Analysis of Vitamin C and Fe Nutritional Level of Students in A Teacher Training College

为了解师范学院大学生维生素C及铁的营养状况 ,采用称重法与询问法相结合进行调查和测定。结果显示大学生膳食结构不合理 ,维生素C摄入量偏低 ,占推荐摄入量 (RNI) 5 4.6 0 %,铁的摄入量男性占适宜摄入量 (AI)的 32 .2 7%,女性占AI的 141.2 5 %,但大部分为非血红素铁。 4h负荷尿试验维生素C不足率达48.6 5 %,血清铁不足率为 2 0 .2 7%。维生素C正常组与不足组血清铁含量及铁不足率均有显著性差异 (t=3 .92 ,P <0 .0 1,X2 =7.2 1,P <0 .0 1)。维生素C水平与血清铁含量呈显著性正相关 (r=0 .382 5 ,P <0 .0 1)。说明该校大学生膳食中动物性食品及蔬菜水果类食品摄入量偏低 ,维生素C及铁营养状况不良 ,应注意增加这类食品的摄入量。     

粤东某地方高校220名男生膳食营养调查

目的了解男大学生膳食营养状况。方法采用24 h膳食记录法和查帐法对粤东某高校随机抽取的部分在校男生进行连续3 d的膳食调查;通过人发微量元素检查和体格检查进行营养评价。结果共调查220名男生,其总热能摄入不足,男生热能摄入量只占推荐营养素摄入量(RNI)的84.5%;钙、锌、维生素B2和维生素B1则严重不足,分别只占RNI的43.6%、56.0%、64.3%和71.4%。头发中铁的含量为(61.69±13.14)μg/g。体质指数(BM I)小于18.5的男生占14%。结论该校男生膳食结构应适当调整,应增大粮谷类、蔬果类、鱼类的摄入量,提高膳食能量和钙、锌、维生素B2、维生素B1的摄入量。     

453名大学生膳食调查

目的　了解温州市高校学生现时营养状况 ,并针对出现的问题提出改进措施。　方法　采用 2 4h膳食记录及称重法连续 4d调查温州市某高校 4 5 3名大学生的膳食消费结构。　结果　男生热能的摄入占参考摄入量 (DRIs)的 95 .7% ,达到DRIs的要求 ;女生热能的摄入量为DRIs的 84 .1% ,基本满足需要。蛋白质摄入量男生平均为 71.2g ,达DRIs的 94 .9% ;女生平均 6 3.8g达DRIs的 98.2 %。男女生铁的摄入量占DRIs10 8.7%和 92 .5 %。钙、锌及多种维生素摄入量均不足。　结论　必须加强膳食指导 ,调整膳食结构 ,以提高矿物质、维生素等摄入量     

医学生铁营养状况及其影响因素分析

目的 :为了解医学院大学生铁营养状况及其影响因素。方法 :采用 2 4h膳食记录法进行 3d的膳食调查 ,问卷询问法进行营养知识行为态度调查 ,测定HB ,尿维生素C。结果 :该校大学生预防缺铁性贫血的知识了解较少 ,膳食结构不合理 ,蔬菜水果摄入量低 ,维生素C摄入量男女分别占推荐摄入量的 6 0 %和 5 6 % ,铁的摄入量男性占适宜摄入量 (AI)的 175 % ,女性占AI的 10 0 %。缺铁性贫血的患病率男女分别为 5 .0 %和 14 .6 % ,4h尿负荷试验维生素C不足率男女分别为 15 .3%和 10 .7% ,且贫血患者中尿维生素C缺乏率为 70 %。结论 :改善该校大学生铁营养状况应增加膳食中蔬菜水果的摄入量     

某集训部队维生素B2营养状况调查

目的了解集训部队维生素B2营养状况.方法采用5日称量法、生活观察法及4 h尿负荷试验调查部队膳食营养状况、热能消耗及机体维生素B2营养状况,并进行维生素B2缺乏症体征检查.结果(1)集训部队能量消耗最低为14.8 MJ,最高为16.1 MJ,平均为15.8 MJ,属重体力劳动.(2)集训部队能量摄入量为14.5 MJ、蛋白质摄入量为133.3 g、维生素B2摄入量为1.33 mg,达到标准要求的78.2%.(3)4 h尿负荷试验,维生素B2排出量为(715.9±523.2)μg,其中缺乏者占33.6%,不足者占38.5%,充足者占28.0%.(4)口角炎、唇炎舌炎、阴囊炎、脂溢性皮炎的检出率分别为10.5%、9.1%、1.4%、5.6%.结论集训部队官兵维生素B2营养状况不理想,应进一步调整膳食结构,适当增加富含维生素B2的食物或采用其它补给方法.     

深圳市居民户膳食模式调查

目的了解深圳市居民膳食营养状况,为营养教育和营养改善工作提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对244户居民853人进行家庭膳食调查。3日24h回顾法获得每个调查对象各类食物的进食量,用称重法获得每个家庭的调味品的消费量。结果深圳市居民每标准人日能量摄入为10.2MJ,占推荐摄入量(RNIs)的102.00%。蛋白质摄入量为103.5g/d,占推荐摄入量(RNI)的138.00%。脂肪摄入量为96.4g/d。维生素A、硫胺素和核黄素摄入量分别为788.0μg RE/d、1.0mg/d和0.9mg/d,分别占RNIs的98.50%、71.43%和64.329%。维生素B6、叶酸摄入量为0.2mg/d、103.1μg/d,分别占RNIs的16.67%和25.78%。钙、铁、钠摄入量分别为620.0mg/d、23.0mg/d和5 310.8mg/d,分别为RNIs的77.50%、153.34%和241.40%。结论深圳市居民每日能量、蛋白质、脂肪摄入量充足,核黄素、硫胺素、维生素B6、叶酸和钙的摄入量偏低,钠的摄入量偏高。要加强合理营养、平衡膳食的宣传教育,防止营养相关慢性病的持续上升。     

中国部分农村地区2～7岁留守儿童膳食营养现况研究

目的 了解中国农村留守儿童膳食营养状况,为农村留守儿童营养干预提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,随机选择农村2～7岁留守儿童1278名和对照儿童1273名作为调查对象.采用3日膳食称重法和食物摄人频率法进行膳食调查,并以中国营养学会推荐的膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)为依据,评价农村留守儿童膳食能量和各种营养素的摄人状况.结果 农村留守儿童膳食以粮谷类和蔬菜类为主,留守儿童肉禽水产类、水果类及零食类等食物的摄入量低于对照儿童,差异有统计学意义.农村留守儿童能量、三大产热营养素及部分矿物质(钙、锌、硒、钾)和维生素(维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2)的摄入量均低于推荐摄入量.农村留守儿童能量及主要营养素普遍摄入不足,能量摄入不足率在50%以上,蛋白质摄人不足率达80%以上,而钙、锌等矿物质和维生素B1、维生素B1等维生素的摄入不足率达90%以上.蛋白质来源中,优质蛋白质摄入量仅占总蛋白质摄入量的35%,而植物蛋白质占65%.此外植物性铁的摄入比例明显偏高,达到87%.结论 中国农村留守儿童的膳食结构不尽合理,能量和多种营养素摄入不足,能量、蛋白质及铁的来源不合理,膳食营养状况有待改善.     

城市居民维生素A营养状况调查

目的评价城市居民维生素A营养状况。方法在浙江2城市按多阶段整群随机抽样方法,抽取400名居民,通过问卷调查和3天24小时膳食调查法、体格检查和血样采集检测血清维生素A水平,采用维生素A每日推荐摄入量(RNI)来评价维生素A膳食摄入状况,分析城市居民维生素A营养状况及其影响因素。结果城市居民维生素A水平中位数为0.463(0.213)μg/m L,维生素A高度缺乏的占0.25%、缺乏的占0.50%、不足的占6.75%、充足的占92.50%。299人参与了膳食调查,每日维生素A摄入量的中位数为350.5(351.5)μgRE;平均每日维生素A摄入量低于60%RNI的占61.87%,仅有25.42%的人摄入量在80%RNI以上。男性、大城市、年龄较大、血清甘油三酯水平较高及膳食胆固醇摄入较高的居民其血清维生素A水平较高。结论城市居民血清维生素A较为充足,但维生素A膳食摄入状况仍有待改善。年龄、性别、地区等因素影响血清维生素A水平。     

肃南县3～13岁裕固族儿童膳食评价

目的了解甘肃省肃南县裕固族3~13岁儿童膳食状况,为中国少数民族儿童营养干预提供依据。方法采用整群抽样方法,从甘肃省肃南县裕固族聚居区抽取3~13岁儿童310人作为调查对象,进行连续3 d 24 h回顾法结合称重法的膳食调查。结果调查对象膳食构成以粮谷类为主,动物性食物及蔬菜的摄入量较低,豆类摄入量<30 g/d;能量、维生素A、维生素B1、锌的摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的儿童各有62、25、13、39人,分别占20.0%、8.1%、4.2%、12.6%;达到平均需要量(EAR)的儿童有155人,比例均不足50%,尤其是维生素A的摄入量达到EAR的儿童只有25人,<10%;三大宏量营养素供能比基本合理;学龄前儿童蛋白质、膳食铁均主要为植物性来源占总摄入量的60%。结论裕固族儿童蛋、禽肉、动物肝脏、新鲜蔬菜的摄入量不足,应提高优质蛋白质、动物性铁、维生素A等营养素摄入量,改善其营养状况。     

某医学院学生维生素C营养状况及其影响因素分析

目的　为了解医学院大学生维生素C营养状况及其影响因素。　方法　采用 2 4h膳食记录法进行 3d的膳食调查 ,问卷询问法进行营养知识行为态度调查 ,采用 4h尿负荷法测尿中维生素C含量。　结果　该校大学生对维生素C营养知识了解较少 ,膳食结构不合理 ,蔬菜水果摄入量低 ,维生素C摄入量男女分别占推荐摄入量的 6 0 %和 5 6 % ,4h尿负荷试验维生素C不足率男女分别为 15 .3%和 10 .7%。　结论　改善该校大学生维生素C营养状况应普及维生素C营养知识 ,增加膳食中蔬菜水果的摄入量。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.