VEGF与Notch1在乳腺癌浸润和转移中的作用及其相关性

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和Notch1在乳腺癌组织中的表达及与肿瘤浸润和转移之间的关系。方法采用免疫组化S-P法检测VEGF和Notch1蛋白在60例乳腺癌组织及20例癌旁正常乳腺组织中的表达情况,并分析两者与乳腺癌患者临床病理学特征的关系。结果 VEGF和Notch1蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达高于癌旁正常组织(P均<0.05)。VEGF的表达与乳腺癌的淋巴结转移、组织学分级、临床分期有关(P均<0.05),Notch1蛋白的表达与乳腺癌的淋巴结转移、组织学分级有关(P均<0.05),两者在乳腺癌组织中的表达呈正相关关系(r=0.414,P=0.001)。结论 VEGF和Notch1可能在乳腺癌的发生、发展中起重要作用,两者的高表达有可能作为预测乳腺癌浸润、转移的指标。     

ALDH1和上皮间质转化相关蛋白在三阴性乳腺癌中的表达及其相关性

[目的]探讨三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)组织中乙醛脱氢酶1(ALDH1)和上皮间质转化(EMT)相关蛋白的表达情况及其相关性.[方法]采用免疫组化方法检测90例TNBC组织中ALDH1以及EMT相关蛋白E-钙黏蛋白(E-cad)、N-钙黏蛋白(N-cad)的表达,分析其与临床病理特征的关系,并进一步分析ALDH1和EMT相关蛋白之间的相关性.[结果]TNBC组织中ALDH1、E-cad、N-cad的阳性表达率分别为45.6％(41/90)、56.7％(51/90)、52.2％(47/90).淋巴结转移在不同ALDH1表达组间差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),肿瘤大小、组织学分级、淋巴结转移在不同E-cad表达组间差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),组织学分级、淋巴结转移在不同N-cad表达组间差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).ALDH1的表达与E-cad、N-cad的表达均相关(P＜0.001),E-cad的表达与N-cad的表达也呈弱的负相关(r=-0.208,P=0.049).[结论]TNBC组织中EMT参与了乳腺癌的发生、浸润、转移,并且能够增加乳腺癌组织中的干细胞表型.     

转录因子 Sp1和 VEGF 在乳腺癌中的表达和意义

目的：检测转录因子 Sp1和 VEGF 在乳腺癌中的表达,探讨两者表达的相关性及临床意义。方法：采用免疫组织化学方法检测68例乳腺癌患者肿瘤组织及18例癌旁组织中 Sp1和 VEGF 的表达。结果：Sp1和 VEGF 在68例乳腺癌中表达的阳性率分别为72．05％（49／68）和64．71％（44／68）,与在18例正常乳腺组织中表达阳性率（分别为33．3％和16．67％）的差异有统计学意义（P 均＜0．01）。Sp1的过表达与乳腺癌的TNM分期、脉管浸润及淋巴结转移相关（P ＜0．05）,而与患者的年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分级无明显相关性;在乳腺癌组织中 Sp1和 VEGF 的表达之间呈明显正相关（P ＜0．01）。结论：Sp1和 VEGF 的表达与乳腺癌的生物学行为密切相关,且 Sp1高表达与乳腺癌的血管生成及患者的预后相关。     

ARID1A及PTEN在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征的相关性

目的:探讨乳腺癌组织中ARID1A及PTEN的表达情况,并分析其与乳腺癌患者临床病理特征的相关性。方法:收集2015年7月至2019年12月就诊于我院并经病理科诊断为乳腺癌92例、乳腺纤维腺瘤55例及癌周正常乳腺组织38例,采用免疫组化染色方法EnVision二步法检测各组中ARID1A及PTEN的表达水平,并分析二者在各组间表达的差异性及相关性;将乳腺癌组按照临床病理特征进行分组,统计分析这两种蛋白在各组间表达的差异性及与预后相关性。结果:浸润性乳腺癌组织中ARID1A及PTEN的阳性表达率低于乳腺纤维腺瘤及癌周正常乳腺组织,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ARID1A及PTEN的表达与乳腺癌患者的年龄、肿瘤大小、分子分型、远处转移等因素均无相关性(P＞0.05);ARID1A的表达与组织学分级、T分期及脉管侵犯有关,而PTEN与淋巴结转移、神经侵犯、脉管侵犯有关(P<0.05)。实验结果还显示ARID1A和PTEN蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达呈正相关（r=0.243,P<0.05）;ARID1A及PTEN蛋白表达缺失组的乳腺癌患者生存期明显短于阳性组乳腺癌患者,预后较差。结论:ARID1A及 PTEN在乳腺癌中均存在低表达的状态,并与肿瘤的脉管侵犯、高级别组织学分级等恶性生物学特征间存负向关联性,有望成为提示乳腺癌预后的两项可供参考的生物学指标。     

SMG 1、mTOR和Raptor在乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶相关激酶（PIKK）家族成员生殖器形成抑制基因1（SMG 1）、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）及mTOR调节相关蛋白（Raptor）在乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法 收集2014年1月至2015年7月乳腺癌组织68例及配对癌旁组织40例和乳腺纤维腺瘤组织40例,采用免疫组化SP法检测以上组织中SMG 1的表达情况,实时定量PCR（QPCR）检测mTOR和Raptor的表达水平,分析3者表达与乳腺癌临床病理特征的关系,并采用Spearman法分析3者表达的相关性。结果 乳腺癌组织中SMG 1的阳性表达率为27.9％（19／68）,低于癌旁组织的77.5％（31／40）和乳腺纤维腺瘤组织的82.5％（33／40）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;乳腺癌组织中mTOR和Raptor的相对表达量分别为2.754±0.213和4.137±0.626,均高于癌旁组织和乳腺纤维腺瘤组织（P＜0.05）。SMG 1表达与乳腺癌的肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移及组织学分级均有关（P＜0.05）,mTOR表达与乳腺癌的肿瘤大小、TNM分期及组织学分级均有关（P＜0.05）,Raptor表达与乳腺癌的肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移及组织学分级均有关（P＜0.05）;SMG 1表达与mTOR和Raptor表达呈负相关（r=-0.547、r=-0.415, P＜0.05）,mTOR和Raptor表达呈正相关（r=0.664, P＜0.05）。结论 乳腺癌组织中mTOR、Raptor呈高表达而SMG 1呈低表达,3者表达均与乳腺癌的肿瘤大小、组织学分级有关,提示PIKK家族成员SMG 1、mTOR和Raptor可能在乳腺癌发生、发展中具有重要意义。     

IL-8在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:检测乳腺癌组织中IL-8表达,探讨其与临床病理学因子及生物学因子的关系.方法:采用免疫组化SP法检测乳腺癌组织中IL-8、ER、PR、VEGF、MVD表达.结果:1)103例乳腺癌组织中IL-8( )表达率为34%、( )为35%、( )为10.7%,与正常及良性组织相比有显著性差异(P=0);2)IL-8表达水平与VEGF、MVD表达呈正相关(P=0);3)IL-8表达与淋巴结转移状况、组织学分级、临床分期有关(P＜0.05);4)IL-8与乳腺癌预后有关(P＜0.05);5)IL-8与ER、PR、肿瘤大小及病理类型无关(P＞0.05).结论:IL-8的表达水平与影响乳腺癌患者预后的生物学因素相关,IL-8高表达,预后差,可作为判断乳腺癌预后的指标.     

基底细胞样型乳腺癌中Cdc42 和IQGAP1的表达及临床意义

[目的]分析细胞分裂周期蛋白42(Cdc42)和支架蛋白1(IQGAP1)与基底细胞样型乳腺癌(basal-like breast cancer,BLBC)临床病理特征之间的关系及二者之间的相关性,探讨Cdc42和IQGAP1在BLBC发生、发展及侵袭转移中的作用.[方法]采用免疫组化方法检测60例BLBC、45例非基底细胞样型乳腺癌(non-basal-like breast carcinoma,Non-BLBC)和35例癌旁正常乳腺组织中Cdc42和IQGAP1的表达.[结果]Cdc42在BLBC中的表达明显高于Non-BLBC和癌旁正常乳腺组织(P＜0.0 125),IQGAP1在BLBC和Non-BLBC中的表达明显高于癌旁正常乳腺组织(P＜0.0125);BLBC中Cdc42的表达与淋巴结转移和TNM分期密切相关(P＜0.05),IQGAP1的表达与肿瘤大小和淋巴结转移密切相关(P＜0.05),并且两者在BLBC中的表达呈正相关关系(r=0.638,P＜0.05).[结论]Cdc42和IQGAP1可能是促进肿瘤的局部侵袭和远处转移的重要因素,在BLBC的发生发展中起着重要的作用.     

乳腺癌组织中MT1-MMP、VEGF的表达及其相关性

目的 探讨MT1-MMP和VEGF在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与乳腺癌临床病理特征间的关系.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测67例乳腺癌组织和癌旁正常组织中MT1-MMP和VEGF的表达情况,并与临床病理特征进行相关性分析.结果 MT1-MMP和VEGF在乳腺癌组织中的表达水平显著高于在癌旁正常组织中的表达水平（P＜0.05）.VEGF 和MT1-MMP在乳腺癌组织中的表达呈正相关（P=0.005）.VEGF的表达与乳腺癌的TNM分期和淋巴结转移相关（P＜0.05）;MT1-MMP表达与乳腺癌的TNM分期和腋窝淋巴结转移相关（P＜0.05）.结论 MT1-MMP和VEGF的过表达与乳腺癌的浸润转移有关,二者联合检测对判断乳腺癌的恶性程度和预后具有重要价值.     

CD147和MMP-9在乳腺癌中的表达及其与微血管生成的相关性研究

目的:探讨CD147和MMP-9在乳腺癌及癌旁组织中的表达及其与微血管密度(MVD)的关系.方法:应用免疫组化EnVision法检测50例乳腺癌及加例癌旁组织中CD147和MMP-9蛋白的表达情况,用CD34抗体标记乳腺癌血管内皮细胞,计算MVD.结果:乳腺癌组织中CD147的阳性表达率为60%(30/50);MMP-9的阳性表达率为66%(33/50),显著高于癌旁组织(P＜0.01);CD147表达与淋巴结转移、TNM分期显著相关(P＜0.05);与患者的年龄、肿瘤大小无明显相关性(P＞0.05).MMP-9表达与淋巴结转移、TNM分期、组织学分级显著相关(P＜0.05);与患者的年龄、肿瘤大小无明显相关性(P＞0.05).乳腺癌组织中CD147、MMP-9蛋白表达之间存在显著正相关(r=0.630,P＜0.01).CD147、MMP-9阳性的乳腺癌组织MVD高于阴性者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:乳腺癌组织中存在CD147、MMP-9的高表达,两者之间存在显著正相关;CD147蛋白可通过诱导MMP-9蛋白的表达上调,促进乳腺癌侵袭、转移.     

LMP 1、NET 1、VEGF在非角化性鼻咽癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的: 探讨潜活膜蛋白1（latent membrane protein 1, LMP1）、NET1、血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）在非角化性鼻咽癌（nonkeratin nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NKNPC）中的表达及其临床意义。方法: 取南通大学附属医院1999年5月－2003年5月收治的病理诊断明确的60例NKNPC活检标本，采用免疫组织化学技术（Envison二步法）检测LMP1、NET1、VEGF的表达，并分析其与临床病理参数和预后的相关性。另取10例鼻咽慢性黏膜炎症组织作对照。结果: （1）NKNPC中LMP1、NET1、VEGF的表达显著高于鼻咽慢性黏膜炎症组织 (P<0.05)；（2） NKNPC中，LMP1表达强度与有无远处转移密切相关(P<0.05)，与患者性别、年龄、T分期、N分期无显著相关性(P＞0.05)；NET1、VEGF表达强度与淋巴结转移，远处转移密切相关(P<0.05 )，与患者性别、年龄、T分期均无显著相关性(P＞0.05)。（3）NKNPC中LMP1、NET1、VEGF的表达呈显著相关性 (P<0.05)。（6）单因素KaplanMeier生存曲线分析显示，LMP1、VEGF表达与NKNPC的生存率之间的相关性有显著统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论: LMP1、NET1、VEGF的联合检测有助于预测NPC转移与预后，LMP1和VEGF可作为评估NKNPC预后的指标之一。     

Multiplex PCR with Confronting Two-pair Primers for CYP1A1 Ile462Val,GSTM1, GSTT1, and NQO1 C609T

Polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP) is an effective genotyping method ‍for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in aspects of reducing time and costs for analysis. So far we have ‍established PCR-CTPP conditions for tens of SNPs, including a triplex genotyping (Kawase et al., 2003). In the ‍present study we report a quadruplex PCR-CTPP to genotype simultaneously four functional polymorphisms of ‍carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, CYP1A1 Ile462Val, GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null and NQO1 C609T, which were ‍reported that they have significant associations with smoking-related cancers. We applied this method for 475 health ‍check-up examinees to demonstrate the performance. Among the subjects, the genotype frequency of CYP1A1 ‍Ile462Val was 56.8% for Ile/Ile, 38.1% for Ile/Val and 5.1% for Val/Val. The null type frequencies of GSTM1 and ‍GSTT1 were 52.8% and 49.9%, respectively. And the genotype frequency of NQO1 C609T was 41.9% for C/C, ‍41.3% for C/T and 16.8% for T/T. Their distributions were similar to those reported for Japanese by other studies. ‍To the best of our awareness, this is the first paper that reports the success in quadruplex PCR-CTPP. The applied ‍polymorphisms are useful ones, which would be adopted not only for research purposes, but also for risk assessment ‍of individuals exposed to carcinogenic substances. This convenient genotyping would be applied for cancer prevention ‍especially in Asian Pacific regions, where expensive genotyping methods are hardly available.     

Methylation Profiles of BRCA1, RASSF1A and GSTP1 in Vietnamese Women with Breast Cancer

Objective: This study investigated the DNA promoter methylation profiles of BRCA1, RASSF1A and GSTP1 genes,both individually and in an integrative manner in order to clarify their correlation with clinicopathological parameters ofbreast cancer from Vietnamese patients, and establish new potential integrative methylation biomarkers for breast cancerdetection. Material and methods: The methylation frequencies of BRCA1, RASSF1A and GSTP1 were analyzed bymethylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in 70 specimens of breast carcinomas and 79 pairs of tumor andmatched adjacent normal tissues from breast cancer patients. Results: All the three analyzed genes showed a concordanceconcerning their promoter methylation in tumor and adjacent normal tissue. The methylation of BRCA1, RASSF1Aand GSTP1 was found in 58.23 %, 74.68 % and 59.49 % of tumor tissues and 51.90 %, 63.29 % and 35.44 % ofcorresponding adjacent tissues, respectively. When each gene was assessed individually, only the methylation ofGSTP1 was significantly associated with tumor tissues (p=0.003). However, the methylation frequency of at least one ofthe three genes and the methylation frequency of all the three genes both showed significant association with tumor(p=0.008 and p=0.04, respectively). The methylation of BRCA1 was found to be significantly associated with tumorgrade (p=0.01). Conclusion: This study emphasized that the panel of the three genes BRCA1, RASSF1A and GSTP1can be further developed as potential biomarkers in diagnosis and classification of breast cancer in Vietnamese women.     

Expression of seven-in-absentia homologue 1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha: Novel prognostic factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an EBV-associated cancer. We analysed Siah1 expression as well as LMP1 and HIF1α expression by immuno-histochemical staining in 74 NPC biopsy specimens and found that the expression of Siah1 was significantly correlated with advanced tumour status and stage. Moreover, Siah1-positive and HIF1α-positive cases had significantly worse prognoses. The expression score for LMP1 was remarkably correlated with that of Siah1, whereas there was little correlation between LMP1 expression and the other markers evaluated. This is the first study to evaluate the pattern and clinical significance of Siah1 and HIF1α expression in NPC, and such an evaluation is valuable for identifying those patients at a high risk for a poor prognosis.     

Upregulated long non-coding RNA AFAP1-AS1 expression is associated with progression and poor prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Altered expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with human carcinogenesis. We performed a cDNA microarray analysis of lncRNA expression in 12 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 4 non-tumor nasopharyngeal epitheliums. One lncRNA, actin filament associated protein 1 antisense RNA1 (AFAP1-AS1), was identified and selected for further study. AFAP1-AS1 expression was upregulated in NPC and associated with NPC metastasis and poor prognosis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that AFAP1-AS1 knockdown significantly inhibited the NPC cell migration and invasive capability. AFAP1-AS1 knockdown also increased AFAP1 protein expression. Proteomic and bioinformatics analyses suggested that AFAP1-AS1 affected the expression of several small GTPase family members and molecules in the actin cytokeratin signaling pathway. AFAP1-AS1 promoted cancer cell metastasis via regulation of actin filament integrity. AFAP1-AS1 might be a potential novel marker that can predict cancer patient prognosis and as a potential therapeutic target for NPC.     

Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) Polymorphisms and Lung Cancer Risk among a Select Group of Iranian People

Objective(s): Lung cancer, caused primarily by smoking, is one of the leading determinants of mortality throughoutthe world. Here we investigated the effects of polymorphisms in two enzymes, i.e., GSTT1 and GSTM1, related tothe antioxidant defense line against carcinogens associated with lung cancer among a select group of Iranian people.Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty lung cancer patients from two referral centers in Tehran, Iran, wererecruited for comparison with 120 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from the FFPE tumor tissues ofthe select cases and peripheral blood buffy coats of healthy controls. The polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 wereinvestigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results: With the 240 samples studied, no specific relationshipwith lung cancer was discerned for the GSTM1 (P=0.35; OR=1/33; 95% CI=0.79-2.25) polymorphism, but the GSTT1(P=0.005; OR=2.4; CI=1.32-4.35) gene polymorphism revealed a notable association on logistic regression, takinginto account age and sex factors. Furthermore, the GSTT1 genotype distribution in patients with LSCC was differentfrom that of healthy cases (P=0.006; OR=3.11; CI=1.38-7.04). The risk of developing lung cancer with the T0M1genotype was 3.46 times higher than with T1M1 genotype (P=0.002; OR=3.46; CI=1.61-7.46). Moreover, the risk ofdeveloping LSCC cancer in people with T0M1 genotypes was significantly elevated (P=0.004; OR=4.5; CI=1.62-12.52).Conclusion: Unlike GSTM1, the GSTT1 genotype distribution is associated with the incidence of lung cancer in Iranianpeople. Different types of lung cancer appear to show various correlations with GST polymorphisms in this regard.     

The lncRNA FEZF1-AS1 Promotes the Progression of Colorectal Cancer Through Regulating OTX1 and Targeting miR-30a-5p

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in and regulate the biological process of colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. Our previous research identified differentially expressed lncRNAs in 10 CRC tissues and 10 matched nontumor tissues by next-generation sequencing (NGS). In this study, we identified an lncRNA, FEZF1 antisense RNA 1 (FEZF1-AS1), and further explored its function and mechanism in CRC. We verified that FEZF1-AS1 is highly expressed in CRC tissues and cell lines. Through functional experiments, we found that reduced levels of FEZF1-AS1 significantly suppressed CRC cell migration, invasion, and proliferation and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, we discovered that reduced levels of the lncRNA FEZF1- AS1 inhibited the activation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT); the overexpression of orthodenticle homeobox 1 (OTX1) partially rescued the FEZF1-AS1-induced inhibition of protein expression. It indicated that FEZF1-AS1 may play a role in the occurrence and development of CRC by regulating the FEZF1-AS1/ OTX1/EMT pathway. Furthermore, it was reported that FEZF1-AS1 is located in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of HCT116 cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays verified that FEZF1-AS1 directly binds miR-30a-5p and negatively regulated each other. Further, we showed that 5 -nucleotidase ecto (NT5E) is a direct target of miR-30a-5p, and the inhibition of miR-30a-5p expression partially rescued the inhibitory effect of FEZF1-AS1 on NT5E. Our results indicated that the mechanism by which FEZF1-AS1 positively regulates the expression of NT5E is through sponging miR-30a-5p. Our study demonstrated that lncRNA FEZF1-AS1 is involved in the development of CRC and may serve as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for CRC patients.     

黏蛋白1多肽通过small-MUC1蛋白抑制肿瘤细胞生长

目的：探讨黏蛋白1（mucin 1,MUC1）串联重复序列多肽(简称黏蛋白1多肽,MUC1多肽)对肿瘤细胞生长抑制的作用机制。方法：MUC1多肽与多种肿瘤细胞Jurkat、Raji、U937、MCF7、SMMC7721及活化的T细胞、小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7共同培养,观察MUC1多肽对上述细胞生长的影响;建立BABL/c小鼠Jurkat细胞皮下移植瘤动物模型,应用MUC1多肽进行治疗;采用GST免疫沉降实验鉴定与MUC1多肽结合的肿瘤细胞表面蛋白。结果：MUC1多肽对Jurkat、Raji、U937、MCF7和SMMC7721细胞的生长均有抑制作用,对活化的T细胞和小鼠RAW264.7细胞生长无明显抑制作用。MUC1多肽对BABL/c小鼠皮下Jurkat细胞移植瘤的生长均有明显抑制作用（P<0.05）。GST免疫沉降实验显示,Jurkat 和MCF7细胞裂解上清中与MUC1多肽结合的蛋白可与两种抗MUC1串联重复序列抗体（GP1.4和HMPV）及抗胞内段抗体（Ab5）发生反应,相对分子质量大约115 000,提示可能是MUC1新的同种型,命名为small MUC1（sMUC1）。结论：MUC1多肽可通过与肿瘤细胞表面small MUC1蛋白的相互作用向细胞传导生长抑制信号     

Methylation Profile of BRCA1, RASSF1A and ER in Vietnamese Women with Ovarian Cancer

DNA methylation is considered a promising biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer in general and of ovariancancer in particular. In our study, we validated the accuracy of methylation specific polymerase chain reaction(MSP) to analyze the methylation pattern of BRCA1, RASSF1A and ER in 59 and 10 Vietnamese patients withepithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and benign ovarian tumors, respectively. We found methylation of BRCA1,RASSF1A and ER in 11/59 (18.6%), 40/59 (67.8%) and 15/59 (25.4%) of EOC cases, while methylation of BRCA1was only detected in 2/10 (20%) benign ovarian patients. Forty five out of the 59 EOCs (78%) demonstratedmethylation at one or more genes. The methylation frequency of RASSF1A was significantly associated with EOC(p<0.0005). No significant association was observed between methylation status of these genes and the clinicaland pathological parameters of tumors collected from Vietnamese women suffering from ovarian cancer.     

Triplex Polymerase Chain Reaction with Confronting Two-Pair Primers (PCR-CTPP) for NQO1 C609T,GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphisms: the Most Convenient Genotyping Method

The polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP) is a time-saving and inexpensive ‍genotyping method, which is applicable for most single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To date, we have established ‍PCR-CTPP conditions for tens of SNPs, including duplex genotyping. This paper introduces triplex PCR-CTPP to ‍simultaneously genotype three functional polymorphisms of carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes, NQO1 C609T, GSTM1 ‍null, and GSTT1 null, all of which are reported to have a significant association with smoking-related cancers. We ‍applied this method for 241 non-cancer patients to demonstrate the performance. Among the subjects, the genotype ‍frequency of NQO1 C609T was 35.7% for CC, 44.4% for CT and 19.9% for TT. The null type frequencies of GSTM1 ‍and GSTT1 were 53.4% and 44.0%, respectively. Their distributions were similar to those reported for Japanese by ‍other studies. This is the first paper reporting the success of triplex PCR-CTPP. The polymorphisms applied are ‍useful examples, which could be adopted not only for research purposes, but also for risk assessment of individuals ‍exposed to carcinogenic substances, such as smokers. This convenient genotyping approach has advantages for ‍application in cancer prevention, especially in the Asian Pacific region.     

PD-1/PD-L1通路在髓系肿瘤中的研究进展

在免疫系统中,为防止免疫反应过度,细胞表面会有抑制免疫反应的检查点,其中程序性死亡受体-１(programmed death-1,PD-1)与其程序性死亡配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1）就是其中的一对免疫检查点,肿瘤细胞通过表达PD-L1与免疫细胞上的PD-1受体结合,使得肿瘤细胞可以逃避免疫细胞的攻击。研究表明,PD-1及PD-L1在多种实体肿瘤组织及免疫细胞中存在过表达现象,导致抗肿瘤细胞功能消失,并且与不良预后相关,但在髓系肿瘤中的研究较少。因此本文从PD-1/PD-L1的生物学特点,目前在髓系肿瘤中的表达情况,以及传统化疗药物对该通路的作用作一综述,旨在为髓系肿瘤的诊疗提供新的靶点。