哈尔滨市孕妇孕期膳食摄入调查及评价

目的调查孕妇孕能量及膳食营养素摄入情况,找出存在的营养缺陷与问题。方法调查孕妇孕能量及膳食营养素摄入情况,分析营养缺陷与问题。结果哈尔滨市孕妇能量摄入是合理的,但蛋白质和脂肪供能比例偏高,碳水化合物供能比例偏低;维生素A与核黄素摄入量为边缘不足,硫胺素摄入不足,与中国居民营养素参考摄入量（RNI）比较维生素A差异无统计学意义,后两者差异极有统计学意义（P值均〈0.01）;膳食纤维摄入量低于推荐的摄入范围;维生素B6和叶酸摄入不足,与适宜摄入量或RNI相比较差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.001）;钙、铁与锌的摄入不能满足随着孕龄增加而需要量的增加;其他营养素摄入都是充足的。结论哈尔滨市孕妇在孕早、中与晚期的膳食摄入均有一定缺陷,应对孕妇开展经常性的营养与健康教育。     

2002—2012年中国居民能量营养素摄入状况及变化趋势

目的分析和描述2002—2012年中国居民能量及膳食营养素摄入状况和变化趋势。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查、2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测数据,对2岁及以上居民的能量、宏量营养素和微量营养素等摄入状况变化进行分析。采用家庭连续3天24小时膳食回顾和调味品称重法进行膳食调查,依据家庭成员的膳食能量比和中国食物成分表计算每标准人日能量营养素摄入量。结果同2002年相比,2010—2012年中国居民平均每标准人日能量摄入量从2251 kcal下降到2172 kcal;蛋白质摄入整体水平与2002年基本持平;脂肪摄入量为79.9 g,增加了3.6 g,城市高于农村,农村摄入量上升,城乡差距缩小。维生素A、维生素C、钙、铁、锌、钠等微量营养素摄入量均低于推荐量,且呈下降趋势。结论 2002—2012年中国城乡居民能量摄入稳定,膳食营养素摄入状况有所改善,但脂肪摄入量增加,微量营养素摄入不足问题仍普遍存在,城乡差别明显,居民尤其是农村居民膳食质量有待提高。     

浙江省成人膳食营养素与代谢综合征危险性研究

目的探索浙江省居民的膳食营养素摄入结构并分析不同的膳食营养素主因子与代谢综合征及其组分之间的关系,为进一步开展营养干预,预防代谢综合征的发生提供理论依据。方法选取2010~2012年"中国居民营养状况监测项目"中浙江省地区成人的膳食调查资料,因子分析获得膳食营养素的主因子及因子得分,利用Logistic回归模型分析膳食营养素主因子与代谢综合征及其组分的关系。结果因子分析获得四个膳食营养素主因子,其总的方差贡献率为77.56%,其中"矿物质+膳食纤维"组可使高血糖危险性降低(OR=0.74,95%CI:0.59,0.93),"胆固醇+硒"组的因子得分与代谢综合征及其组分之间无关联,"供能营养素+维生素"组的Q3可使腹型肥胖危险性增加为(OR=1.45,95%CI:1.02,2.08),"钠灰"组的Q5可分别使MS(OR=1.43,95%CI:1.01,2.03)、高血压(OR=1.58,95%CI:1.15,2.17)及高脂血症(OR=1.57,95%CI:1.15,2.14)的危险性分别增加。结论 "矿物质+膳食纤维"组可降低血糖异常风险性,"供能营养素+维生素"和"钠灰"组可增加MS及其组分异常危险性,结合中国居民膳食指南,建议居民控制脂肪及总能量摄入,保证维生素、矿物质的摄入量,同时增加膳食纤维的摄入量,并降低钠盐食用量,从而降低MS及其组分异常的风险。     

河北某高校大学生膳食结构与营养素分析

目的了解高校大学生的膳食结构和营养素摄入情况,为有针对性的开展营养改善工作提供依据。方法采用连续3 d 24 h回顾法,在河北某高校随机抽取400名男女大学生进行膳食营养调查。分析各类食物摄入量及膳食能量、营养素摄入情况,与中国居民膳食营养素推荐摄入量进行比较分析。结果调查对象平均每日食物摄入量为:谷类259.0 g,蔬菜84.2 g,水果18.5 g,豆类35.6 g,奶类21.5 g,畜禽肉20.9 g,水产品5.4 g,蛋类18.8 g。除谷类食物外,其他食物摄入量均低于膳食指南推荐量;膳食中动物性食物摄入量不足,优质蛋白摄入偏低,蛋白质、脂肪所占能量比偏低。钙、铁和维生素C、B1、B2的摄入量均不足。早餐所占能量比例偏低,晚餐则偏高。结论学生的膳食结构不够合理,应提高奶、蛋、水果、蔬菜的摄入量,增加早餐能量,降低晚餐能量,应加强对学生合理膳食的科学指导。     

大连市甘井子区小学食堂午餐营养状况调查

目的了解大连市甘井子区小学生午餐的膳食结构、能量及营养素摄入水平,并分析其影响因素,为指导学生合理膳食提出建议。方法抽查甘井子区15所小学,采用记账法各小学食堂各类食物的一周消费量进行调查统计,连续记录4周,计算平均每人每天午餐食物、能量及各种营养素摄入状况。以《学生营养午餐营养供给量》(WS/T100-1998)作为标准,做出评价。结果①谷类摄入量适宜。②豆类及其制品摄入不足,动物性食品、蔬菜摄入均过量。③植物油摄入过量。④能量摄入过量。⑤来自动物及大豆的蛋白质、铁、维生素C的摄入量均过量,钙、维生素B1、维生素B2的摄入量低于建议标准。结论小学生午餐膳食结构不合理:豆类及其制品摄入量不足,动物性食品、蔬菜及植物油摄入量过多。②小学生午餐能量和各种营养素摄入不均衡:能量、优质蛋白、脂肪等摄入量均超过推荐值,钙、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量不足。     

山西医科大学2011年学生膳食营养状况

目的 了解山西医科大学学生膳食营养状况及其存在的问题,为开展大学生营养宣传教育提供科学依据.方法 整群抽取山西医科大学学生429名,采用24h膳食回顾法连续记录3d膳食,计算每人每日食物摄入情况,与中国居民膳食宝塔的食物摄入推荐量进行比较;计算能量及各种营养素的摄入量,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量进行比较.结果 在学生所有食物摄入中,谷类摄入量偏高,鱼虾类、禽畜肉类、奶类及奶制品、蔬菜水果摄入量偏低;维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2及维生素C摄入不足;钙摄入不足;铁摄入充足,但多来自于植物性食物.学生早餐摄入的能量较低,女生零食摄入较多.结论 山西医科大学学生的膳食营养状况不理想.应指导大学生进行合理膳食.     

川菜营养配膳与点餐安卓软件的应用效果调研

摘要:目的　本文研究川菜营养配膳与点餐安卓软件的应用效果,为软件的应用和推广提供科学依据。方法　通过对比传统菜单点餐和“川膳营养快点”点餐软件点餐后,消费者的食物及营养素的摄入量,了解软件的应用效果。结果　在软件提示下,消费者膳食总热量得到有效控制。各类食物摄入量和各种营养素摄入水平、三餐能量比和三大供能营养素能量比均更接近推荐值。结论　利用软件点餐,对消费者所点菜肴组合进行营养素的即时计算和实时显示,对消费者给予针对性的指导,能够帮助消费者点餐更加符合营养膳食要求。     

福州市195例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇营养状况调查

目的 调查妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)营养状况,为制定营养干预方案提供依据.方法 对GDM孕妇进行健康信息采集及24 h回顾性膳食调查,分析其膳食结构及各营养素的摄入情况.结果 调查195例GDM孕妇中,孕前体重超重占19.4％,低蛋白血症占6.3％,贫血占3.1％,血脂异常普遍;膳食调查结果与有关饮食控制标准比较,能量、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入量均偏高,蛋白质摄入量不足;部分微量营养素与膳食纤维摄入不足;粗杂粮摄入量少,大豆类摄入不足;水产品摄入量高于畜肉类,油脂类摄入普遍偏高.结论 GDM孕妇膳食中能量摄入偏高,3大营养素供热比不合理,微量营养素摄入不足.应强化GDM孕妇健康教育工作,及早进行合理膳食干预.     

某部接触液体推进剂人员膳食调查与评价

目的对接触液体推进剂人员进行膳食营养状况调研,针对存在的问题,提出解决办法。方法膳食调查采用称质量法,连续调查3d。采用膳食营养软件计算能量和各种营养素摄入量,以国家军用标准《军人营养素供给量》和《军人食物定量》评价膳食质量。结果接触液体推进剂人员脂肪摄入偏高、碳水化合物摄入偏低。维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B1、尼克酸摄入量存在不同程度不足和缺乏。矿物质钙、锌摄入量不足。结论接触液体推进剂人员膳食结构存在不合理现象,某些营养素超标而另一些营养素缺乏。应减少脂肪摄入,增加蔬菜、水果、牛奶、海产品、豆类及制品的摄入,合理调整膳食结构。     

妇女孕前膳食营养状况调查

目的:调查计划怀孕妇女的饮食结构及营养素摄入情况,以便有针对性地进行营养指导。方法:选择南方医科大学附属佛山妇幼保健院孕前保健门诊患者100例作为调查对象。使用24 h膳食回顾调查法,分析调查对象每日膳食热能及各种营养素摄入量,能量、蛋白质和脂肪来源,餐次比情况。结果:调查对象平均年龄27.24岁,平均蛋白质摄入量78.1 g/d,平均脂肪摄入量59.4 g/d,达到并超过RNIs标准;平均能量摄入量1 834.5 kcal/d,平均膳食纤维摄入量14 g/d,膳食钙摄入量495.3 mg/d,均未达到RNIs标准。能量及蛋白质来源合理,不饱和脂肪酸摄入不足;三餐能量分配不合理,晚餐过高,早餐不足。结论:妇女孕前饮食营养结构不尽合理。建议计划怀孕的妇女进行膳食营养评价,有针对性进行饮食指导,提高怀孕与生育的质量。     

The effect of correlated measurement error in multivariate models of diet

Self-reported diet is prone to measurement error. Analytical models of diet may include several foods or nutrients to avoid confounding. Such multivariate models of diet may be affected by errors correlated among the dietary covariates, which may introduce bias of unpredictable direction and magnitude. The authors used 1993-1998 data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition in Norfolk, United Kingdom, to explore univariate and multivariate regression models relating nutrient intake estimated from a 7-day diet record or a food frequency questionnaire to plasma levels of vitamin C. The purpose was to provide an empirical examination of the effect of two different multivariate error structures in the assessment of dietary intake on multivariate regression models, in a situation where the underlying relation between the independent and dependent variables is approximately known. Emphasis was put on the control for confounding and the effect of different methods of controlling for estimated energy intake. The results for standard multivariate regression models were consistent with considerable correlated error, introducing spurious associations between some nutrients and the dependent variable and leading to instability of the parameter estimates if energy was included in the model. Energy adjustment using regression residuals or energy density models led to improved parameter stability.     

Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements

Previous cohort studies of fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) have been inconsistent, probably due in part to methodological differences and various limitations, including inadequate dietary assessment and incomplete adjustment for total energy intake. The authors analyzed repeated assessment of diet from the Nurses' Health Study to examine the associations between intakes of four major types of fat (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fats) and risk of CHD during 14 years of follow-up (1980-1994) by using alternative methods for energy adjustment. In particular, the authors compared four risk models for energy adjustment: the standard multivariate model, the energy-partition model, the nutrient residual model, and the multivariate nutrient density model. Within each model, the authors compared four different approaches for analyzing repeated dietary measurements: baseline diet only, the most recent diet, and two different algorithms for calculating cumulative average diets. The substantive results were consistent across all models; that is, higher intakes of saturated and trans fats were associated with increased risk of CHD, while higher intakes of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats were associated with reduced risk. When nutrients were considered as continuous variables, the four energy-adjustment methods yielded similar associationS. However, the interpretation of the relative risks differed across models. In addition, within each model, the methods using the cumulative averages in general yielded stronger associations than did those using either only baseline diet or the most recent diet. When the nutrients were categorized according to quintiles, the residual and the nutrient density models, which gave similar results, yielded statistically more significant tests for linear trend than did the standard and the partition models.     

Dietary determinants of plasma lipids and lipoproteins: the Caerphilly Study

Associations between nutrient intakes and plasma lipids were examined in a representative sample of 653 middle-aged men in Caerphilly, South Wales. Nutrient intakes were calculated from 7-d weighed intake records and were expressed both as g/d and as a percentage of total energy intake. In multivariate analyses, after taking the effects of potential confounding factors (age, body mass index and smoking habit) into account, the percentage of variance in the plasma lipid concentrations which could be explained solely by the dietary variables was very small, ranging from 1 to 7 per cent. Associations which were statistically significant included a positive association between saturated fat intake and both total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol; a negative association between carbohydrate intake and both total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); a positive association between magnesium intake and an HDL-C subfraction (HDL2-C); a positive association between alcohol intake and each of the following: HDL-C, its subfractions and triglyceride.     

Correlated measurement error--implications for nutritional epidemiology

BACKGROUND: In nutritional epidemiology, it is common to fit models in which several dietary variables are included. However, with standard instruments for dietary assessment, not only are the intakes of many nutrients often highly correlated, but the errors in the estimation of the intake of different nutrients are also correlated. The effect of this error correlation on the results of observational studies has been little investigated. This paper describes the effect on multivariate regression coefficients of different levels of correlation, both between the variables themselves and between the errors of estimation of these variables. METHODS: Using a simple model for the multivariate error structure, we examine the effect on the estimates of bivariate linear regression coefficients of (1) differential precision of measurement of the two independent variables, (2) differing levels of correlation between the true values of the two variables, and (3) differing levels of correlation between the errors of measurement of the two variables. As an example, the prediction of plasma vitamin C levels by dietary intake variables is considered, using data from the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC) Norfolk study in which dietary intake was estimated using both a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a 7-day diary (7DD). The dietary variables considered are vitamin C, fat, and energy, with different approaches taken to energy adjustment. RESULTS: When the error correlation is zero, the estimates of the bivariate regression coefficients reflect the precision of measurement of the two variables and mutual confounding. The sum of the observed regression coefficients is biased towards the null as in univariate regression. When the error correlation is non-zero but below about 0.7, the effect is minor. However, as the error correlation increases beyond 0.8 the effect becomes large and highly dependent on the relative precision with which the two variables are measured. At the extreme, the bivariate estimates can become indefinitely large. In the example, the error correlation between fat and energy using the FFQ appears to be over 0.9, the corresponding value for the 7DD being approximately 0.85. The error correlation between vitamin C and fat, and vitamin C and energy, appears to be below 0.5 and smaller for the 7DD than for the FFQ. The impact of these error correlations on bivariate regression coefficients is large. The effect of energy adjustment differs widely between vitamin C and fat. CONCLUSION: High levels of error correlation can have a large effect on bivariate regression estimates, varying widely depending on which two variables are considered. In particular, the effect of energy adjustment will vary widely. For vitamin C, the effect of energy adjustment appears negligible, whereas for fat the effect is large indicating that error correlation close to one can partially remove regression dilution due to measurement error. If, for fat intake, energy adjustment is performed by using energy density, the partial removal of regression dilution is achieved at the expense of substantial reduction in the true variance.     

Do eating habits differ according to alcohol consumption? Results of a study of the French cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (E3N-EPIC)

BACKGROUND: The potential of dietary habits to confound the association between alcohol consumption and health needs further study. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether eating habits differed according to alcohol consumption in a large cohort of French women. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of the French cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (E3N-EPIC). The cohort was established in 1990 and includes 100000 women born between 1925 and 1950. Dietary data were obtained between 1993 and 1995 by using self-administered food-frequency questionnaires. About 73000 questionnaires were analyzed, and women were placed into 7 categories of alcohol consumption. RESULTS: After adjustment for energy derived from alcohol, increasing alcohol consumption was associated with a higher total energy intake, a higher percentage of energy intake as protein and lipids, and higher intakes of cholesterol, fatty acids, retinol, iron, and vitamin E. Conversely, energy provided by carbohydrates decreased with increasing alcohol consumption, as did beta-carotene intake. Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with higher consumption of animal products, cheese, potatoes, oil, bread, and breakfast cereals and with lower consumption of vegetables and dairy products. CONCLUSION: In this population of middle-aged, highly educated French women, marked differences in dietary patterns and nutrient intakes were found according to alcohol consumption. Part of the detrimental effect of alcohol on health may be due to the less healthy dietary habits of drinkers. This points to a confounding role of eating habits and nutrient intakes in the relation between alcohol and health.     

Diet and prognosis of breast cancer.

The relationship between the occurrence of breast cancer and dietary intake, in particular a high-fat diet, has attracted much attention in recent years. In addition, the prognosis of breast cancer patients on the basis of dietary intake is also an interesting subject. The present study utilized breast cancer patients whose dietary intake was carefully assessed about one decade previously in a case-control study to determine whether dietary intake was indeed related to the patients' prognosis. The study included 212 patients who underwent a surgical operation between 1975 and 1978. They were followed-up until 1987, and a total of 47 breast cancer deaths were certified. The 5- and 10-year relative survival rates were 78.5% and 75.3%, respectively. The older patients tended to ingest smaller amounts of all nutrients, except animal fat from fish. Height was significantly correlated with total animal protein intake, whereas there was no significant correlation between body mass index and intake of any nutrient. Although the age-adjusted mean values of the nutrient intakes, other than vegetable fat, decreased with advancing stage, the differences were statistically insignificant. The results of multivariate analyses, in which some confounding factors (e.g., clinical stage) were adjusted using a proportional hazards model, showed that all hazards ratios in each nutrient were close to unity, and no dose-response relationship was seen. The present investigation did not provide any support for the hypothesis that a high-fat diet is a survival determinant for breast cancer patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

示范园与一级园儿童膳食营养状况及其差异的研究

目的　了解武汉市示范性幼儿园和一级幼儿园儿童膳食营养状况及其差异。方法　随机整群抽取示范性幼儿园和一级幼儿园各一所 ,对 10 12名儿童连续 4个月进行膳食调查。结果　两类幼儿园热量和蛋白质摄入状况基本正常 ,示范园的蛋白质人平均摄入、蛋白质供热比高于一级园 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;铁、碘的摄入示范园明显高于一级园 (P<0 .0 5 )。两类幼儿园钙、硒、碘的摄入量均未到标准的 5 0 % ;两类幼儿园 Vit A的摄入量均只在 30 %左右。结论　武汉市在园儿童膳食营养状况良好 ,但要注意提高钙、硒、碘和 Vit A的摄入量 ,示范性幼儿园和一级幼儿园在部分营养素的摄入量方面存在较明显差异 ,应适当调整。     

Seasonal effect on nutrient intake in adults living in Southern Brazil

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonality on nutrient intake in healthy adults from the southernmost metropolitan area of Brazil. The dietary intake (24-hour dietary recall on six different days) in a sample of 162 adults (114 women), aged 20 to 69, was obtained during the year 2007. The nutrient intake was averaged for each season and adjusted for energy intake using the residual method. The effect of season on energy, macro and micro-nutrient intake was investigated based on the Generalized Estimate Equations (GEE) model. There were statistically significant differences between seasons for carbohydrate and total fat intake after controlling for gender, age, education, and interactions. In summer carbohydrate intake was higher than other seasons while the total fat intake was lower. These findings highlight the importance of considering seasonal variations not only for evaluating dietary intake but also nutrition and public health policy recommendations, particularly in adult populations living in temperate regions.     

Longitudinal trends in and tracking of energy and nutrient intake over 20 years in a Dutch cohort of men and women between 13 and 33 years of age: The Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study

The purpose of the present study was to describe the longitudinal development of nutrient intake and to determine the stability of this intake from adolescence into adulthood. Longitudinal data of the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study were analysed; the dietary intake of 200 subjects (males and females) was repeatedly measured (eight times) over a period of 20 years, covering the age period of 13-33 years. Dietary intake was determined with the detailed crosscheck dietary history interview. With use of multivariate ANOVA for repeated measurements, trends in macro- and micronutrients over time and differences between genders were analysed. Furthermore, stability coefficients, corrected for time-dependent (biological age) and time-independent covariates (gender) were calculated, taking into account all the measurements. The results showed significant time and gender effects for energy intake (kJ) and the following macronutrients: protein (g and % total energy supply), fat (g) and carbohydrate (g). Interaction effects between time and gender diminished when the macronutrients were calculated as a percentage of total energy intake. The micronutrients Ca, Fe and vitamins changed significantly over time and showed an interaction effect with gender, with the exception of cholesterol intake (mg/MJ), which did not show an interaction effect of time and gender. The tracking of the nutrient intake showed relatively low but significant stability coefficients for all macro- and micronutrients (0.28-0.52). In conclusion, dietary intake does change considerably over time, with the exception of polyunsaturated fat intake (% total energy supply) for both males and females and fat intake in females. Furthermore, stability coefficients for nutrients appeared to be low to moderate. Although these coefficients may be somewhat attenuated as a result of the relatively large measurement error of the dietary intake measurement, they suggest moderate stability of diet over time. These findings may imply that dietary intake is changeable and suggest that disease prevention measures can be implemented in adulthood.     

Adjusting for energy intake in dietary pattern investigations using principal components analysis

OBJECTIVE: The effect of energy adjustment on variables entered into principal component analysis (PCA) to derive dietary patterns has received little attention. DESIGN AND METHODS: As part of regular self-completion questionnaires, used in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, pregnant women were asked to record the frequency of consumption of a variety of food items. A total of 12 053 women completed the questionnaire. Individual dietary types were identified using PCA, before and after adjusting the food variables for energy intake. Associations with estimated nutrient intakes and with birthweight were examined for the two solutions and when energy adjustment was performed at a later stage of the analysis. RESULTS: Slight differences were seen in terms of the components extracted and the factor loadings obtained. The associations with nutrient intakes showed that there was a general reduction in the size of the correlation coefficients for the energy-adjusted components compared to the unadjusted components. There did not appear to be any difference in the size of the effects of the dietary pattern scores on birthweight, whether energy was adjusted for before entry into the PCA or after. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, it is not necessary to adjust for energy intake before entry into a PCA analysis to determine dietary patterns when using food frequency questionnaire data. Effects of energy intake can be determined at a later stage in the analytical process.This study determines the effect of adjusting for energy on dietary patterns resulting from PCA and the subsequent effect on future outcomes.