某医院125Ⅰ植入治疗的放射防护监测与评价

目的 对某医院新建CT引导125Ⅰ粒子源植入场所的辐射水平进行监测与评价,了解操作人员、患者及公众在粒子植入治疗过程中所接受的剂量.方法 按国家放射卫生防护相关监测规范,在正常工作状态下进行布点监测并进行评价.结果 粒子分装室操作医生装源时各监测点剂量范围为0.11～31.12μSv/h;植入手术室手术时各监测点剂量范围为0.27～15.30μSv/h;专用病房内各监测点剂量范围为0.21～3381μSv/h.结论 该院CT引导125Ⅰ粒子植入场所放射防护效果基本符合《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》(GB18871-2002)及《低能γ光子粒子植入治疗的放射防护与质量控制检测规范》(GBZ178-2006)要求.     

热释光剂量计的特性及使用方法

目的 通过对热释光剂量计和热释光磷光体性能及使用方法的介绍,使其能够在放射防护中得到科学正确的使用。方法 对热释光剂量计和热释光磷光体的能量响应、线性范围等十几项技术指标进行了叙述并对使用方法作了详细介绍,有助于使用者在实践中有借鉴作用。结果 热释光剂量计可以在个人剂量监测、环境辐射水平监测等方面得到广泛应用,但对其在性能和使用方法中要注意有关事项,正确的使用和进一步的开发可以使其发挥更大的作用。结论 热释光剂量计作为一种简单、方便、实用、有效的剂量测量手段已在个人剂量监测中得到普及应用,根据有关研究和试验报道在能量测定、辐射场标定、事故中的剂量估算等方面也将有所作为。     

某医院新建CT引导125I粒子源植入场所放射防护控制效果评价

目的 对某医院新建CT引导125I粒子源植入场所的辐射水平进行监测与评价,以保护操作人员和公众健康,同时为卫生行政部门审批建设项目提供科学的技术依据.方法 按国家放射卫生防护相关监测规范, 在正常工作状态下进行布点监测,并采用现场卫生学调查相结合的原则进行评价.结果 125I粒子源植入场所辐射水平平均剂量为0.3μGy·h-1,临床操作医生在植入7粒125I共2.07×108Bq时,10～50cm处剂量范围在0.4～1.0μGy·h-1.结论 该院新建CT引导125I粒子植入场所放射防护屏蔽效果经检测基本合格,所设置的放射防护管理措施及粒子源植入的临床医生纳入放射工作人员进行管理,符合国家放射卫生防护标准之规定.     

检测模体对医用电子直线加速器治疗室防护效果的影响分析研究

目的 通过现场测量和防护估算,对采用医用加速器性能检测模体时,医用加速器治疗室防护效果进行分析,为职业照射的控制提供科学依据,积累放射防护屏蔽实验数据。方法 分别在加装与未加装检测模体条件下,采用X-γ剂量率仪测量加速器机房内关注点的辐射水平,并利用NCRP 151号出版物提出的方法对剂量水平进行符合估算,分析6MV医用加速器治疗室的防护效果。结果 结果表明,医用加速器性能检测模体的采用,增加了治疗室出入口和迷路内的杂散X射线剂量水平。同时,治疗室出入口处杂散X射线剂量水平与加速器机房迷路的辐射防护设计、射线投照方向密切相关。结论 进行医用加速器治疗室的职业危害放射防护评价时,应关注模体对治疗室防护效果的影响,选择适宜的评价方式和方法。     

用场所气溶胶浓度估算个人内照射剂量的实际应用

目的 利用场所空气气溶胶浓度对三种不同类型工作场所中工作人员的个人内照射剂量进行估算,为核工业生产企业进行职业健康管理和评价单位进行职业健康评价提供方法依据。方法 利用估算公式,结合工作场所空气中放射性气溶胶浓度实测数据,对个人内照射剂量估算过程以及估算公式中的参数应用进行详细、完整的描述和解释。结果 能够利用场所空气气溶胶浓度正确估算三种情况下的个人内照射剂量。结论 通过正确地估算个人内照射剂量,对工作人员的防护效果进行评价,为职业健康管理提供方法依据。     

4家核医学工作场所空气中131I活度浓度的监测

为了解核医学工作场所空气中131I的活度浓度,估算工作人员吸入所致待积有效剂量。采集4家医院核医学工作场所空气中的气溶胶样品,使用γ能谱仪分析样品中的131I。结果显示,核医学工作场所空气中131I活度浓度为5.8～320Bq/m3,估算工作人员待积有效剂量最大值和平均值分别为0.44和0.18mSv。提示,应重视核医学工作场所空气中131I的监测与防护。     

我国医用X线诊断工作人员受辐照的基本特征分析

１９８５年前，我国医用Ｘ线工作人员的个人剂量信息十分缺乏，对这类人员进行这一时期的剂量估算是十分重要，但又是非常困难的事。因而，建立一种辐射剂量重建方法是十分必要的 。要建立这种方法的首要问题是进行医用Ｘ线工作人员受照特征的分析。本文描述的受照特征主要包括：工作类型、医用Ｘ线机类型、工作场所防护水平和个人剂量监测情况。     

新疆某露天煤矿放射性水平调查及人员受照剂量评价

目的 对新疆某开采多年的伴生放射性大型露天煤矿的各场所γ剂量率水平和氡浓度水平进行调查和分析;并评价从业人员所受有效剂量。方法 采用便携式γ剂量率仪FH40G对矿区进行定点监测,利用连续测氡仪对场所内氡浓度水平进行24 h连续监测;并根据测量的γ剂量率和氡浓度估算人员受照剂量。结果 该露天煤矿γ剂量率范围为51.4～435.8 nGy/h,氡浓度24 h平均值为15～25 Bq/m³,人员年有效剂量范围为0.29～1.29 mSv/a。结论 各场所氡浓度水平较低,不需要采取补救行动;大部分场所人员受照剂量远远低于标准要求,排土场局部地区需要采取一定的防护措施。     

双源CT诊断有效剂量的估算

目的估算双源CT两种扫描模式下的有效剂量。方法在仿真人体模内布放热释光剂量计,分别于两种模式下扫描体模,得到双源CT两种扫描模式下的组织、器官的吸收剂量,并根据国际放射防护委员会(International Commission on Radiological Protection ICRP)103号出版物中推荐的组织权重因子估算受检者的有效剂量。同时采用美国医学物理师协会(American Association of Physicists in Medicine AAPM)推荐的剂量长度乘积(Dose Length Product DLP)乘以K值法估算有效剂量。比较两种方法得到的有效剂量大小。结果得到两种扫描模式下的有效剂量。两种扫描模式扫描体模估算有效剂量分别为3.66和2.98 mSv。经由AAPM推荐K值计算有效剂量两种扫描模式分别为2.81和1.55 mSv,均低于经体模扫描估算的有效剂量。结论双源CT头部扫描时眼晶状体吸收剂量较高。AAPM推荐的DLP乘以K值法估算的有效剂量较仿真人法低。     

某医院直线加速器工作场所辐射环境监测及评价

目的 监测和评价某医院直线加速器正常运行时对周围环境及公众的辐射影响。方法 对直线加速器工作场所辐射环境进行监测,根据监测结果估算职业人员和公众人员年有效剂量,并评价其对周围环境影响程度。结果 该直线加速器工作场所对周围环境及公众辐射影响较低,符合国家相关标准的要求。结论 该直线加速器在正常运行时,对周围环境及公众是安全的,但防护屏蔽设计过厚,不符合辐射防护最优化原则。     

实用量的最新进展及其影响

随着更多类型、更宽能量范围辐射的应用,现行实用量由于存在一些概念缺陷,其适用范围严重受限,为此国际辐射单位和测量委员会（ICRU）提出了新的实用量。新实用量在概念上和物理学意义上,均实现了与辐射防护量的统一。但是,这些新的实用量要在我国实现全面应用,还需要做好计算模型构建和监测设备校准系统内置等前期准备工作,这有赖于多方协同致力发展。     

Impact of the revision of 10CFR835 with regard to neutron field surveys

The compliance requirements for Department of Energy facilities are codified in Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations Part 835. The regulation was recently revised to adopt the 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Although the impacts of this change include areas other than neutron dosimetry, the intent of this text is to outline the new regulation's effect on neutron instrument calibrations and field surveys. A significant change as a result of the adoption of the ICRP 60 recommendations is the change in the quality factor applied to operational quantities including the quantity used for area monitoring and instrument calibrations, notably the ambient dose equivalent, H*(d). Since the definitions of the operational quantities were not changed, the absorbed dose values for these quantities remain consistent with previous recommendations so the only adjustment necessary is to account for the revised quality factors. For this work, commonly encountered neutron spectra were folded with energy dependent conversion coefficients, h*(10)(E), determined using the old and new quality factors to compute conversion coefficients for the various sources. Additionally, the effect on a single point calibration for the widely used "Rem ball" is discussed. In general, the change in conversion coefficients under the newer guidelines results in a 5 to 15% increase in H*(10), which will require modifications to instrument calibrations.     

Dose equivalent response of a TLD badge--influence of body backscatter

In personnel monitoring, operational quantities recommended by ICRU Publication No. 39 for photon radiation can be realized by calibrating dosimeters on a phantom and considering body backscatter photons by using established conversion factors. Personnel dosimeters used in this study are based on CaSO4:Dy Teflon thermoluminescence dosimeter discs (TLD) that have a highly photon energy-dependent response. Since body backscattered photons have lower energies than the incidence photons, methods for correcting for energy dependence of both the incident and body backscattered photons have to be developed. By using readouts of two TLD discs (one under a composite metal filter and the other without a metal filter) in an empirical relation valid at all energies, it is possible to correct for the effect of change in response from change in the photon energies. It was found that the new operational quantities recommended by ICRU could be estimated to within +/- 15% by a TLD badge design based on this method. Angular dependence limits for photons in accordance with the new international standards and a high beta dose-equivalent discrimination in the mixed fields of beta and low-energy x rays could also be achieved.     

医院变配电系统智能化管理与应用

配电系统运行实施状态监测是利用传感技术和计算机网络技术对运行中的设备进行动态监测,获取反映运行状态的各种物理量,并对其进行分析处理。预测运行状况,及时提供报警和故障诊断信息,避免因故障的扩大而导致事故的发生,指导设备最佳运行状态和最佳的维修时机,为管理者提供全面、实时、准确的数据。     

Measurement of vertical concentration profiles of airborne particulate matter in indoor environments: Implications for refinement of models and monitoring campaigns

Vertical concentration profiles of airborne particulate matter were measured in four different indoor environments- library, coffee room, workshop and undergraduate student hostel- on the University Campus at Sutton Bonington. Measurements were carried out using an electronically-controlled lifting platform carrying a real-time optical particle monitor for sampling air sequentially at different heights within the breathing zone. Data was automatically logged at the different receptor levels, for the determination of the average vertical concentration profile of the various particle size ranges which include inhalable, thoracic, alveolic, PM10 and PM2.5. Vertical concentration profiles measured in these different indoor environments exhibited different characteristics but in almost all cases it was clear that different height groups of the population are exposed to different concentrations of the pollutant. This has implications on setting of air quality standards for the protection of public health. The results indicate that we may have to re-think the whole concept of air quality standards and develop protocols for indoor air quality monitoring and modelling which would take into account the above-mentioned factor.     

Technical Description of the Distribute Project: A Community-based Syndromic Surveillance System Implementation

This paper describes the design of a syndromic surveillance system implemented for community-based monitoring of influenza-like illness. The system began as collaboration between colleagues from state and large metropolitan area health jurisdictions, academic institutions, and the non-profit, International Society for Disease Surveillance. Over the six influenza seasons from 2006 to 2012, the system was automated and enhanced, with new features and infrastructure, and the resulting, reliable, enterprise grade system supported peer comparisons between 44 state and local public health jurisdictions who voluntarily contributed summarized data on influenza-like illness and gastrointestinal syndromes. The system was unusual in that it addressed the needs of a widely distributed, voluntary, community engaged in real-time data integration to support operational public health.     

辐射环境监测站系统软件的几点改进

目的 对目前辐射环境监测站建设和运行过程中发现的问题进行收集、整理,分析并提出改进措施。方法 针对现有辐射环境监测站存在软件数据处理能力较弱、运维效率低和缺乏主动性防护的现状,分析并提出通过数据预处理、预防性维护和视频抽帧监控的方式来提升系统性能。结果 数据预处理模块实现了异常数据的自动剔除,加快了数据库访问速度;预防性维护模块增强了系统的自主运维能力;视频抽帧监控提升了站点的主动防护能力。结论 通过在辐射监测站系统软件中加入数据预处理、预防性维护和视频抽帧监控模块,提高了系统的运行效率。     

Arsenic in Air and Soil in the Vicinity of the Central Gas Station Molve,Croatia

Spatial and temporal distribution of arsenic levels in soil during the 9 year monitoring period was investigated on four different soil types in the area of the gas borehole system Podravina in Croatia. Arsenic levels in the PM₁₀ particle fraction were measured periodically at the same locations for 3 years. Arsenic levels in soil significantly depended on soil types. Elevated levels were found on gleysol vertic, at two sampling sites, with values exceeding 30 mg/kg of arsenic in soil. Arsenic levels in air were low and they were not significantly different between sampling sites, suggesting that gas borehole activities have no influence on arsenic levels in the environment.     

我国辐射防护仪器的应用现状和校准

目的 通过分析辐射防护仪器在我国应用现状和存在问题,确立正确使用防护仪的重要性。方法 用在标准剂量学实验室校准的方法,获得不同类型防护仪的校准因子和测量结果的相互关系。结果 对强贯穿辐射外照射进行区域监测,防护仪的测量结果应采用周围剂量当量表达。结论 当测量的光子外照射辐射水平与防护限值接近时,建议将测量值修正到周围剂量当量加以证实。     

平衡计分卡在新农合绩效审计中的应用——基于江苏省南京市的实证研究

采取规范分析和实证研究相结合的方法,将平衡计分卡思想应用于新农合绩效审计,监督和防控新农合资金过度结余等问题。较直观地描述了农民对新农合的满意度及新农合的运行效率,为新农合绩效审计提供了一种可行的思路。