无明显进展。结论 CT仿真结肠镜对老年患者的结直肠病变诊断具有较高的临床价值,是结肠镜检查的重要补充。     

CT仿真结肠镜在结直肠病变诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨评估CT仿真结肠镜(CT Virtual Colonscopy,CTVC)在结肠息肉、结肠癌、溃疡性结肠炎、结肠黑变病中的检出能力，初步评阶其在结直肠病灶中的临床应用前景。方法对44例病人行CTVC检查，并与全结肠镜、病理结果进行对比研究。结果CTVC对结肠癌、结肠息肉具有较高辨别力，成功检出了全部10例结肠癌，并得到病理证实。10mm以上结直肠息肉CTVC与结肠镜都做出了正确诊断，CTVC发现5～10mm息肉14枚，＜5mm息肉CTVC仅发现2枚；CCTV发现2例。溃疡性结肠炎，结肠黑变病未检出。结论CTVC在结直肠癌和＞5mm以上结直肠息肉样病变诊断上具有较高的临床应用价值。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病并发结直肠粘膜癌变的临床特征

目的探讨NAFLD患者并发结直肠粘膜病变的临床特征.方法在201例NAFLD患者和861例接受肠镜检查者,观察结直肠粘膜病变的病理类型与临床特征.结果 NAFLD患者结直肠病变的检出率为42.8%,显著高于对照组32.9%（P〈0.01）;其中管状腺瘤及伴中度以上不典型增生者均较对照组升高（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,女性发病年龄高峰较男性提前.结论 NAFLD患者易并发结直肠粘膜病变,应定期进行全结肠镜筛查.     

结直肠息肉癌变的内镜下表现、治疗及癌变因素分析

目的探讨结直肠息肉癌变的内镜下表现,分析癌变相关因素和治疗策略。方法回顾性分析经电子结肠镜检查或治疗的77例结直肠癌变息肉患者的临床、内镜及病理资料,探讨影响结直肠息肉癌变的相关因素及其内镜下治疗策略。结果77例癌变结直肠息肉中,9例伴发结肠癌。60例有临床症状,症状发生率为77．9％（60／77）。息肉癌变主要分布在乙状结肠,多发生于年龄超过60岁的老年患者,绒毛状腺瘤癌变率最高。行电子结肠镜电切法切除44例,其中完全切除38例。结论年龄〉60岁患者和乙状结肠息肉癌变发生率明显增高,选择性对属于原位癌或早期浸润癌的癌变息肉行电子结肠镜下切除是安全有效的。     

CT仿真结肠镜与电子结肠镜对结直肠疾病诊断的对照研究

目的探讨CT仿真结肠镜(CTVC)在结直肠疾病,尤其是溃疡性结肠炎诊断中的价值。方法应用螺旋CT对2004年5月至2005年1月就诊于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院的58例疑诊结直肠病变患者进行容积扫描,获取仿真结肠镜图像,将所得结果与结肠镜结果进行比较分析。结果CTVC检查均获得成功,共检出结直肠癌14例,结直肠息肉15例,溃疡性结肠炎14例,正常者6例。CTVC对结直肠疾病总的敏感性为82.7%(43/52),特异性为100%,准确性为84.5%(49/58),阳性预测值87.8%(43/49),阴性预测值40.0%(6/15),Kappa值为0.497;CTVC对溃疡性结肠炎诊断的敏感性为70.0%(14/20),特异性为100%,准确性为76.9%(20/26),阳性预测值70.0%(14/20),阴性预测值50.0%(6/12),Kappa值为0.519。结论CTVC是一种无创的检查方法,具有一定优势,但仍存在一些弊端,因此对于溃疡性结肠炎诊断仅是一种有效的补充,尚不能完全替代常规结肠镜检查。     

结直肠肿瘤与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的相关性研究

目的 探索结直肠肿瘤与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的相关性.方法 收集同期行结肠镜及肝脏CT检查的患者809例,记录其性别、年龄、吸烟史、高血压及糖尿病病史、是否高脂血症及NAFLD、肠镜及病理结果等资料.应用Logistic多元同归分析评价结直肠腺瘤(CRA)及结直肠癌(CRC)与NAFLD的相关性.结果 NAFLD是CRA的危险因素(P＜0.0001),NAFLD组中CRA的发生率也远高于对照组.结论 NAFLD患者是CRA的易感人群.     

1154例75岁及以上老年患者结肠镜检查及监测的回顾性研究

目的分析75岁及以上的患者结肠镜检查的临床特点,探讨75岁及以上的老年患者定期结肠镜检查的临床价值。方法回顾性研究,纳入2015年1月至2018年3月在广东省人民医院行结肠镜检查的75岁及以上的患者1154例,根据年龄分为75~79岁组605例、80~89岁组527例、90岁以上组22例。分析结肠镜下病变检出情况,每年1次结肠镜检查对75岁及以上老年患者的结直肠病变检出的影响及定期监测的必要性。结果1154例患者,无痛肠镜检查569例(49.3%),普通肠镜检查585例(50.7%),总阳性检出率为83.4%(962/1154),最主要的病变为息肉858例(74.4%),其中腺瘤605例(52.4%)。3个年龄组比较,消化道出血是90岁以上组结肠镜检查者的主要就诊原因,腹部不适、肿瘤免疫指标升高、非肠癌恶性肿瘤史是75~79岁组结肠镜检查者的主要就诊原因(P<0.05)。153例患者参与每年1次的结肠镜检查,第二次复查息肉和腺瘤检出率下降,但仍高于40.0%。结论结肠镜检查是75岁及以上的老年患者安全有效的检查方法,息肉和腺瘤是最常见的病变,结直肠癌和息肉切除术后再发息肉常见,有必要定期复查结肠镜。     

上消化道腺瘤与结直肠肿瘤相关性的病例对照研究

目的 评估上消化道腺瘤患者中结直肠肿瘤(腺瘤和癌)的患病情况.方法 回顾性分析2007年至2011年消化内镜检查的患者,选取经病理证实为上消化道腺瘤并且行结肠镜检查的39例作为病例组,选取同期行胃肠镜检查而胃镜示无腺瘤并且性别年龄匹配的78例作为对照组,比较两组结直肠肿瘤患病情况的差异.结果 病例组结直肠肿瘤的检出率为51.3％ (20/39),其中腺瘤的检出率为38.5％(15/39),癌的检出率为12.8％(5/39).对照组中结直肠肿瘤的检出率为14.1％(11/78),其中腺瘤的检出率为12.8％(10/78),癌的检出率为1.3％(1/78).病例组结直肠肿瘤的检出率明显高于对照组(P ＜0.001),其中结肠腺瘤和结肠癌的检出率也均分别高于对照组(50.0％比12.5％和52.2％比15.2％).分别将胃、十二指肠腺瘤进行单独比较,亦发现两组结直肠肿瘤检出率均显著高于相应对照组.结论 上消化道腺瘤的患者结直肠肿瘤的检出率较高,建议及时行结肠镜检查.     

结直肠癌术前、后化疗与手术总体治疗的临床研究

目前，手术治疗仍为结直肠癌最有效的首选治疗方法，但五年成活率仍在５０％左右．为了提高结直肠癌的治愈率，我们对１９９００１／１９９３１２在我院住院的２４９例患者进行了化疗手术化疗的总体治疗对比研究，现报告如下．１　材料和方法１．１　材料　１９９００１／１９９３１２经病理证实为结直肠癌的住院患者，年龄在７０岁以下，无远处转移者，共２４９例．全部患者均接受了结直肠癌根治性切除术．术毕４０００ｍＬ无菌蒸馏水清洗腹腔后，腹内置入８０ｍｇ顺铂作腹腔化疗．切除的标本均行病理检查．对ＤｕｋｅｓＢ２和Ｃ期…     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.     

High prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy in antiretroviral-treated and untreated people with HIV in Tanzania

Objectives To describe the prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP), a complication of both advanced HIV disease and of antiretroviral therapy (ART), amongst Tanzanians with HIV, on and off ART (including stavudine) with CD4 counts above and below 200 cells/μl. Methods We recruited participants attending ART clinic into four groups: >6 months ART exposure and (i) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or (ii) CD4 > 200 cells/μl (ART/CD4 < 200 and ART/CD4 > 200, respectively); ART‐naïve and (iii) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or iv)CD4 > 200 cells/μl (noART/CD4 < 200 and noART/CD4 > 200, respectively). Primary outcome was DSP, as defined by presence of at least one symptom and one sign. Results Of 326 evaluable participants, 81 (32 men, median age 38 years, median CD4 142 cells/μl) were enrolled in the ART/CD4 < 200 group, 78 (17 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 345 cells/μl) in ART/CD4 > 200, 81 (30 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 128 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 < 200 and 86 (22 men, median age 33 years, median CD4 446 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 > 200. Numbness was the most commonly reported symptom. DSP prevalence ranged from 43.2% in ART/CD4 < 200 to 20.9% in noART/CD4 > 200. DSP was more common among men (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.3) and older participants (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.2 for age 40 + vs. <30 years). Conclusion Distal sensory polyneuropathy is common amongst those attending this clinic, even those with no ART exposure and a CD4 count above 200 cells/μl. Stavudine and didanosine expose HIV‐infected patients to an additional avoidable risk of DSP. Access to non‐neurotoxic ART regimes as well as earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART is needed.