内脂素在妊娠期糖尿病发病中的作用

目的:探讨内脂素与胰岛素抵抗的关系及其在妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)发病中的作用。方法:采用病例对照的研究方法,通过检测40例GDM孕妇和40例正常孕妇的血清内脂素、空腹血糖(FPG)和空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平,计算HO-MA稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI),比较两组胰岛素抵抗程度的差异,并进一步分析内脂素与GDM孕妇胰岛素抵抗之间的关系。结果:GDM组的血清内脂素、FPG、FINS和IRI均明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。相关分析表明:GDM孕妇的血清内脂素水平与IRI呈正相关(γ=0.568,P=0.000)。结论:GDM孕妇的血清内脂素水平较正常孕妇明显增高。内脂素水平与胰岛素抵抗呈正相关,提示其与GDM的发生有关。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血中内脂素、IL-18的相关性研究

目的:分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇血中内脂素、IL-18的水平差异及与胰岛素抵抗的相关性.方法:选取该科2013～2014年行产前检查并住院足月分娩的GDM患者40例(GDM组),同时选取同期血糖正常的孕妇40例作为对照组.对比两组一般情况和血糖、血脂、内脂素、白介素-18 (IL-18)和稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)水平.分析GDM组血清内脂素、IL-18和其他变量之间的相关性.结果:GDM组的空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、体重指数(BMI)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、内脂素、IL-18和HOMA-IR显著高于对照组,P＜0.05.GDM组孕妇的内脂素分别与FPG、2hPG、FINS和HOMA-IR呈正相关,P＜0.05;IL-18分别与FPG、2hPG、FINS和HOMA-IR呈正相关,P＜0.05.结论:GDM孕妇血清内脂素、IL-18可影响患者胰岛素抵抗的程度.     

内脂素与胰岛素抵抗及妊娠糖尿病的研究

妊娠糖尿病是指妊娠期间发生或首次出现的糖耐量异常,它是围生期常见的一种并发症,且发病率逐年上升.妊娠糖尿病严重地危害着母亲和胎儿的健康,其发生与胰岛素抵抗有关.内脂素是新近发现的主要由内脏脂肪组织表达的一种脂肪细胞因子.虽然内脂素主要由内脏脂肪组织表达,但它同时也在骨骼肌、肝脏、骨髓和淋巴细胞等组织中被发现,并被定义为前B细胞集落增强因子.内脂素能与胰岛素受体直接结合,发挥胰岛素样作用,降低血耱.同时内脂素与胰岛素抵抗密切相关.内脂素在葡萄糖和脂质代谢中发挥着重要作用,其被发现可为研究胰岛素抵抗和妊娠糖尿病的发病机制提供新的思路和方法,对内脂素的研究为妊娠糖尿病孕妇合理控制血糖水平、减少母婴并发症和降低围生儿的死亡率等提供一定的理论基础.     

妊娠期糖尿病产妇血和脐带血清内脂素水平对妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)产妇血、脐带血清内脂素同妊娠结局的相关性.方法:选取2019年1月至2020年6月广州市番禺区妇幼保健计划生育服务中心收治的100例GDM产妇为GDM组,100例正常孕妇为对照组,均采集产妇血与脐带血,采取标准操作做离心分离处理,获得血清后经合理的方法,测定内脂素、胰岛素与空腹血糖各指标...     

内脂素在胎盘组织中的表达及其与妊娠期糖尿病并发子痫前期的关系

目的:比较正常孕妇、妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇、GDM并发子痫前期孕妇胎盘组织中内脂素mRNA及蛋白表达的差异。方法:采用RT-PCR法检测正常孕妇(A组)、GDM孕妇(B组)、GDM并发子痫前期孕妇(C组)胎盘组织中内脂素mRNA水平。采用Western Blot法检测3组胎盘组织中内脂素蛋白表达水平。测定并比较3组孕妇的体重指数(BMI)、空腹胰岛素及空腹血糖水平。结果:空腹胰岛素水平及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)从A组至C组递增,3组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组和C组胎盘组织中内脂素mRNA及蛋白表达水平均高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组胎盘组织中内脂素mRNA及蛋白表达水平与空腹胰岛素、空腹血糖及HOMA-IR均无相关性(P>0.05)。结论:GDM并发子痫前期孕妇胎盘组织中的内脂素mRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著升高。     

内脂素与妊娠期代谢综合征

妊娠期代谢综合征(gestational metabolic syndrome,GMS)是妊娠期发生的体质量、糖代谢异常、脂代谢异常、基础血压升高等多重代谢异常聚集的一组症候群。其发病率呈逐年上升趋势,GMS可导致不良妊娠结局,如:妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、子痫前期、胎儿宫内生长受限等,严重威胁母婴健康。目前对于GMS的研究主要集中在其诊断标准及危险因素,对于其发生发展的具体机制及防治策略,缺乏进一步研究。内脂素是一种主要由内脏脂肪组织表达和分泌的脂肪细胞因子,在糖脂代谢等方面发挥了一定作用,可参与胰岛素抵抗、炎症反应、细胞凋亡等过程,并与动脉粥样硬化及血管内皮细胞损伤关系密切。最近研究表明,内脂素与GMS的发病关系密切。     

妊娠期糖尿病母体血清和脐血内脂素水平对妊娠结局的影响

目的:观察妊娠期糖尿病母体血清和脐血内脂素水平,分析其与新生儿体重、新生儿性别、Ponderal指数(PI值)的相关性。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法测定36例妊娠期糖尿病和40例正常妊娠孕妇血清和脐血内脂素水平,测定新生儿体重及身高、孕妇体重及身高,计算Ponderal指数及孕妇BMI指数。结果:GDM组新生儿PI指数与正常对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GDM组母体血清、脐血内脂素水平高于正常对照组(P<0.05),GDM组和正常对照组脐血内脂素水平均与新生儿PI指数呈负相关(r=-0.479,P<0.05;r=-0.336,P<0.05)。结论:GDM组母体血清、脐血内脂素水平明显上升,并与新生儿PI指数呈负相关,提示内脂素可能参与了胎儿的宫内发育过程。     

血清内脂素与妊娠期糖尿病、新生儿出生体质量关系的研究

目的：本研究检测内脂素（visfatin）在妊娠期糖尿病患者血清中的水平,并进一步探讨其与妊娠期糖尿病、新生儿出生体质量之间的关系。方法：采用前瞻性研究,根据新生儿出生体质量,将妊娠妇女分为正常孕妇足月分娩适于胎龄儿组(AGA组)40例、正常孕妇足月分娩大于胎龄儿组(LGA组)40例,GDM足月分娩适于胎龄儿组(AGA组)40例、GDM足月分娩大于胎龄儿组(LGA组)40例,各组孕妇择期剖宫产术当日清晨抽取空腹血,用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测血清内脂素水平,记录新生儿出生体质量。结果：在分娩适于胎龄儿孕妇中,GDM孕妇血浆中内脂素浓度高于正常健康孕妇组;而在正常孕妇组中,分娩大于胎龄儿孕妇血浆内脂素浓度高于分娩适于胎龄儿组。结论：GDM与内脂素的浓度为独立相关,内脂素对宫内胎儿的生长发育起一定的作用。     

运动联合饮食干预对妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗、血清脂联素和内脂素水平的影响

目的探讨运动联合饮食干预对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者胰岛素抵抗、血清脂联素和内脂素水平的影响。方法选择2015年1月-2016年12月莱州市妇幼保健院收治的80例GDM患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各40例,观察组GDM患者应用运动联合饮食干预,对照组GDM患者仅采用常规性孕期指导,对两组研究患者均在干预前后测定空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、血清脂联素、内脂素、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平,并对比两组患者妊娠结局情况。结果干预前,两组血糖、胰岛素抵抗、血清脂联素、内脂素、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、LDL-C及HDL-C水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);干预后,两组各项指标水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组不良妊娠结局人数少于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论运动联合饮食干预可显著降低GDM患者血糖和血脂水平,改善患者胰岛素抵抗情况,降低患者血清脂联素和内脂素水平,改善患者妊娠结局,提高患者生活质量。     

血清内脂素与妊娠期糖尿病、新生儿出生体质量关系的研究

目的:本研究检测内脂素(visfatin)在妊娠期糖尿病患者血清中的水平,并进一步探讨其与妊娠期糖尿病、新生儿出生体质量之间的关系。方法:采用前瞻性研究,根据新生儿出生体质量,将妊娠妇女分为正常孕妇足月分娩适于胎龄儿组(AGA组)40例、正常孕妇足月分娩大于胎龄儿组(LGA组)40例,GDM足月分娩适于胎龄儿组(AGA组)40例、GDM足月分娩大于胎龄儿组(LGA组)40例,各组孕妇择期剖宫产术当日清晨抽取空腹血,用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测血清内脂素水平,记录新生儿出生体质量。结果:在分娩适于胎龄儿孕妇中,GDM孕妇血浆中内脂素浓度高于正常健康孕妇组;而在正常孕妇组中,分娩大于胎龄儿孕妇血浆内脂素浓度高于分娩适于胎龄儿组。结论:GDM与内脂素的浓度为独立相关,内脂素对宫内胎儿的生长发育起一定的作用。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.