恶性淋巴瘤肺浸润的CT与X线表现

目的分析恶性淋巴瘤肺浸润的CT与X线表现。方法对经病理证实的32例恶性淋巴瘤肺浸润的CT扫描及X线表现作回顾性分析。结果恶性淋巴瘤肺浸润的影像异常可分为肿块结节型、血行播散型、肺内淋巴组织受侵犯型、胸膜病变型。27例合并肺门或纵隔淋巴结肿大。20例具有3种或3种以上上述类型影像表现。结论恶性淋巴瘤肺浸润有多种X线CT表现。最常见为肿块结节型。肿块及肺实变中见支气管充气征为其特征性表现。CT显示恶性淋巴瘤肺浸润较X线敏感。常规胸部CT扫描有助于诊断与精确分期。     

磁共振成像在肺癌放射治疗中的应用价值

目的　探讨磁共振成像 (MRI)在肺癌放射治疗中的应用价值。方法　 37例经病理证实的肺癌行MRI检查 ,并与同期X线胸片或CT比较。结果　MRI对确定肺门纵隔淋巴结转移、肿瘤对肺门纵隔大血管侵犯优于CT和X线平片 ;MRI可辨别肺癌放疗后纤维化抑或肿瘤复发 ,区分肺门癌块与阻塞性肺不张 ;MRI和CT可检查出X线胸片难以显示隐匿部位的较小病灶。结论　MRI在肺癌的放射治疗中有一定的应用价值。     

原发周围型肺癌125例X线分析

本文总结了≤3cm的周围型肺癌125例的X线表现。其中鳞癌36例,腺癌79例(含肺泡癌13例),小细胞癌4例,小细胞癌鳞癌混合1例,类癌3例,未能分型2例。癌的形态呈结节状112例(89.6％),浸润型13例(10.4％)。结节型中大多数有分叶(85.7％), (1—1.5cm的6例均有分叶)。其次较有诊断意义的为结节边缘模糊毛糙(74.1％)。经手术切除的116例中有淋巴结转移的28例(24％),其中仅有肺门淋巴结转移的12例,同时有肺门和纵隔淋巴结转移的10例,仅有纵隔转移的6例。另有3例有锁骨上淋巴结转移的未计入。测量了28例肿瘤的CT,其范围为12—860天,中位数85天,85％在320天内,3例超过370天。简述了早期周围型肺癌各种各样的X线表现。     

厄洛替尼治疗肺癌合并脊髓转移１例

1病案摘要患者女性,55岁。2008年3月患者体检时经胸部X线检查发现右肺阴影,PET/CT检查显示右上肺、肺门纵隔淋巴结有明显的示踪分布。既往无吸烟史。遂行右肺上叶切除术+淋巴结清扫术+心包开窗术,术后病理示:右上叶肺混合型腺癌(细支气管肺泡癌+腺泡型腺癌),肿瘤大小4cm×3cm×3cm,支气管断端(-),区域淋巴结17∕24,纵隔胸膜(+),心包(-)。术后行NP方     

中央型肺癌诊治中的影像学特征及诊断价值

目的探讨中央型肺癌诊疗过程中的影像学特征及诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析120例中央型肺癌患者的病理学与影像学资料,所有患者均进行了X线检查,49例患者行MRI检查,46例患者行CT检查。分别比较肿瘤的影像学特征与病理诊断之间的关系,判断良恶性肿瘤的影像学诊断正确率。结果 X线检查与CT检查在对中央型肺癌支气管生长、支气管壁不规则增厚、管腔变窄、肿块边界不清等方面表现相似,但在支气管炎并感染、肺上叶片絮状影、渗出性病灶、增厚的支气管黏膜扩散、支气管受累征象、纵膈等血管和脂肪组织丰富处等特殊部位其显像CT更为清晰,而X线在支气管炎并感染方面表现良好,对于血管的侵袭及纵隔淋巴结肿大、支气管狭窄的显像方面MRI表现更为优秀。以病理学判断诊断为金标准,X线诊断的正确率为86.67%、CT诊断的正确率为93.47%、MRI诊断正确率为93.88%,3种影像学检查对于中央型肺癌的诊断正确率方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 X线由于方便、快捷的优势可作为中央型肺癌诊断的首选诊断,CT对于细微病灶、肿瘤的范围具有一定优势,MRI对于血管的侵袭及纵隔淋巴结肿大、支气管狭窄显像优势明显。3种检查方法可作为中央型肺癌诊断的互补检查,提高诊断的准确性。     

CT对纵隔病变的诊断

纵隔结构复杂,病种繁多,是肿瘤好发部位。由于各种组织多层次重叠,普通X 线平片或断层摄片很难显示病变情况,因此纵隔有X线检查的“盲区”之称。纵隔肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断是临床医师面临的一大难题。近十余年来,随着电子计算机断层扫描(CT)的逐步运用,为纵隔病变的诊断开辟了一条新的途径。例如Baron 等对X 线平片显示纵隔增宽的71例患者作CT 检查,92%明确了病因;Sie-gel对23例纵隔异常的小儿作CT,82%的病人较常规X 线片增加了新的诊断资料,使65%     

纵隔肿块性病变的X线诊断

X线检查是诊断纵隔病变的主要手段之一。随着医学的发展,对纵隔肿块性病变不仅要求正确定位,而且要尽可能作出定性诊断,但由于纵隔区域结构复杂,很多种疾患(如先天异常、炎症、肿瘤等等)均可在X线上形成肿块样阴影,造成定性困难。为此,现根据国内外资料及个人体会,将X线上可能表现为肿块阴影的各种纵隔病变,从X线诊断及鉴别诊断角度,加以系统介绍。全文分五部分:一、纵隔的X线解剖和分区;二、X线检查方法;三、纵隔肿块性病变的分类;四、各种病变的主要X线特征;五、纵隔肿块性病变的鉴别(定性)要点。 一、纵隔的X线解剖和分区 纵隔为一狭长之致密影,位居胸腔正中两肺之     

纵隔型肺癌32例影像学诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨纵隔型肺癌的影像学表现及鉴别诊断方法.方法 回顾性分析32例经病理证实的纵隔型肺癌的影像学表现.结果 纵隔型肺癌属于晚期肺癌,32例患者中,病变位于右肺上叶6例,左肺上叶4例,右肺门部14例,左肺门部8例.胸部X线片显示纵隔增宽,气管受压移位变形,8例伴有阻塞性肺炎,14例伴有胸腔积液.CT显示肿块在纵隔胸膜下与纵隔呈锐角,边缘不规则,增强后强化不均匀.病理类型小细胞癌21例,鳞状细胞癌9例,腺癌2例.结论 结合临床资料,仔细分析影像学改变,大部分纵隔型肺癌都可做出准确诊断,CT在鉴别诊断中更有价值.     

30例小细胞肺癌的CT表现

目的分析小细胞肺癌的CT表现特点,以提高对该病的认识和诊断能力。方法回顾性分析30例经病理证实的小细胞肺癌的螺旋CT表现。结果中央型肺癌24例,CT表现为肺门分叶状结节或肿块,伴阻塞性肺炎5例（20.8%）,阻塞性不张3例（12.5%）,21例（84.5%）纵隔淋巴结肿大。25例行CT增强,其中23例肿块和淋巴结均匀强化,11例（45.8%）纵隔大血管被包埋,周围型6例,表现为边缘规整的结节状或葡萄状。结论小细胞肺癌以中心型为主,呈实体性生长,CT上肿块密度较均匀,易侵犯支气管及纵隔大血管,伴肺门、纵隔淋巴结转移。     

支气管肺类癌的诊断及治疗

支气管肺类癌是罕见的肺部肿瘤,总体生长缓慢、预后尚可。根据其临床特征往往可以推测支气管肺类癌的诊断和亚型并指导治疗。其中年轻、CT表现为中心型肿瘤且无肺门或纵隔淋巴结肿大的病例,典型类癌的可能性较大。此亚型远处转移几率小,在手术治疗前除胸增强CT外可以不进行其它的常规术前分期检查。中心型肿瘤临床怀疑纵隔淋巴结累及或周围型肿瘤临床怀疑肺门纵隔淋巴结累及的病例,可能为不典型类癌。此亚型应做全面术前评估和分期。累及纵隔淋巴结的不典型类癌预后相对较差,应行多学科积极治疗。支气管肺类癌虽然其生物学特性不活跃,但均为恶性肿瘤,放化疗效果差,手术切除是最主要的治疗手段。彻底切除肿瘤、最大限度保留正常的肺组织是此类肺肿瘤外科治疗的基本目标。     

Accuracy of chest computerized tomography in detecting malignant hilar and mediastinal involvement by squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

The accuracy of chest computerized tomography (CT) in detecting malignant hilar and mediastinal involvement by squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is examined. The preoperative chest CT scans of 74 patients with pathologically proven squamous cell lung carcinoma were prospectively and retrospectively reviewed. Criteria for the diagnosis of malignant hilar involvement were nonvascular mass enlarging the hilum; local alteration of hilar contour; adenopathy greater than 1 cm; thickened posterior wall of the bronchus intermedius and distal upper lobe bronchi; and bronchial displacement, compression, and obstruction. Criteria for the diagnosis of malignant mediastinal involvement were confluence of tumor with the mediastinum, altered contour of the azygoesophageal recess, thickened posterior wall of the proximal main stem bronchi, and mediastinal adenopathy greater than 1 cm. Calcified hilar and mediastinal nodes were considered benign. Our results, corrected for reader error, were 92% sensitive, 92% specific, and 96% accurate in the hilum and 95% sensitive, 77% specific, and 82% accurate in the mediastinum. These data support a significant role for chest CT in the preoperative staging of non small cell lung carcinoma.     

Sensitivity of chest radiography, computed tomography, and gallium scanning to metastasis of lung carcinoma

To determine the efficacy of radiologic techniques in preoperative staging of the mediastinum for lung carcinoma, the authors studied 45 patients with chest films supplemented with oblique views, esophagrams, gallium scans, and computed tomograms (CT). They interpreted the studies and correlated surgical findings using a modified classification of lymph node regions. The mediastinum was positive on chest films in 14 of the 21 cases with pathologically proved mediastinal metastases (33% false-negative). Gallium scans in cases with a positive primary were positive in 12 of 15 cases with mediastinal or hilar metastases (20% false-negative). Computed tomography showed nodes over 1 or 1.5 cm in size in or adjacent to the biopsy-positive node region in 18 of 19 patients (5% false-negative), extranodal mediastinal involvement, and 9 of 10 proven hilar metastases. Computed tomography is a sensitive screening technique in patients who would otherwise require an invasive staging procedure, but is not highly specific (false-positive rate 38%).     

Radiographic diagnosis of lung cancer and lymph nodal metastasis of the mediastinum

Primary lung cancer is divided into two types: peripheral type and hilar or central type. Peripheral lung cancer appears as a solitary mass or patchy shadow and is typically lobulated or irregular in shape. Any regular or scattered calcification within or around the lesion on routine radiographs indicates that it is benign. Hilar or central lung cancer may accompany hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, lobar collapse and consolidation, and pneumonitis distal to a mass in a large bronchus. In addition, it is very important that the metastases of the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes are detected preoperatively or prior to conservative therapy. On 44 cases of lung cancer pathologically proved, the diagnostic accuracy of the metastases of the hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes is 42.4% preoperatively on routine radiographs.     

非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移危险因素分析及术前纵隔镜检查的应用策略

目的 探讨纵隔镜技术评估非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)术前纵隔淋巴结状态(是否存在转移)的临床应用策略.方法 2000年10月至2007年6月,对临床连续收治的经病理确诊的临床分期为Ⅰ～Ⅲ期的NSCLC患者152例,分别采用CT和纵隔镜技术评估纵隔淋巴结状态.根据纵隔淋巴结最终病理结果,计算CT下纵隔肺门淋巴结阴性NSCLC的纵隔镜检查阳性率和实际纵隔淋巴结转移发生率.以患者性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、病理类型、肿瘤T分期、肿瘤类型(中央型或外周型)、CT下纵隔淋巴结大小和血清癌胚抗原(CEA)水平等作为预测因子,进行纵隔淋巴结转移危险因素的单因素和多因素分析.结果 69例CT下纵隔肺门淋巴结阴性NSCLC,纵隔镜检查阳性8例,阳性率为11.6%;实际纵隔淋巴结转移14例,发生率为20.1%.62例临床Ⅰ期(cT1～2NOMO)NSCLC,纵隔镜检查阳性7例,阳性率为11.3%;实际纵隔淋巴结转移12例,发生率为19.4%.对全部152例NSCLC患者纵隔淋巴结转移危险因素的分析结果显示,病理类型和CT下纵隔淋巴结大小是纵隔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.对69例CT下纵隔肺门淋巴结阴性NSCLC患者纵隔淋巴结转移危险因素的分析结果显示,病理类型是纵隔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.结论 对于CT下纵隔淋巴结短径≥1 cm的NSCLC患者,术前必须进行纵隔镜检查;对于腺癌患者,即使是CT下纵隔肺门淋巴结短径<1 cm,术前也应该进行纵隔镜检查.     

Impact of anatomical location on value of CT-PET co-registration for delineation of lung tumors

PURPOSE: To derive guidelines for the need to use positron emission tomography (PET) for delineation of the primary tumor (PT) according to its anatomical location in the lung. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In 22 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, thoracic X-ray computed tomography (CT) and PET were performed. Eleven radiation oncologists delineated the PT on the CT and on the CT-PET registered scans. The PTs were classified into two groups. In Group I patients, the PT was surrounded by lung or visceral pleura, without venous invasion, without extension to chest wall or the mediastinum over more than one quarter of its surface. In Group II patients, the PT invaded the hilar region, heart, great vessels, pericardium, mediastinum over more than one quarter of its surface and/or associated with atelectasis. A comparison of interobserver variability for each group was performed and expressed as a local standard deviation. RESULTS: The comparison of delineations showed a good reproducibility for Group I, with an average SD of 0.4 cm on CT and an average SD of 0.3 cm on CT-PET (p = 0.1628). There was also a significant improvement with CT-PET for Group II, with an average SD of 1.3 cm on CT and SD of 0.4 cm on CT-PET (p = 0.0003). The improvement was mainly located at the atelectasis/tumor interface. At the tumor/lung and tumor/hilum interfaces, the observer variation was similar with both modalities. CONCLUSIONS: Using PET for PT delineation is mandatory to decrease interobserver variability in the hilar region, heart, great vessels, pericardium, mediastinum, and/or the region associated with atelectasis; however it is not essential for delineation of PT surrounded by lung or visceral pleura, without venous invasion or extension to the chest wall.     

非小细胞肺癌术前肺门纵隔淋巴结CT检查和术后病理结果比较的研究

目的 :比较非小细胞肺癌 (NSCLC)患者术前肺门纵隔淋巴结CT检查结果和术中淋巴结情况以及术后病理检查淋巴结转移情况 ,分析探讨CT检查对于诊断肺癌患者肺门纵隔淋巴结转移的价值。方法 :2 0 0 1年 6月 - 2 0 0 3年 5月在我院行手术切除的 86例资料完整的NSCLC患者 ,全部患者均有术前胸部CT、术中肺门纵隔淋巴结描述以及术后病理检查淋巴结转移与否的结果。CT和手术诊断淋巴结异常的标准是 :淋巴结最小径≥ 10mm ,CT检查和术中检查淋巴结异常相一致者定义为敏感性 ,CT发现淋巴结异常而病理报道为淋巴结转移者定义为特异性。结果 :CT检查肺门纵隔淋巴结转移的敏感性和特异性与淋巴结的大小关系密切 ,当淋巴结短径 <10mm时淋巴结的转移率为 16 % (12 77) ;10～19mm时转移率为 4 0 % (5 4 136 ) ;2 0～ 2 9mm时转移率为 75 % (2 7 36 ) ;≥ 30mm时转移率为 6 6。总的敏感性为 6 6 % (16 9 2 5 5 ) ,特异性为 5 1% (131 2 5 5 )。结论 :CT对NSCLC患者肺门纵隔淋巴结转移具有较高的诊断价值 ,尤其淋巴结短径≥ 2 0mm时 ,CT检查的敏感性较高。影响CT准确性的因素有淋巴结大小以及患者是否伴有肿瘤引起的阻塞性肺炎或肺不张     

肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移及广泛廓清的价值

目的研究肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移（Ｎ２）频度、分布范围及特点,为广泛廓清提供依据。方法总结９年间手术切除３８６例肺癌患者的临床资料。术中按Ｎａｒｕｋｅ肺癌淋巴结分布图对肺门、同侧纵隔淋巴结进行广泛廓清。结果Ｎ２１４７例,占３８．１％,清除转移Ｎ２２８９组。Ｎ２转移率在鳞癌、腺癌、小细胞癌及大细胞癌分别为３０．１％、４４．１％、４８．０％及５０．０％。肺上叶Ｎ２７１例,清除转移Ｎ２１４６组。上纵隔转移１２４组,占８４．９％;下纵隔转移２２组,占１５．１％。肺下叶（包括中叶）Ｎ２７６例,清除转移Ｎ２１４３组。下纵隔转移６７组,占４６．９％;上纵隔转移７６组,占５３．１％。跳跃式转移７９例,占Ｎ２转移的５３．７％。跳跃式纵隔转移１６例,占１０．９％。结论肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移具有跳跃性、多发性。只有广泛清除了上下纵隔淋巴结,才有可能达到根治。     

原发性肺黏液腺癌的CT征像及病理基础（附32例报告）

目的:探讨原发性肺黏液腺癌（primary pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinoma,PPMA）的CT征象及病理基础。方法:回顾性分析经手术、气管镜或CT引导下穿刺活检病理证实的32例PPMA患者的临床、病理及影像资料,观察病变的形态、位置、病灶内及周边情况、增强表现及有无转移等征象。结果:32例PPMA均为单发病灶,中央型7例,周围型25例;其中位于两肺下叶20例,右肺中上叶6例,左肺上叶6例。CT表现为结节肿块型27例,肺炎型5例;增强后多呈轻度强化,中度强化2例;9例发生转移,其中肺门及纵隔淋巴结转移5例,肝转移1例,肺内转移3例合并骨转移者2例。结节肿块型PPMA可见分叶征11例、毛刺征5例、晕征9例、胸膜凹陷征4例、空洞或空泡征6例;32例肺黏液腺癌可见支气管充气征10例,血管造影征18例,此两种征象均出现在5例肺炎型PPMA中。结论:PPMA临床症状不典型,CT征象具有一定的特异性,各CT征像具有相应的病理基础,CT检查可以提高肺黏液腺癌的早期诊断率。     

实时超声支气管镜引导下经支气管针吸活检术对肺癌的诊断作用

评价实时超声支气管镜引导下的经支气管针吸活检术（EBUS-TBNA）对肺癌的诊断价值。方法:回顾分析中山大学肿瘤防治中心2010年8月至2011年2月期间,46例经胸部CT或PET-CT检查显示为纵隔和/或肺门淋巴结肿大和/或胸内气管旁肿块（≥1 cm）的患者行EBUS-TBNA的资料（其中临床拟诊为肺癌并肺门和/或纵隔淋巴结转移25例,纵隔和/或肺门不明原因淋巴结肿大21例）,统计实时EBUS-TBNA在肺癌诊断中的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及诊断率。结果:46例患者中,其中经病理学检查确诊为肺癌患者38例,淋巴结结核3例,淋巴结炎3例,结节病1例,淋巴瘤1例。46例患者中,经EBUS-TBNA诊断为肺癌34例,淋巴结核2例,淋巴结炎3例,结节病1例。38例肺癌患者共穿刺48组淋巴结,1例气管旁肿物,其中经EBUS-TBNA诊断为肺癌34例,假阴性4例,敏感性为89.5%,特异性为100%,阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为66.7%,诊断率为87.0%。EBUS-TBNA过程安全,全部病例无严重并发症发生,仅1例一过性发热。结论:实时EBUS-TBNA,并发症少,可在门诊进行,且诊断率、敏感性及阴性预测值高,是诊断肺癌安全、有效的方法。当常规支气管镜未能取到阳性病理结果时,亦可尝试通过对肺门或纵隔淋巴结或肺内肿块行EBUS-TBNA来诊断。