2017年内蒙古自治区食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解内蒙古自治区食源性致病菌的污染状况,提高食源性疾病预警和控制能力。方法 按照《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求,对市售的8类食品样本进行单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、沙门菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157∶H7和弯曲菌等9项食源性致病菌进行监测。结果 自2027份样品中共计检出阳性样品39份,检出率1.92%。其中,蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率最高,达3.64%,此后依次为弯曲菌（1.50%）,致泻大肠埃希氏菌（1.20%）、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌（0.62%）、沙门菌（0.43%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（0.37%）,未检出大肠埃希氏菌O157∶H7和副溶血性弧菌。结论 内蒙古自治区食品存在食源性致病菌污染,应有针对性地加强食品监督管理,以减少食源性疾病发生。     

2012-2013年辽宁省食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的分析食品中主要食源性致病菌的污染状况,为预防食源性疾病的暴发提供依据。方法按照食品安全国家标准操作规程,对辽宁省食品中副溶血性弧菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等致病菌进行检验。结果在餐饮食品、乳与乳制品、熟肉制品和水产品等十余类食品4772件样品中共检出致病菌374株,其中副溶血性弧菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌5种致病菌共227株,阳性率为2.01%。副溶血性弧菌污染较严重,检出率16.13%,其次为金黄色葡萄球菌1.63%、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌1.50%、大肠埃希氏菌0.54%和沙门氏菌0.34%。结论应注意加强食品生产、加工、运输和销售等环节的监管,预防和控制食源性疾病的爆发。     

重庆市渝中区2011-2013年食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的全面了解渝中区食品卫生状况,确定食源性致病菌在不同类食物中的分布情况,为食品安全风险评估提供科学依据。方法按国标GB4789和食源性致病菌监测手册的方法,对16类食品中的沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、副溶血性弧菌和布鲁氏菌进行分离与鉴定。结果 2011-2013年共检测食品样品630份,检出食源性致病菌31株,总检出率为4.92%,其中检出金黄色葡萄球菌15株,检出率为2.46%(15/610);单核细胞增生李斯特菌7株,检出率为2.15%(7/325);蜡样芽胞杆菌2株,检出率为1.43%(2/140);阪崎肠杆菌7株,检出率为10%(7/70);而沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、布鲁氏菌均未检出。结论本区所售食品存在一定的安全隐患,应加大监管力度,避免食品安全事件的发生。     

大连市2012-2013年食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的了解大连市食品中食源性致病菌污染状况,为食源性疾病监测提供科学依据。方法依据《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》对食源性致病菌进行监测。结果 2012-2013年间共监测945份食品,总检出率为4.97%。检出副溶血性弧菌、致泻大肠埃希菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、沙门菌。水产品污染较严重,以副溶血性弧菌检出率最高,为7.14%。结论食品存在食源性致病菌污染较严重,应加强食源性致病菌的监测,防止食源性疾病和食物中毒发生。     

南京市主要细菌性病原体食源性疾病负担研究

目的 研究南京市主要细菌性病原体致食源性疾病负担,提出食源性疾病监测策略。方法 根据南京市11个区17家食源性疾病哨点医院主动监测和食源性疾病负担调查结果,结合各主要细菌性病原体的食源性比例等各项乘数,获得人群中各主要细菌性病原体的发病率及疾病负担。结果 2015年全市共采集1 208份食源性疑似病例生物标本,检出非伤寒沙门氏菌31株、副溶血性弧菌20株、致泻大肠埃希氏菌15株,检出率分别为2.57%、1.66%、2.56%;全市疾病负担调查3 600人,急性胃肠炎的月患病率为3.9%,年发病率为0.55次/人年;推算出南京市非伤寒沙门氏菌食源性感染发病率为1 292/10万,0~4岁年龄组发病率最高(3 481/10万);副溶血性弧菌食源性感染发病率为619/10万,15~24岁年龄组发病率最高(2 076/10万),致泻性大肠埃希氏菌的食源性感染发病率为1 653/10万,5~14岁年龄组发病率最高(5 263/10万)。结论 南京市非伤寒沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、致泻性大肠埃希氏菌感染负担较重,儿童非伤寒沙门氏菌和致泻性大肠埃希氏菌、青壮年副溶血性弧菌的感染负担尤为突出,针对不同人群加强相应病原体的监测,同时应进一步完善相关监测及研究,为制定相应的风险控制措施提供科学依据。     

2010年重庆市食品食源性致病菌监测分析

目的了解重庆市食品食源性致病菌污染状况。方法依据《2010年食源性致病菌监测工作手册》检验方法对样品分别进行沙门氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、创伤弧菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌、空肠弯曲菌进行检测分离、鉴定。结果监测肉与肉制品、蔬菜及其制品、水产品,婴幼儿配方食品、冷冻食品等八大类共计1620件,检出致病菌93株,总检出率为5.74%(93/1620)。其中沙门氏菌检出率为1.63%(25/1530),单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检出率0.34%(4/1170),副溶血性弧菌检出率6.11%(22/360),金黄色葡萄球菌检出率5.24%(41/780);创伤弧菌检出率0.28%(1/360);阪崎肠杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7及空肠弯曲菌未检出。结论重庆地区食品存在食源性致病菌污染,其中水产品和生畜肉是主要污染食品品种,而熟肉和生食水产品导致食源性疾病的风险较高。     

北京市海淀区2010-2012年直接入口食品食源性致病菌污染状况分析

目的了解海淀区直接入口食品中食源性致病菌污染现状,为食源性疾病控制提供科学依据。方法 2010-2012年按照北京市监测网工作计划要求对海淀区采集的13类直接入口食品根据国标方法进行沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠埃希菌(O157:H7/NM)、副溶血性弧菌、创伤弧菌等6种食源性致病菌检测。结果在检测的13类315份食品中,共分离出3种15株食源性致病菌,总检出率为4.76%,其中检出金黄色葡萄球菌10株,副溶血性弧菌4株,创伤弧菌1株。结论海淀区直接入口食品受到不同程度的致病菌污染,存在食物中毒和发生食源性疾病的隐患,应加强食品监督管理以减少可能引起食源性疾病的危险因素。     

2015—2019年北京市大兴区食源性疾病常见病原微生物监测结果及变化趋势分析

目的 分析辖区食源性疾病常见病原微生物监测结果和变化趋势,为本区域食品安全事故处置和食源性疾病防控措施制定提供科学依据和数据支撑。 方法 收集大兴区2015—2019年食源性疾病病例流行病学、临床资料,采集便标本,检测常见8种食源性致病菌和2种肠道病毒,对检出病原分析。 结果 2015—2019年监测病例1 941例,检出致病菌5种254株,阳性率13.09%,沙门氏菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、志贺氏菌阳性率分别为5.20%、4.64%、2.78%、0.41%,空肠弯曲菌1株。沙门氏菌中肠炎沙门氏菌45株,致泻大肠埃希氏菌中肠道集聚性大肠埃希氏菌(EAEC)49株,副溶血性弧菌中O3∶K6血清型45株,志贺氏菌均为宋内志贺氏菌。1 941例中600例开展肠道病毒检测,检出2种70株,阳性率11.67%,其中诺如病毒检出67株。 结论 本区域食源性疾病常见致病菌种类未发生明显变化,分布发生变化,副溶血性弧菌占比上升,志贺氏菌明显下降,各致病菌血清型发生变化。肠道病毒中诺如病毒占优势。预计本区域食源性疾病常见病原微生物种类将趋于复杂。     

2013年北京市密云县食源性疾病主动监测结果分析

目的了解北京市密云县腹泻病常见食源性致病菌流行病学分布情况,提高食源性疾病发生的早期识别与溯源能力。方法分别依据国家标准GB 4789.4、GB 4789.5、GB 4789.7、GB 4789.6对哨点医院就诊的食源性疾病患者肛拭子进行沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、5种致病性大肠埃希氏菌(EPEC、ETEC、EIEC、EHEC、EAEC)的检测。结果在227例食源性疾病患者肛拭子中,检出致病菌11株,检出率4.85%。其中副溶血性弧菌8株,沙门氏菌2株,致病性大肠埃希氏菌(EPEC)1株。结论密云县食源性疾病患者在8种常见致病菌中以副溶血性弧菌及沙门氏菌为主;应继续加强主动监测,降低散在的食源性疾病的发生。     

2011-2012年金州新区食源性致病菌检测结果分析

目的了解金州新区食品中食源性致病菌污染状况,及时发现食品中的安全隐患,从而为食品监管及食源性疾病的预防与开展提供科学依据。方法按照国家食源性致病菌监测工作手册及国家标准GB/T 4789-2008、2010的检测方法,对所采样品进行沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7、单增李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、创伤弧菌6种食源性致病菌检测。结果共检测11类食品280份样品,检出致病菌28株,总检出率为10.00%;11类食品中检测食源性致病菌的有8类,总检出率为72.73%。结论金州新区食品中存在一定的食源性致病菌的污染,食品监管部门应加强管理,减少食源性疾病的发生;监测中加强抽样的科学性、代表性和检测的力度,把我区的食品安全风险因素降到最低点。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.