北京市食品中五种食源性致病菌污染状况调查研究

[目的]了解北京市食品中沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、EHEC O157：H7、金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌的分布状况、动物储存宿主的种类、菌株生物学特点，初步确定可能污染上述致病菌的高危食品，为食物中毒监测提供科学依据。[方法]依据国标方法，采用进口显色培养基，对样本分别进行沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、EHEC O157：H7、金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌分离、生化及血清学鉴定。[结果]检测生肉(牛、猪、鸡)、熟肉、生牛奶、冰激凌、酸奶各生食水产品六类样品共927件，共检出致病菌197株，总检出率21．3％；其中分离沙门菌33株，检出率3．2％；单增李斯特菌99株，检出率9．6％；金黄色葡萄球菌65株，检出率6．3％。EHEC O157：H7和副溶血性弧菌均未检出。6类食品中致病菌阳性率最高的为生肉(37．7％)，其次为生奶(24．7％)，酸奶中未检出致病菌。[结论]北京市居民主要消费食品存在食源性致病菌污染，其中生肉和生奶是主要污染食品品种，单增李斯特菌在肉与肉制品中污染率较高(17．1％)，生肉(鸡肉)中沙门菌带菌率较高(19．4％)，主要血清型为肠炎沙门菌，生牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌带菌率高(24．7％)，生食水产品未检出副溶血性弧菌，但存在金黄色葡萄球菌的间接污染，酸奶中未检出致病菌。     

龙岩市9类食品中食源性致病菌监测与分析

目的为了解龙岩市食源性致病菌的污染状况,为预防和控制食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法按国家标准方法对沙门氏菌、EHEC 0157:H7、单增李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的污染情况进行监测。结果 9类477份食品样本,共检出66株致病菌,总检出率为13.84%。其中检出副溶血性弧菌22株,沙门氏菌12株,金黄色葡萄球菌31株,EHEC 0157:H7 1株,单增李斯特氏菌未检出。致病菌检出率最高的是动物性水产品(72.72%),其次是生肉(17.19%)和熟肉制品(12.12%)。结论副溶血性弧菌主要污染动物性水产品(66.67%),沙门菌主要污染生肉,金黄色葡萄球菌主要污染熟肉制品和糕点。应进一步加强水产品、生肉和熟肉制品等的食品卫生管理,对减少本市食源性疾病有一定意义。     

包头市食品中5种食源性致病菌污染状况调查

目的调查食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况。方法采集包括酸奶、冰激凌、生牛奶、生食水产品、熟肉、生肉(鸡、羊、牛、猪)等6类食品的样本900件,利用国标方法检测样本中副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7、单增李斯特菌以及沙门菌。结果 900件食品样本中共检出183株致病菌,检出率为20.3%(183/900),包括30株沙门菌、92株单增李斯特菌、61株金黄色葡萄球菌。未检出副溶血性弧菌和肠出血性大肠杆菌EHEC O157∶H7。生肉类食品的致病菌检出率最高,其次是生奶。结论包头市食品普遍存在食源性致病菌污染。     

2005～2006年秦皇岛市食源性疾病病原菌污染状况调查

目的：了解秦皇岛市食品中沙门菌、EHEC O157：H7、单增李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌、空场弯曲菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的污染状况,确定可能污染上述菌的高危食品,为食源性疾病的预防提供科学依据。方法：依据国标方法,采用进口显色培养基和生化鉴定试纸,对样品分别进行沙门菌、EHEC O157：H7、单增李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌、空场弯曲菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的分离、生化及血清学鉴定。结果：检测生肉、动物性水产品、散装熟肉制品、生食蔬菜、速冻米面食品、非发酵豆制品6类共240份样品,共检出病原菌37株,总检出率15.8%,副溶血性弧菌检出12株,检出率最高,为30%,沙门菌检出11株,EHEC O157：H7检出8株,单增李斯特菌检出6株,6类食品中动物性水产品病原菌阳性率最高,为30%,其次为生肉类,病原菌阳性率为28.8%。结论：秦皇岛市居民消费食品中存在食源性疾病病原菌污染,其中水产品和生肉是主要污染食品品种,副溶血性弧菌和沙门菌是污染食品的主要病原菌。     

廊坊市食品中沙门菌等6种食源性致病菌的监测

目的:了解廊坊市高危食品中沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7、空肠弯曲菌的污染状况,提高我市食源性疾病检测、预警和控制能力,为食物中毒监测提供科学依据。方法:依据国家食源性疾病监测网工作手册进行。结果:检测生畜肉、生禽肉、非定型包装熟肉制品、动物性水产品、蔬菜、速冻米面食品、非发酵豆制品共300件,检出沙门菌31株,单核细胞增生李斯特菌26株,副溶血性弧菌11株,金黄色葡萄球菌2株,肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H71株,未检出弯曲菌。结论:廊坊市居民主要食品存在食源性致病菌污染,其中动物性水产品副溶血性弧菌株污染较重,生肉沙门菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌污染较重。     

2006年杭州市江干区食源性致病菌污染状况分析

目的：了解江干区食品中食源性致病菌污染状况，为食源性疾病的预防提供科学依据。方法：参考国标方法，采用进口显色培养基，对4类食品进行沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、EHEC O157：H7和空肠弯曲菌的分离、生化及血清型鉴定。结果：109份样品共检出各类致病菌32株，总检出率为29.4%。其中副溶血性弧菌检出7株，检出率为38.9%；金黄色葡萄球菌检出8株，检出率为15.1%；单增李斯特菌检出15株，检出率为13.8%；沙门菌检出2株，检出率为1.8%；未检出EHEC O157：H7和空肠弯曲菌。结论：江干区食品中存在食源性致病菌的污染，其中生肉类、生食果蔬类和水产品受到的污染严重，副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单增李斯特菌是污染食品的主要致病菌。     

近5年来温州市食品中食源性致病菌主动监测

目的：了解温州市食品中沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、出血性大肠埃希菌（EHEC）O157：H7、副溶血弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、空肠弯曲菌的污染状况,确定可能污染上述致病菌的高危食品,为食源性疾病监测提供科学依据。方法：依据国标方法,并采用显色培养基,对样品分别进行沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、EHEC O157：H7、副溶血弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、空肠弯曲菌的分离、生化及血清学鉴定。结果：检测生猪肉、生牛肉、生羊肉、生禽肉、散装熟肉制品、水产品、生牛奶、生鸡蛋、果汁生食蔬菜水果色拉9类样品共487件,检出致病菌112株,总检出率23.00%。其中金黄色葡萄球菌检出39株,检出率最高24.53%;其次为沙门菌检出32株,检出率6.57%;副溶血性弧菌检出20株,检出率6.12%;单增李斯特菌检出12株,检出率2.47%;空肠弯曲菌检出9株,检出率13.05%;未检出EHEC O157：H7。9类样品中致病菌阳性率最高的为生牛奶占50.00%;其次为生猪肉占32.21%;生牛肉占28.95%;散装熟肉制品占25.29%;生禽肉占25.26%;生羊肉占12.50%;水产品占10.77%;果汁生食蔬菜水果色拉占9.09%;生鸡蛋未检出致病菌。结论：温州市居民主要消费食品存在食源性致病菌污染,其中生牛奶、生肉类、散装熟肉制品是主要受污染的食品品种。建议政府应加大对动物屠杀加工行业及食品销售渠道的严格管理,尽量减少食源性致病菌的交叉污染,同时要做好卫生知识的宣传教育工作,防止食源性疾病的发生。     

广安市6类食品中食源性致病菌污染调查报告

目的:通过对广安市6类食品中沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、肠出血型大肠埃希菌EHEC0157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌污染状况调查,初步确定可能污染上述致病菌的高危食品,为本地区突发食源性致病菌引起的公共卫生事件调查提供实验室科学依据。方法:随机抽取本地区有代表性的6类食品,依据国标方法,对样品分别进行沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、肠出血型大肠埃希菌0157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌分离、生化及血清学鉴定。结果:6类食品827份样品,共检出致病菌141株,总检出率17.1%;其中分离沙门菌51株,检出率6.2%;单增李斯特菌66株,检出率7.9%;金黄色葡萄球菌14株,检出率1.7%;副溶血性弧菌8株,检出率0.97%;EHEC0157:H72株,检出率0.24%。结论:广安市6类食品均存在一定程度食源性致病菌污染,其中生肉和生鲜牛奶是主要污染食品,单增李斯特菌和沙门菌是污染食品主要病原菌。     

吉林省2000-2009年食源性致病菌污染状况分析

目的了解吉林省食品中沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、肠出血性大肠埃希菌(EHEC)O157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血弧菌、空肠弯曲菌的污染状况,确定可能污染上述致病菌的高危食品,为食源性疾病监测提供科学依据。方法依据国标方法,并采用显色培养基,对样品分别进行沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、EHEC O157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血弧菌、空肠弯曲菌分离、生化及血清学鉴定。结果检测生畜肉、生禽肉、熟肉制品、动物性水产品、生食蔬菜、乳及乳制品、速冻面米食品、非发酵豆制品等样品共4 238件,检出致病菌772株,总检出率18.22%。其中单增李斯特菌检出360株,检出率最高8.49%;其次为沙门菌检出328株,检出率7.74%;金黄色葡萄球菌检出30株,检出率2.88%;副溶血弧菌检出23株,检出率5%;EHEC O157:H7检出31株,检出率0.73%;未检出空肠弯曲菌。8类样品中致病菌阳性率最高的为生禽肉,占42.89%;其次为生畜肉,占40.95%;速冻面米食品,占22.22%;动物性水产品,占20.92%;生食蔬菜,占14.69%;非发酵豆制品,占11.83%;熟肉制品,占9.38%;乳及乳制品,占0.70%。结论吉林省居民主要消费食品存在食源性致病菌污染,其中生猪肉、生鸡肉、速冻面米食品是主要受污染的食品品种。     

2002～2005年衢州市市售食品食源性致病菌监测报告

目的：了解衢州市市售食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况，防止食源性疾病的发生。方法：采集市区菜场、大型超市以及奶牛场的生猪肉、生牛肉、生禽肉、水产品、非包装熟肉制品、生蔬菜、生牛奶等七类食品343份进行了沙门菌、大肠杆菌O157：H7、产单核李斯特菌检测。非包装熟肉制品和生牛奶共91份加测金黄色葡萄球菌，水产品45份加测副溶血性弧菌。结果：共检出致病菌79株，总检出率为23．0％。其中沙门菌检出29株，检出率为8．4％，李斯特菌检出28株，检出率为8．2％，O157：H7检出1株，检出率为0．3％，金黄色葡萄球菌检出21株，检出率为23．1％，副溶血性弧菌未检出。结论：我市市售食品中食源性致病菌的污染状况比较严重，提醒有关部门应当加强对肉类屠宰加工行业以及经营销售生肉行业的卫生监督，尽量减少食源性致病菌的交叉污染；同时要做好卫生知识的宣传教育工作，防止食源性疾病的发生。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.