进展期胃癌术后早期肠内-肠外营养联合应用与肠外营养的临床比较

目的探讨进展期胃癌术后早期肠内营养和肠外营养联合应用的可行性、安全性和临床效果。方法62例进展期胃癌患者术后第一天随机分为(1)肠外营养(PN)组;(2)肠内和肠外联合营养(EN-PN)组;(3)对照组。观察在治疗过程中3组患者并发症的发生率、术后肠功能恢复时间、平均住院天数及营养评定的各项指标,进行对比分析。结果对照组并发症发生率明显高于EN-PN组和PN组(P<0.05)。对照组术后胃肠功能恢复时间及平均住院天数较EN-PN组和PN组明显延长(P<0.05),而EN-PN组与其余两组比较显著缩短(P<0.05)。EN-PN组和PN组术后血清白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白在营养支持后均明显升高(P<0.05),体重下降缓慢,负氮平衡均得到有效纠正。结论进展期胃癌术后早期肠内营养及肠外营养联合应用安全、可行,在改善机体营养状况方面与全肠外营养相似,并有促进和维护胃肠道功能的作用,同时费用较低。     

消化道术后肠内营养与肠外营养联合应用与单纯肠外营养的比较

目的 探讨消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养（EN）和肠外营养（PN）联合应用对患者恢复的影响，并与完全胃肠外营养（TPN）进行比较。方法 将2002年1月-2004年3月择期行消化道恶性肿瘤手术的患者65例随机分为二组：EN-PN组（35例）和TPN组（30例），于术后24小时开始营养治疗。分别于术前和术后第7天测定血清白蛋白（ALB）、前白蛋白（PA）、转铁蛋白（TFN）及白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）水平，同时测定血清内毒素水平和尿乳果糖/甘露醇（L/M）评价肠黏膜通透性，测定血清IgA、IgG、IgM、CD4、CD8及CD4/CD8评价免疫功能，比较二组患者感染等并发症的发生率和平均住院时间。结果 术后第7天，EN-PN组的尿L/M、血清内毒素、IL-6及TNFα水平均明显低于TPN组（P〈0．05），而EN-PN组的IgG及CD4/CD8水平均明显高于TPN组（P〈0．05），EN-PN组TFN及PA明显高于TPN组（P〈0．05），EN-PN组患者感染并发症和住院时间亦明显降低（P〈0．01）。结论 消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后早期应用肠内和肠外营养相结合的营养方式是安全有效的，可提高患者的免疫功能，促进患者恢复。     

婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿术后早期肠内营养与肠外营养

目的　探讨婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿术后早期肠内营养（EEN）的实施方法及临床效果。方法　分析2014年1月至2015年12月在南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院普外科行胆总管囊肿切除＋胆道重建术（Roux-en-Y吻合术）患儿的临床资料,采用随机对照试验设计,分为研究组（EEN组）和对照组［全胃肠外营养（TPN）组］,研究组术后48 h起予以肠内营养;对照组术后常规予以TPN。比较两组患儿入院第1天和术后第7天体质量、前白蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白、血红蛋白、免疫球蛋白及淋巴细胞计数;比较两组术后首次排便时间、平均拔胃管时间、胃肠减压引流总量以及术后并发症等方面的差异。结果　共有68例患儿完成了临床观察。两组术前体质量、身高、疾病分布、营养指标相比差异无统计学意义;术后EEN组的首次排便时间［（69.20±9.37）h比（84.73±5.12）h］、平均拔胃管时间［（110.48±5.47）h比（134.90±6.97）h］及胃肠减压引流总量［（202.31±32.89）ml比（258.70±25.52）ml］较TPN组显著提前或减少（均P＜0.001）;术后第7天EEN组的体质量和血红蛋白与TPN组相比,差异无统计学意义;前白蛋白及视黄醇结合蛋白［（0.21±0.06）g/L比（0.14±0.05）g/L、（35.98±6.13）mg/L比（28.41±6.09）mg/L）明显高于TPN组（均P＜0.001）;术后第7天免疫指标淋巴细胞计数及免疫球蛋白两组相比差异有统计学意义［（1.33±0.05）×109/L比（0.69±0.06）×109/L、（0.67±0.09）g/L比（0.49±0.10）g/L,均P＜0.001］;两组术后并发症相比差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。术后平均随访3～24个月,患儿术后恢复满意,生长发育良好。结论　婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿术后EEN治疗可行、安全、有效,有助于患儿胃肠道功能恢复,改善营养及免疫状况,利于患儿术后恢复。     

食管癌术后早期肠内营养的临床研究

目的：探讨术后早期肠内营养支持在食管癌术后的应用价值。方法：通过给86例食管癌手术后行早期肠内营养支持（EEN）治疗,与88例食管癌术后行全肠外营养支持（TPN）治疗相比较,观察所有患者术后第1天及第8天血清白蛋白及前白蛋白水平、排气排便时间、术后并发症的发生情况以及平均住院费用。结果：食管癌术后行早期肠内营养支持组术后排气排便时间早,术后感染并发症少,平均住院费用低,与肠外营养组比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）。患者术后第1天及第8天血清白蛋白水平较术前皆略有下降,两组之间比较无明显差异;肠内营养组术后第8天血清前白蛋白基本恢复到术前水平,而肠外营养组血清前白蛋白则下降明显,两组比较,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论：早期肠内营养在食管癌术后应用有利于减轻术后的蛋白分解,促进胃肠道功能早期恢复,减少术后感染并发症的发生并降低住院费用。     

肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎预后的影响

目的探讨肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)预后的影响。方法选择1990年1月至2005年4月在我院接受分期营养治疗的SAP患者253例,其中154例接受全肠外营养(TPN),组成TPN组;99例同时接受肠外营养(PN)和肠内营养(EN),组成PN+EN组。比较两组患者感染率、并发症发生率、住院时间和死亡率的差异。结果与TPN组相比,PN+EN组患者的胰腺感染率(10.1%vs.14.9%,P>0.05),其他部位感染率(20.2%vs.36.4%,P<0.05),并发症发生率(40.4%vs.53.9%,P<0.05)和死亡率(17.2%vs.19.5%,P>0.05)降低,住院时间缩短[(31.61±22.85)天vs.(38.17±25.50)天,P<0.05]。结论PN和EN联合应用是SAP首选的合理营养方式。     

胃癌患者术后早期肠内营养结合TPN诊治疗效分析

目的探讨胃癌患者术后留置鼻肠管（NJT）给予早期肠内营养结合TPN诊治的意义．方法对17例胃癌手术的病人，术中NT留置，术后早期给予肠内营养液同时TPN治疗。结果病人均能顺利置入NJT，术后早期开展肠内营养，胃肠功能恢复良好，无明显并发症发生。结论胃癌患者术后围手术期合理应用肠内、肠外营养支持对胃癌术后病人减少并发症，促进恢复有一定的作用。胃癌患者早期作肠内营养，可促使病人尽早、顺利康复。NJT留置肠内营养结合全胃：肠营养（TPN）。更为经济有效。     

结肠癌术后不同营养支持方式的对比研究

目的探讨结肠癌术后早期肠内营养支持对患者营养状况的改善及并发症发生率的影响。方法2002年1～12月收治的51例行结肠癌根治性手术的患者随机分组,即早期肠内营养支持(EN组)、胃肠外营养(PN组)及常规补液组。营养支持共5～7d,分别测定其术前及术后营养相关指标,并观察其并发症发生率。结果术后10d测定肠内营养支持组白蛋白为(35.2±5.8)g/L,前白蛋白(280.3±52.2)mg/L熏体重(59.9±5.0)kg熏均较常规补液组白蛋白穴31.6±4.2雪g/L,前白蛋白穴231.6±55.8雪mg/L,体重穴56.5±5.3雪kg明显升高穴P<0.05雪,与PN组眼白蛋白穴35.8±5.5雪g/L,前白蛋白穴289.3±49.2雪mg/L,体重穴60.2±4.7雪kg演差异无显著性,排气时间比PN组及对照组均缩短穴P<0.05雪,感染性并发症发生率较对照组及PN组明显降低穴P<0.05雪。结论术后早期肠内营养可改善结肠癌术后营养状况,降低感染性并发症发生率。     

食管癌病人术后早期肠内营养的疗效观察

目的:探讨食管癌病人术后早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性和临床疗效.方法:将58例食管癌病人随机分为早期肠内营养(EEN,n=30)组和全肠外营养(TPN,n=28)组,两组均行营养支持8 d.所有病人在手术前1d、术后第9天分别测定营养指标、免疫指标、肝功能、体重等,并观察肠功能恢复情况、术后并发症、住院费用和住院时间等...     

肠内与肠外营养对胃癌患者术后应激状态的影响

目的评价早期肠内营养(EEN)与完全胃肠外营养(TPN)对胃癌患者根治术后应激状态的影响。方法将30例胃癌病人随机平分两组:EEN组术后第1d以静脉支持为主,第2d开始经空肠营养管滴入肠内营养制剂能全力(肠内营养混悬液),逐步加大支持强度并减少静脉支持。TPN组术后每日行完全肠外营养支持直到经口进食。另取15例同期行择期手术的普外科腹部手术病人(胆囊结石病人)作为对照组。术前、术后第8d分别检测各组C3、C4、CRP及TNF-α指标;观察各组患者术后肛门排气的时间。结果术前30例胃癌病人的C3、C4、CRP及TNF-α高于对照组(p<0.05)。术后第8d,EEN组的C3、C4、CRP及TNF-α均低于TPN组,差异有统计学意义(p<0.05)。术后EEN组患者胃肠道功能恢复时间短,排气时间与TPN组比较差别有统计学意义(p<0.05)。结论胃癌术后EEN比TPN更能降低胃癌患者根治术后应激反应,促进胃肠功能恢复。     

胃癌全胃切除术后肠内营养对血浆游离脂肪酸的影响

目的探讨胃癌全胃切除术后肠内营养对血浆游离脂肪酸的影响。方法将30例胃癌行全胃切除术后的患者,随机分为两组:治疗(EN)组,术后第1天即开始行肠内高营养;对照(TPN)组,术后即给予全肠外营养,共9d。分别于术前及术后第1、5、9天,采静脉血,监测血浆中游离脂肪酸(C16:0、C18:0、C18:2、C20:4)。结果术前及术后d1两组无差异(P>0.05);d5、d9两组游离脂肪酸(FFA)均升高,C16:0、C20:4两组比较差异最明显(P<0.01);手术前后两组各自比较差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。结论手术创伤后血浆中游离脂肪酸浓度降低,术后EN能更快予以补充,并且优于TPN。     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Ceramide in Lipid Emulsions Used in Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease is a prevalent and severe complication of long term parenteral nutrition. We present here for the first time data on the presence of ceramide, a bioactive compound involved in a variety of metabolic processes, in different lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Further research is needed to determine whether this potential harmful bioactive compound is involved in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

Future Doctors' Perceptions about Incorporating Nutrition into Standard Care Practice

Objective: The increasing prevalence of chronic disease has been largely attributed to long-term poor nutrition and lifestyle choices. This study investigates the attitudes of our future physicians toward nutrition and the likelihood of incorporating nutrition principles into current treatment protocols.Methods: Setting: The setting of this study was an Australian university medical school. Subjects: Subjects including year 1–4 students (n = 928) in a 4-year medical bachelor, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) degree program. Students were invited to participate in a questionnaire based on an existing instrument, the Nutrition in Patient Care Attitude (NIPC) Questionnaire, to investigate their attitudes toward nutrition in health care practices.Results: Respondents indicated that “high risk patients should be routinely counseled on nutrition” (87%), “nutrition counseling should be routine practice” (70%), and “routine nutritional assessment and counseling should occur in general practice” (57%). However, despite overall student support of nutritional counseling (70%) and assessment (86%), students were reluctant to perform actual dietary assessments, with only 38% indicating that asking for a food diary or other measure of dietary intake was important.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that future physicians are aware of the importance of considering nutrition counseling and assessment. However, students are unlikely to adequately integrate relevant nutritional information into their treatment protocols, evidenced by their limited use of a basic nutritional assessment. This is potentially the result of a lack of formal nutrition education within their basic training.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.