云南省昆明市HIV-1流行株pol基因序列特征分析

目的 了解云南省昆明市人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)的亚型分布特征及其pol结构基因的变异特征.方法 随机抽取2015-2019年昆明市抗病毒治疗半年以上的样本390例,收集其流行病学信息,血浆提纯HIV-1 RNA,采用巢式聚合酶链式反应扩增...     

DC-SIGN和DC-SIGNR在HIV-1感染传播中的作用

人免疫缺陷病毒一1(human immunodeficiency virus-1，HIV-1)是人类主要的感染病毒类型，存在于人的血液、体液、精液、阴道分泌物及母乳中，可经血行传播、性传播和母婴垂直传播等。HIV-1能否感染靶细胞，首先取决于病毒与细胞表面特异性受体的识别利吸附，是病毒感染细胞的第一步。CD4     

6份人类免疫缺陷病毒的基因亚型分析

艾滋病是由于人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus。HIV)引起的一类高感染率、高发病率、高死亡率的传染病。由于HIV的高度变异性使得机体的免疫机制难以适应病毒的变异速度。造成感染者的免疫功能部分或全部丧失。而使感染者病死率极高。同时。HIV的这种高度变异性也使其自身发展成为一组复杂的病毒种群。其中包括HIV-1和HIV-2两个型别。目前引起全世界范围内大面积流行的HIV-1病毒主要为HIV-1型M组中的A-J(除E以外)9个亚型和14种流行重组模式(CRF01～CRF14)毒株。而不同亚型病毒的生物学特性、分子流行病学特征、疾病进程和相关治疗手段均有所不同。笔者根据通过复合套式PCR鉴定HIV-1基因亚型的方法。对沈阳医学院附属中心医院门诊和住院患者中筛查出的HIV-1阳性感染者进行基因亚型的鉴定与分析。报告如下。     

北京人类免疫缺陷病毒1型阳性吸毒者env基因序列测定和亚型分析

人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)高度变异既是病毒自身特点决定的,也是适应环境和免疫逃逸的结果[1].一般来说感染的途径不同,HIV-1病毒的变异情况也不同.北京于1993年发现首例静脉吸毒感染HIV的吸毒者,2000年开始对吸毒人群进行哨点监测,2006年首次对流动人口中的吸毒者HIV-1毒株亚型进行测定,但关于北京吸毒人群HIV-1的毒株亚型及其分布仍知之甚少.     

病毒微生物对HIV-1感染抑制作用研究进展

研究提示.某些微生物的感染可以改变人类免疫缺陷病毒1(HIV-1)的易感性和艾滋病(AIDS)的发病进程.虽然目前微生物感染对HIV-1的抑制作用研究资料无论是在流行病学的证据方面还是在机制方面尚无一致结论,但是此研究为我们利用病毒或其他微生物防治HIV-1感染和延缓AJDS进程提供了新的思路.现综述如下.     

艾滋病检测技术研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency.virus.HIV)是获得性免疫缺陷综合症(aquired im-munodeficiency syndrome,AIDS.艾滋病)的病原体,以细胞免疫缺陷为特征,多伴发机会性致死性感染和罕见肿瘤[1]。1981年美国首次报道第1例艾滋病病例,1983年由美国人罗伯特加洛领导的研究小组     

HIV-1病毒载量RT-PCR检测方法建立

目前,人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)载量常用的检测技术及试剂盒主要为欧美发达国家所掌握,由于成本原因这些试剂盒难以在发展中国家广泛使用[1].随着中国艾滋病感染者的增多,建立经济的、适合国情HIV-1主要毒株的病毒载量检测方法非常必要.     

安徽省人类免疫缺陷病毒1型流行毒株基因序列变化和亚型特征分析

我国人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus 1,HIV-1)流行毒株亚型复杂,自1996年以来,已报道A,B,B',C,D,F,亚型CRF01_AE,CRF02AG和CRF_BC重组毒株等亚型在我国同时流行[1-2].     

安徽省人类免疫缺陷病毒1型流行毒株基因序列变化和亚型特征分析

我国人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus 1,HIV-1)流行毒株亚型复杂,自1996年以来,已报道A,B,B',C,D,F,亚型CRF01_AE,CRF02AG和CRF_BC重组毒株等亚型在我国同时流行[1-2].     

人免疫缺陷病毒1型的亚型分类

人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)有两型：HIV-1和HIV-2。HIV-1基因具有很高的变异性，因而对HIV-1基因进行分类是该病毒基因研究的重要部分。本文就HIV-1亚型分类的进展作了综述。     

CD40L expressed from the canarypox vector, ALVAC, can boost immunogenicity of HIV-1 canarypox vaccine in mice and enhance the in vitro expansion of viral specific CD8+ T cell memory responses from HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected individuals

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) canarypox vaccines are safe but poorly immunogenic. CD40 ligand (CD40L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF), is a pivotal costimulatory molecule for immune responses. To explore whether CD40L can be used as an adjuvant for HIV-1 canarypox vaccine, we constructed recombinant canarypox viruses expressing CD40L. Co-immunization of mice with CD40L expressing canarypox and the canarypox vaccine expressing HIV-1 proteins, vCP1452, augmented HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in terms of frequency, polyfunctionality and interleukin (IL)-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Ralpha, CD127) expression. In addition, CD40L expressed from canarypox virus could significantly augment CD4+ T cell responses against HIV-1 in mice. CD40L expressed from canarypox virus matured human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) in a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) independent manner, which underwent less apoptosis, and could expand ex vivo Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CTL responses from healthy human individuals and ex vivo HIV-1-specific CTL responses from HIV-1-infected individuals in the presence or absence of CD4+ T cells. Taken together, our results suggest that CD40L incorporation into poxvirus vectors could be used as a strategy to enhance their immunogenicity.     

Major core proteins, p24s, of human, simian, and feline immunodeficiency viruses are partly expressed on the surface of the virus-infected cells.

We have previously shown the expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) major gag protein, p24, on the surface of persistently HIV-1-infected cells by using murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb). We now report that the cell surface gag p24 antigen expression is a universal phenomenon among HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The mAbs prepared by immunization with purified HIV-1 particles were used as antibodies cross-reactive to HIV-1 and SIVagmp24 antigens. The mAbs to FIV p24 were raised against the gag precursor 50 kDa protein of FIV, which was expressed by Baculovirus vector. The p24 antigen expression on the cell surface was detectable in certain combinations of virus-host cell systems in all of these viruses. Since these p24 regions of the animal viruses seem to play as important a role in cell-mediated immunity as that of HIV-1, the p24 applicability as a candidate epitope for vaccine development could be evaluated in those animals.     

Effect of promoter strength on protein expression and immunogenicity of an HSV-1 amplicon vector encoding HIV-1 Gag

Helper-free herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) amplicon vectors elicit robust immune responses to encoded proteins, including human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) antigens. To improve this vaccine delivery system, seven amplicon vectors were constructed, each encoding HIV-1 Gag under the control of a different promoter. Gag expression levels were analyzed in murine and human cell lines, as well as in biopsied tissue samples from injected mice; these data were then compared with Gag-specific T cell responses in BALB/c mice. The magnitude of the amplicon-induced immune response was found to correlate strongly with the level of Gag production both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the best correlation of the strength of the amplicon-induced immune response was with antigen expression in cultured DC rather than expression at the tissue site of injection or in cultured cell lines. These findings may have implications for the generation of improved HSV-1 amplicon vectors for HIV-1 vaccine delivery.     

Transmission of HIV-1 in the Breast-Feeding Process

Current laboratory techniques cannot distinguish the mode of vertical transmission (intrauterine, intrapartum, or postnatal) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from mother to infant. The ability to transmit HIV-1 via breastfeeding has been established in 24 case reports, primarily involving mothers who seroconvert after delivery. Whether breast-feeding adds a notable additional risk of HIV-1 infection to the risk from pregnancy is controversial. The importance of the duration and intensity of breast-feeding in modulating the outcome of HIV transmission via breast milk also remains unclear. Factors in breast milk may play important roles in an infant's susceptibility to infection with HIV and in the expression of the virus. Pasteurization and storage enhance the intrinsic, antiviral properties of human milk. Banked human milk is pasteurized to destroy the HIV-1 virus but retains properties that may be helpful to infants of HIV-1-positive mothers in developed countries where breastfeeding is not recommended. For infants in populations where the infant mortality rate is high, the risk of death associated with HIV infection acquired via breast milk is lower than the risk associated with not being breast-fed. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:267-274.     

Management of HIV-1 Infection in Children

Optimal management of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected children requires a commitment from the healthcare delivery system, healthcare providers, and affected families and caregivers. When adequate resources are available (as in most industrialised nations), an aggressive approach to early identification of at-risk populations, early diagnosis, and early and aggressive therapy is associated with marked health benefits and cost efficiency.Much of the morbidity and high costs associated with HIV-1 care are related to the management of HIV-1—related complications. Some, but not all, of these could be prevented or lessened by earlier identification of HIV-1 infection and use of antiretroviral therapy for prophylaxis against opportunistic infections. Prevention of any opportunistic infection is always preferable to treatment.The greatest optimism for those caring for HIV-1—infected children has been provided by the success of antiretroviral therapy in preventing mother-to-infant HIV-1 transmission. A goal of reducing perinatal transmission of HIV-1 in industrialised nations from 25% to 2% or less is very reasonable. The recent success in Thailand provides hope that less privileged areas of the world with high burdens of HIV-1 infection might also be capable of benefiting from intervention strategies that will be accessible to them.     

The changing pattern of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in intravenous drug users. Results of a six-year seroprevalence study in Palermo, Italy.

A cross-sectional seroepidemiologic study was carried out between 1985 and 1990 in 1,567 heterosexual intravenous drug users who had been seen at the AIDS Regional Reference Center in Palermo, Italy, to evaluate the rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroprevalence in this group and its long-term trend. Sixty serum samples collected from drug users in 1980 and 1983, before the founding of the Center (1985), were tested as well. Some demographic and behavioral risk factors were studied in a subgroup of intravenous drug users enrolled in 1985, 1987, and 1990 for their possible association with HIV-1. These factors were also studied in relation to hepatitis B virus infection, since both viruses share the same modes of spread. These drug users had a higher prevalence of markers for hepatitis B virus than of HIV-1 antibodies, and the prevalence rates in sera collected declined over time for both infections. The presence of both antibodies to HIV-1 and markers for hepatitis B virus was independently associated with the age of the drug user, the duration of drug use, and the year of serum collection. Antibodies to HIV-1 were observed more frequently in females than in males. No relation was found between education or employment status and the presence of HIV-1 antibodies or hepatitis B virus markers. Although new HIV-1 infections still occur, the decline in seroprevalence observed at the end of the 1980s might be related to modifications in social behavior among newer drug users, partial exhaustion of the susceptible population, and increasing risk awareness in more experienced users.     

Retroviral infections (HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I) in rural northwestern Tanzania. Clinical findings, epidemiology, and association with infections common in Africa

During a three-week period in March/April 1987, the authors examined 253 consecutive patients referred to a rural hospital in northwestern Tanzania. Sera were tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), as well as for various parasites, hepatitis B virus, and Treponema pallidum. Neopterin (urinary and serum) was chosen as the immunologic parameter. In eight of the 253 patients (3.2%), a clinical diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was established. Three of the AIDS patients had HIV-1 antibodies, two had HIV-1 antigen, one had both HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies, and in one patient, only HIV-2 antibodies were found. The total HIV-1 and HIV-2 seroprevalence (antibodies plus antigen) was 4.3%; HTLV-I seroprevalence was 9.9%. No correlation could be found between HIV (or HTLV-I) seropositivity and raised levels of antibody to the above pathogens. There was, however, a significantly positive correlation between HIV seropositivity and history of gonorrhea, whereas a history of operations, injections, vaccinations, blood transfusions, or scarification did not influence the level of HIV seropositivity. The most frequently noted epidemiologic association with HIV seropositivity was traveling to or coming from Uganda or Rwanda. Two thirds of the studied Tanzanians had elevated neopterin levels, and all seven HIV-seropositive patients with clinical signs of AIDS had extremely high serum and urinary neopterin levels compared with HIV-seropositive patients without signs of AIDS. Increased neopterin levels reflect a stimulation of the T-cell/macrophage system.     

CD4、CCR5、CXCR4和DC-SIGN分子在 HIV-1感染者及正常人晚孕胎盘及早孕绒毛的表达

目的 明确CD4、CCR5、CXCR4和DC-SIGN分子在HIV-1不同感染状态晚孕胎盘和早孕绒毛的存在及表达情况,为探索HIV-1宫内传播的分子机制提供理论依据.方法 收集11例HIV-1感染孕妇胎盘、13例正常孕妇胎盘和10例早孕流产绒毛,免疫组化检测并比较3组孕妇胎盘或绒毛组织中HIV-1相关受体CD4、CCR5、CXCR4和DC -SIGN分子的存在情况及其表达强度.结果 CD4在早孕绒毛和晚孕胎盘中的表达存在个体差异,早孕组、对照组和病例组CD4阳性率分别为70.00％、61.54％、72.73％,3组阳性率差异无统计学意义(P=0.902).CCR5、CXCR4和DC-SIGN分子在胎盘均有表达,均定位于滋养细胞和绒毛间质细胞和/或Hofbauer细胞,且在早孕绒毛中的表达强度均低于晚孕胎盘组,差异均有统计学意义(t1=-4.09,P1＜0.001;t2=-4.80,P2＜0.001;t3=-4.57,P3=0.001).结论 胎盘组织中存在多种HIV-1受体相关分子,具备感染的分子基础.胎盘滋养细胞上是否存在CD4分子具有个体差异;CCR5、CXCR4和DC-SIGN分子在晚孕胎盘中的表达高于早孕的绒毛,可能是HIV-1感染宫内传播多发生于孕晚期的原因之一.     

Association of hepatitis B surface antigen and core antibody with acquisition and manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection

We examined the associations between seropositivity for hepatitis B virus (HBV) with the presence or development of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and with HIV-1 induced T-helper lymphocyte deficiency or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Serologic data on HBV and HIV-1, cytometric enumeration of CD4+ lymphocytes, clinical events (AIDS by Centers for Disease Control criteria) and hepatitis B vaccination histories were available on 4,498 homosexual participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Men were classified as to previous infection with HBV and prevalent or incident infection with HIV-1. Although there was an association between seropositivity for HBV infection and HIV-1 infection at enrollment (odds ratios anti-HBc 2.6; HBsAg 4.2), the relation between HBV seropositivity and subsequent seroconversion to HIV-1 was weaker (odds ratios 1.3 and 1.6). HIV-1 seroconversion was also associated with a history of certain other sexually transmitted diseases, but predisposing sexual practices did not account for the association between HBV and HIV-1 infection. Seropositivity for HBV infection at entry was not related to initially low or more rapid subsequent decline in T-helper lymphocyte counts and was not associated with an increased incidence of AIDS during 2.5 years of follow-up. History of vaccination against HBV did not appear to decrease susceptibility to HIV-1 infection or to subsequent progression of immunodeficiency. We conclude that prior HBV infection is unlikely to be specifically associated with acquisition of HIV-1 infection and is unrelated to more rapid progression of HIV-1-induced immunodeficiency.     

HIV-1 group O infection in Cameroon from 2006 to 2013: Prevalence,genetic diversity,evolution and public health challenges

The human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, is characterized by a tremendously high genetic diversity, leading to the currently known circulating HIV types, groups, subtypes, and recombinant forms. HIV-1 group O is one of the most diverse forms of HIV-1 and has been so far related to Cameroon or individuals originating from Cameroon. In this study, we investigated in Cameroon, the evolution of this viral group from 2006 to 2013, in terms of prevalence, genetic diversity and public health implications. Our results confirmed the predominance of HIV-1 group M (98.5%), a very low prevalence (< 0.02%) for HIV-1 group N and P, and HIV-2 in this country. HIV-1 group O was found at around 0.6% (95% confidence interval: 0.4–0.8%), indicating that the frequency of this virus in Cameroon has remained stable over the last decades. However, we found an extensive high genetic diversity within this HIV-1 group, that resulted from previous steady increase on the effective number of HIV-1 group O infections through time, and the current distribution of the circulating viral strains still does not allow classification as subtypes. The frequency of dual infections with HIV-1 group M and group O was 0.8% (95% confidence interval: 0.6–1.0%), but we found no recombinant forms in co-infected patients. Natural resistance to integrase inhibitors was not identified, although we found several mutations considered as natural polymorphisms. Our study shows that infections with HIV-1 group O can be adequately managed in countries where the virus circulates, but this complex virus still represents a challenge for diagnostics and monitoring strategies.