乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗21例疗效观察

目的观察乳腺癌保乳术后的放射治疗疗效。方法对可行保乳的21例患者行肿瘤切除或加腋窝淋巴结清扫,于术后3~15周行全乳腺照射DT56~64Gy.腋窝淋巴结有转移者,常规作锁骨上、腋顶淋巴结照射DT50Gy,若腋窝无淋巴结转移,只作全乳腺照射。结果其1、2年生存率分别为100%、95.2%。2年局部复发率为4.86%。乳房美容満意率为90.5%。结论早期乳腺癌保乳术后的放射治疗可达到与根治术或改良根治术相同疗效,且保留乳房的美容效果佳,并未增加放疗副作用。     

乳腺癌保全性手术时腋窝淋巴结清扫价值探讨

目的　探讨早期乳腺癌乳腺保全性手术时腋窝淋巴结清扫与不清扫对治疗结果的影响。方法　将66 例Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌行乳腺功能保全性手术的患者分为2 个组:乳腺肿块局部切除 腋窝清扫组( 局部切除 腋清组)36 例和乳腺肿块局部切除组30 例。所有病例均用乳腺切线野给予锁骨上下区、腋窝、内乳淋巴链区照射,瘤床行推量补充照射。结果　临床检查腋窝淋巴结阴性的28例,术后病理证实为阳性的6 例(21.4 % );T1 ,T2 期病例腋窝淋巴结阳性率分别为30.0% (6/20) ,43.8% (7/16) 。局部切除 腋清组和局部切除组乳腺复发分别为4 例(11.1% ) 和7 例(23.3% ) ,区域淋巴结复发分别为2 例和3 例,2 个组乳腺局部和区域淋巴结复发率差异无显著意义( P> 0 .05) 。局部切除 腋清组和局部切除组远地转移分别为6 例(16 .6% ) 和7 例(23.3% )( P> 0.05)。局部切除 腋清组与局部切除组的总生存率和无瘤生存率经KaplanMeier 法分析,Logrank 检验差异无显著意义。局部切除 腋清组和局部切除组上肢浮肿发生率分别为12 例(33 .4% ) 和5 例(16.7 %) 。结论　在早期乳腺癌乳腺保全性手术 术后放射治疗中,腋窝淋巴结清扫对腋窝淋巴结阴性的T1 期和部分T2 期病例是不必要的,原发灶局部切除术后区域淋巴结放射治疗可达到与腋窝清扫     

乳腺癌保留乳房治疗远期疗效的研究

目的探讨临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌选择性行乳腺癌保留乳房治疗（BCT）的远期生存、同侧乳腺复发（IBR）、美容效果及其相关因素。方法对1985年10月至2000年12月收治的270例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者进行BCT远期疗效的临床研究。乳腺癌保乳手术先后采用乳腺象限／区段切除术及肿瘤扩大切除术，联合全腋窝淋巴结清扫术。术后放射治疗先后采用^60Co及加速器全乳放射治疗及瘤床缩野照射。结果在10年的中位随访时间内，270例BCT患者10年总生存率83．7％、IBR8．5％、远处转移率23．7％。患者年龄、肿瘤大小、病理组织学类型、腋窝淋巴结转移状况等临床病理因素对BCT后IBR无显著性影响（均P〉0．05），切缘阳性、术后未行全乳照射的患者IBR显著升高（均P=0．000）。在确保切缘阴性的前提下，不同切除范围的手术方式对IBR无显著性影响（P=0．799），但切除范围较大的区段／象限切除术对BCT后乳房美容效果有显著不良影响（优秀P=0．043，优秀＋良好P=0．005）。结论①临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌选择性行BCT有较高的远期疗效、较好的美容效果和较低的IBR，可以安全地替代乳房切除性手术。②确保切缘阴性及接受术后全乳放射治疗仍是现阶段乳腺癌BCT的金标准。③在确保切缘阴性的前提下，切除范围较小的肿瘤扩大切除术有较好的美容效果和相同的治疗效果。     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术加放疗63例疗效观察

目的：观察早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术配合术后放疗的远期生存和美容效果。资料与方法：1989年1月至1994年3月共收治早期乳腺癌63例,其中Ⅰ期22例,Ⅱ期41例。行单纯肿瘤切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫,术后配合放疗。全乳腺切线照射45－50Gy,瘤床加用电子线照射15－20Gy。腋窝淋巴结阳性者同时照射相应的淋巴引流区45－50Gy。结果：5年、10年生存率分别为92．1％和87．3％。仅1例发生放射性肺炎症状,美容效果满意。结论：保留乳房手术,术后配合放射治疗早期乳腺癌的效果与根治手术大致相似。对符合条件的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期病例,此种方法可以作为首选治疗手段。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术加放疗的治疗效果

目的观察早期乳腺癌保乳手术加放疗的疗效。方法对可行保乳的12例患者先行乳房区段切除及同侧液窝淋巴结清扫；待伤口愈合后行根治性放疗。对照11例患者行乳房全切加同侧腋窝淋巴结清扫术。腋淋巴结阳性者行CMxF或CAF方案6个周期的化疗。结果23例患者近期无瘤生存，局部无复发。结论早期乳腺癌规范的保乳手术加根治性放疗可达到同根治术加全程化疗一样的控制率。     

保留乳房性乳腺癌手术加哨兵淋巴结活检(附103例分析)

目的总结早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术加哨兵淋巴结活检临床经验.方法肿块局部扩大切除23例,乳腺区段切除加腋淋巴结清扫80例,全部病例均行哨兵淋巴结活检.结果活检与术后病理对照,准确性95.8%,假阴性率14.1%,假阳性率0.术后随访无1例复发.结论在早期乳腺癌中以哨兵淋巴结活检取代常规的腋淋巴结清扫,行保留乳房的乳腺癌手术可行;术后应进行根治性放疗及全身化疗,可获得满意效果.     

乳腺癌放射治疗研究现状

由于对乳腺癌生物学行为的认识逐步趋向统一，自20世纪70年代以来，保留乳房手术结合术后放射治疗已逐步成为早期乳腺癌的标准治疗模式。当然，肿瘤局部切除的范围和腋窝淋巴结清扫的范围与模式仍在继续探讨中，哨位淋巴结活检技术的成熟与推广应用为传统腋窝淋巴结清扫模式的改变提供了机会。放射治疗在乳腺癌的治疗策略中一直发挥着重要作用，包括根治术后补充放射治疗、保留乳     

早期乳癌保乳术后放射治疗的疗效观察

目的:观察早期乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗的疗效。方法:对30例Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者行乳腺病灶局部切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫,术后全乳腺先用6MV-X线双切线半野照射,全乳腺剂量达40Gy～52Gy(平均46Gy),然后,用9MeV或12MeV电子线局部瘤床加量8Gy～20Gy。腋窝淋巴结有转移者,用6MV-X线和12MeV电子线混合加照锁骨上和腋顶淋巴结引流区域,总剂量50Gy。结果:1年生存率为96.7%,3年生存率为90.0%,5年生存率为86.6%,中位生存率为92个月,局部复发率为0(0/30)。乳房美容评价:医生打分满意度优、中的为86.67%(26/30),患者自评满意度优、中的为93.33%(28/30)。结论:早期乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗可降低局部复发率,减少并发症,乳房美容效果好,但必须严格掌握保乳手术适应证及综合治疗的相关技术。     

高龄乳腺癌的围手术期处理分析

目的:探讨高龄乳腺癌的围手术期处理。方法:回顾性分析我院1990年~2004年间共收治72例75岁以上乳腺癌患者的围手术期临床资料。结果:本组病例有49例术后发生各种并发症,围手术期死亡2例。其中行乳腺区段及象限切除术12例、乳腺单纯切除32例、乳癌改良根治术16例、乳癌根治术8例,行乳腺区段及象限切除术同时行同侧腋窝淋巴结清扫4例。结论:手术是高龄乳腺癌的首选治疗方法,充分的术前准备,早期诊断,合理的手术时机及方式,完善的麻醉、细致的术后观察及处理,是减少并发症的关键。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检前瞻性研究

保留乳房的乳腺癌手术包括两部分 ,即原发病灶切除和腋窝淋巴结清扫。腋窝淋巴结清扫的目的是切除转移的淋巴结、确定分期、估计预后 ,决定综合治疗方案。因此 ,腋窝淋巴结清扫是乳腺癌的常规术式。然而 ,单凭触诊判断腋窝淋巴结有无转移的误诊率高达２５% ;腋窝淋巴结清扫术的并发症 ,特别是上肢淋巴水肿及功能障碍 ,给病人造成极大的痛苦 ,成为国内外乳腺癌临床治疗的一大难题。前哨淋巴结是最先接受肿瘤淋巴引流、最早发生肿瘤转移的淋巴结。有学者提出 ,用前哨淋巴结活检取代常规腋窝淋巴结清扫 ,将是“继乳房保留手术后乳腺癌外科治疗…     

Preoperative breast MRI in early-stage breast cancer

Rapid uptake of new imaging technology is a major contributor to rising healthcare costs. Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients with early-stage breast cancer has dramatically increased in use without the evidence of improved outcomes compared to standard assessment and is associated with higher rates of mastectomy. A decision analytic model was developed to evaluate the impact of adding breast MRI to the preoperative evaluation of women with early-stage breast cancer who were candidates for breast-conserving therapy on patient outcomes measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Model inputs, including survival, recurrence rates, and health utilities, were obtained from a comprehensive literature review. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed to estimate threshold values for key parameters at which adding MRI would become the optimal imaging strategy over standard assessment. Preoperative MRI resulted in 17.77 QALYs compared to 17.86 QALYs with standard assessment, a decrease of 0.09 QALYs or 34?days. In sensitivity analyses, standard assessment was associated with better patient outcomes than preoperative breast MRI across all plausible probabilities for mastectomy, local recurrence, and health utilities. For routine preoperative breast MRI to become the optimal strategy, the conversion rate to mastectomy after preoperative MRI would need to be <1?% (versus the range of 3.6-33?% reported in the literature). Routine preoperative breast MRI appears to confer no advantage over the standard diagnostic evaluations for early-stage breast cancer and may lead to worse patient outcomes.     

Glycolytic enzymes in breast cancer, benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, enolase and pyruvate kinase were studied in breast cancer tissues, in comparison to benign breast disease and normal breast tissues. The enzyme activities in breast cancer were significantly increased compared to normal and benign breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Also the increase in activity in benign disease compared to normal was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Within the group of benign diseases, fibroadenomas could be distinguished from fibrocystic disease, the former generally showing higher activities compared to the latter (p less than or equal to 0.05). Carcinoma subgroups, classified according to their histology, could not be recognized enzymologically. In addition, isozyme composition of pyruvate kinase and enolase was studied. We did not find a significant shift towards K type pyruvate kinase expression in benign disease compared to normal breast tissues. Also fibroadenomas did not differ from fibrocystic disease. However, the amount of K type pyruvate kinase in carcinomas proved to be significantly higher in comparison to benign disease and normal breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Expression of alpha gamma-enolase in normal breast tissue was virtually absent. In benign disease only a minority of specimens did show the hybrid alpha gamma-enolase. Nearly all carcinomas had alpha gamma-enolase expression and in 20% of the carcinomas gamma gamma-enolase could be detected (so-called neuron-specific enolase). By discriminant analysis, the function giving the best discrimination compared to the histological data was based on natural logarithm aldolase and the total of gamma-enolase subunits. Contrary to expectation, the regulator enzymes of glycolysis; i.e., hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were not included in this discriminant function. The best fit produced a 90% correct classification in both benign and malignant disease. If these findings are confirmed to a larger series, the discrimination is sufficiently strong to form the basis of a clinically useful tool.     

倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大或合并乳腺癌患者中的应用

目的探讨倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大患者，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者手术中的应用及其临床意义。 方法本回顾性研究共纳入2007年10月到2017年10月分别在同济大学附属东方医院及附属同济医院乳腺外科行缩乳术的39例乳房肥大女性患者，均采用倒T形切口(内侧蒂25例，垂直蒂5例，外侧蒂9例)。其中，包括18例符合保留乳房手术指征的乳腺癌患者(内侧蒂10例，垂直蒂4例，外侧蒂4例)。术后6、12个月评价美容效果(乳腺癌患者待放射治疗结束后进行评价)。评估患者的术后并发症、满意度以及复发转移情况。 结果39例患者术后乳房外形自然、对称，明显缩小上提，乳头、乳晕血供和感觉良好，瘢痕不明显，患者满意度高。1例术后2周出现一侧乳房的乳头乳晕区坏死，经过清创换药后愈合。5例术后双侧乳头乳晕感觉减退，其中4例在术后6个月左右恢复正常感觉，1例在术后12个月恢复。5例出现术后局部乳房组织硬结，其中3例为接受过放射治疗的乳腺癌患者，二次手术切除硬结后无再次发生。3例出现瘢痕处猫耳畸形，再次局部麻醉手术修整后效果良好，3例瘢痕增粗，其余患者瘢痕正常。乳腺癌患者中有3例出现放射治疗后患侧乳房皮肤水肿，术后12个月消退。术后6个月进行了美容效果评价，极好25例，良好10例，中等4例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好6例，中等3例，差0例)。术后12个月的美容效果评价显示：极好25例，良好13例，中等1例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好8例，中等1例，差0例)。随访时间最长的1例患者(双侧乳房单纯性重度肥大)术后观察了10年，乳房外形无明显变化。全部患者术后随访15～120个月，中位随访61个月，18例乳腺癌患者均无局部复发转移。 结论对于乳房肥大，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者，采用倒T形切口缩乳术，既可切除病变，又可缩小并悬吊乳房。     

保乳术和延迟即刻再造术对乳腺癌患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨保乳术和延迟即刻再造术对乳腺癌患者手术后生活质量(QOL)的影响。方法选取2010年1月至2015年6月北京协和医院行保乳术和延迟即刻再造术后于2016年3月至2016年4月在医院乳腺外科门诊随访的64例患者,其中保乳手术30例(保乳组),延迟即刻再造术34例(乳房再造组)。应用肿瘤治疗功能评价系统(FACT-B)量表对两组患者进行生活质量测评比较。结果两组患者生理状况、社会/家庭状况、情感状况、功能状况、总体生活质量评价FACT-G和FACT-B条目状况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);乳房再造组患者附加关注(乳腺癌特异模块)方面QOL优于保乳术组,差异有统计学意义(29.37±2.72vs 24.05±7.01,P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌保乳术和延迟即刻再造术后患者生活质量无明显差异。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射与全乳照射剂量学的比较

目的比较早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射(APBI)与全乳照射(WBI)剂量学的差异。方法选取2013年1月至2013年12月间收治的26例保乳术后采用APBI治疗的乳腺癌患者作为观察组,另选取同期保乳术后采用WBI治疗的28例乳腺癌患者作为对照组。采用剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较两组患者剂量学差异,总结两组患者的短期疗效;比较观察组患者在有无图像指导下的位移差异。结果观察组患者的平均剂量(Dmean)、照射体积百分比(V103、V105、V110)和靶区剂量不均匀指数(IHI)均显著低于对照组,各项危及器官(OARS)照射剂量均显著低于对照组,且心脏和肺的照射体积也显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组患者美容满意率为96.2%(25/26),对照组患者为67.9%(19/28),两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者在有无图像引导下的位移差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后APBI照射剂量低于WBI,改善靶区剂量分布,降低心肺等组织高剂量受照体积,结合图像引导,可以增加准确性。     

保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房成形术的临床应用

目的探讨保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形术在临床中的运用价值。方法乳腺癌患者12例,其中DCIS 6例,浸润性导管癌3例,小管癌1例,髓样癌1例,黏液癌1例;保留乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术9例,保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术3例。全组均保留或重建乳房下皱襞,切除乳腺组织和腋窝淋巴结,应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣即刻乳房成形。结果横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术3例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术9例,术后皮瓣均存活,皮瓣血管通畅,成形乳房外观良好。结论对早期乳腺癌患者行保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形,切口隐蔽,成形乳房形态效果良好,可以获得较好的美容效果。     

Controversies in breast conservation treatment for breast cancer

Breast conservation treatment has become the standard treatment for early breast cancer patients, after the equivalence of mastectomy and breast conservation treatment was demonstrated in prospective, randomized trials and large retrospective studies. New questions, such as the feasibility of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in improving breast conserving rate, the appropriateness of breast conservation treatment in ductal carcinoma in situ, the effectiveness of radiation therapy in patients treated by breast conservation, and patient selection for breast conservation without radiation, are now being raised. Future work that needs to be done to answer these questions is discussed in this review.     

Prostate specific antigen in breast cancer,benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a tumor marker used widely for the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Recently, we provided evidence that PSA may also be produced by breast tumors. In this report we examined quantitatively the PSA levels in 199 breast tumors, 48 tissues with benign breast disease (BBD, 34 fibroadenomas), and 36 normal breast tissues. Significant amounts of PSA (≥ 0.030 ng of PSA per mg of total protein) were found in 28% of breast tumors, 65% of BBD tissues, and 33% of normal breast tissues. PSA positivity in breast tumors was highest in stage I disease (34%) and decreased with disease stage (24% in stage II and 18% in stage III–IV). Using polymerase chain reaction amplification we have shown PSA mRNA presence in patients with PSA protein-positive tissues (benign and malignant) but not in patients with PSA protein-negative tissues. Our data suggest that PSA is expressed frequently by normal breast tissue, by tissue of benign breast diseases, and by breast cancer tissue. Highest expression is seen in benign breast disease and lowest expression in advanced stage cancerous tissue. As PSA production is mediated by steroid hormones and their receptors, we propose that PSA may be a new marker of steroid hormone action in the normal or diseased female breast. The role of this enzyme in the development of breast diseases including breast cancer is currently unknown.     

Delayed breast cellulitis following breast conserving operation.

A complication of breast conservation, which has been increasingly reported in the literature, is 'delayed cellulitis' in the treated breast. This is to be distinguished from wound infection in the breast following lumpectomy. This study reports 16 cases diagnosed with delayed cellulitis following breast conserving surgery, unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. Diagnostic criteria included: pain, erythema and edema in the operated breast. Symptoms appeared up to 10 months after surgery and time to resolution was seven and a half months. No patients had positive cytology and bacteriology tests were negative. Thirteen patients were observed, and three patients were treated with antibiotics with no apparent immediate effect. The appearance of breast cellulitis after surgery poses a problematic diagnostic and management dilemma. It is important to distinguish between this entity and infection, or inflammatory carcinoma. The picture may be attributed to impairment or occlusion of the lymphatic circulation in the breast. This seems to be a newly defined complication with an incidence of 3-5%.