苯那普利治疗原发性高血压临床观察

观察苯那普利的降压效果及其对肾素血管紧张素系统和内皮素的影响。方法原发性高血压患者２２例予以口服苯那普利１０～２０ｍｇ／ｄ，治疗前及治疗４周后分别进行动态血压监测，同时应用放射免疫测定方法检测治疗前后血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮和内皮素水平，检验肝、肾功能，血糖等。结果苯那普利可以有效降低偶测血压和动态血压，降低血管紧张素Ⅱ和内皮素水平，而肾素活性升高，苯那普利还可以降低血糖，对肝肾功能无影响。结论苯那普利能够有效地降低血压，是一种有效、安全的降压药物。     

24小时动态血压评价苯那普利治疗高血压的临床疗效

用苯那普利治疗原发性高血压病人２４例，并以２４小时动态血压评价其临床效果，结果２４小时血压水平显著下降，昼夜降压幅度相似；不良反应轻，能坚持治疗。说明苯那普利治疗高血压具有长效，平稳，安全的特点。     

苯那普利对高血压左心室肥厚逆转作用的临床研究

本文应用２４小时动态血压监测和超声心动图技术评价苯那普利对高血压的疗效及对高血压左室肥厚的逆转作用并与钙阻滞剂氨氯地平的作用进行了比较。结果显示：两者均能显著降低血压，逆转左室肥厚，但苯那普利逆转左室肥厚的作用更显著。两者对肾功能均无明显影响，提示两者在保护靶器官方面都有效果，但苯那普利的疗效更好。     

肾性高血压患者血压波动规律与降压药物的选择

应用24h动态血压监测仪（TM－2420，日本）观察40例肾性高血压患者昼夜血压变化规律、苯那普利联合苯碘酸氨氯地平治疗后血压变化及其降压谷：峰比值。结果发现肾性高血压患者丧失了正常人体血压波动规律，夜间血压与白昼血压相比无显著性差异（P＜0．01），治疗后无论是24h平均血压、白昼血压与夜间血压以及24h血压负荷值均较治疗前显著下降（P＜0．01）。联合用药降压谷：峰比值为收缩压（72．6±11．3）％，舒张压（64．1±9．6）％。治疗过程中发现咳嗽及头痛各2例，轻度腹泻1例。提示：①肾性高血压患者无论是白昼还是夜间大部分时间处于高血压对靶器官的损害状态；②联合应用盐酸苯那普利和苯磺酸氨氯地平可有效地控制患者24h血压水平，降低患者靶器官损害的危险性。     

盐酸苯那普利治疗高血压病68例

目的评价苯那普利的疗效及其对血脂、血糖、血尿素氮及肌酐代谢的影响。方法６８例原发性高血压患者给予苯那普利（洛汀新，诺华公司），剂量１０ｍｇ～２０ｍｇ／ｄ，治疗４周，另外５０例服用尼群地平患者２０～３０ｍｇ，每天二次。治疗前后所有参与者都作２４小时动态血压监测和测定胆固醇、三酰甘油、及血糖和尿素氮、肌酐测定。结果动态血压监测显示洛汀新降压较尼群地平为优。并对三酰甘油、血糖有较好影响。结论洛汀新治疗安全、有效，并能改善糖和脂质代谢。     

苯那普利联合二甲双胍治疗原发性高血压伴胰岛素抵抗的临床观察

目的:观察苯那普利联合二甲双胍对原发性高血压伴胰岛素抵抗(IR)患者相关因素的影响。方法:将150例原发性高血压伴IR患者随机分为联合组和对照组。联合组给予苯那普利片加二甲双胍片。对照组单纯用苯那普利片。治疗前、后均作糖耐量试验、胰岛素释放试验及动态血压监测,观察治疗前后2组间血糖、血胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数及动态血压的变化。结果:2组空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及2 h胰岛素均无显著下降。联合组2h血糖下降显著,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),2组用药后胰岛素敏感指数有显著升高(P<0.05),以联合组为显著(P<0.05),2组降压疗效均显著,但对照组降压药剂量比治疗组大。结论:对伴IR的高血压患者苯那普利联合二甲双胍可明显改善IR,能提高降压疗效,且能降低降压药用量。     

苯那普利降压疗效及对肾素血管紧张素系统,醛固醇及内皮素的影响

目的应用动态血压监测苯那普利降压效果和对血管系统及醛固醇和内皮素水平的影响。方法３６例病人以普那普利１０～２０ｍｇ治疗前后分别进行动态血压监测，放免测试血浆肾素活性、血管紧张素、醛固醇和内皮素水平。结果治疗组偶测血压和动态血压显著降低，降压谷峰比值为７１％。但肾素活性稍为增加（无统计学意义）。结论苯那普利除降压外，对血浆肾素血管紧张素系统有抑制作用且对醛固醇和内皮素亦有降低作用     

苯那普利和非洛地平治疗糖尿病并高血压的对比观察

目的：比较苯那普利缓释片、非洛地平控释片对Ⅱ型糖尿病并高血压患血压、血糖、血脂及尿白蛋白指数的影响，从而评价其疗效。方法：52例Ⅱ型糖尿病并高血压患被随机分为治疗组和对照组，治疗组26例，服用苯那普利缓释片10－20mg/日，治疗对照组26例服用非洛地平控释片5－10mg/日，治疗3月后观察其血压、血糖、血脂及尿白蛋白指数变化。结果：治疗3月后，两组患收缩压、舒张压均显改善（P＜0.05)；尿白蛋白指数降低；苯那普利还有降低血糖、血脂的作用。结论：苯那普利可减少Ⅱ型糖尿病并高血压患的血压、血糖、血脂水平，非洛地平只有降压及一定的肾保护作用。     

苯那普利与卡托普利治疗轻中度原发性高血压疗效对比

目的比较苯那普利与卡托普利对轻中度原发性高血压的降压效应与安全性。方法８４例轻中度原发性高血压患者随机接受苯那普利（１０～２０ｍｇ／ｄ）和卡托普利（３７．５～７５．０ｍｇ／ｄ）（各４２例）治疗４周，其中４４例（每组２２例）于治疗前后行２４ｈ动态血压监测。结果苯那普利和卡托普利的降压总有效率在偶测血压监测时分别为９２．５％和９０．５％（Ｐ＞０．０５），而动态血压监测时两药有效率分别为９５．５％和６３．６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论苯那普利对轻中度原发性高血压疗效较好而且安全。     

咪唑普利对高血压患者血压及有关生化因素的影响

目的 评估ACEI咪唑普利(Imidapril)对原发性高血压患者的降压效果及对有关因素(包括血脂、内皮素等)的影响。方法 选择31例高血压患者服用咪唑普利5～10mg/日,连续4～6周,观察比较服药前后血压、心率、生化指标及内皮素含量。结果 服药后血压、心率、TC、LDL-C及内皮素显著降低,血肌酐及其它指标无明显变化。结论 咪唑普利具有良好的降压效果,无反射性心率加快,对血脂、血糖无不良影响,并能降低内皮素含量。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.