乳腺癌组织中VEGF的表达及临床意义

目的 研究血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义.方法 应用免疫组织化学S-P法检测52例乳腺癌组织和18例乳腺良性病变中VEGF的表达情况,结合临床及病理形态学资料进行统计分析.结果 VEGF正常乳腺组织中阳性表达率低于乳腺癌组织的阳性表达率(P＜0.05).VEGF在腋淋巴结阳性组和复发/远处转移组的阳性率明显高于腋淋巴结阴性组和未发生远处转移/复发组(P＜0.05);乳腺癌VEGF表达与ER(P＜0.05)、PR(P＜0.05)、生存期(P＜0.05)呈负相关;与CerbB-2(P＜0.05)、临床分期(P＜0.05),呈正相关.VEGF与患者年龄、肿块大小无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 VEGF可能与乳腺癌的进展、转移及预后有关,作为独立的指标对判定预后和制定治疗方案具有参考意义.     

c-myc、HIF-1α和VEGF在高海拔地区乳腺癌的表达及临床意义

目的探讨高海拔地区乳腺癌及乳腺良性病变中c-myc、HIF-1α、VEGF的表达与转移及预后的关系。方法应用免疫组化Elivision plus法,测定60例乳腺癌和20例乳腺良性病变中c-myc、HIF-1α、VEGF的表达。结果60例乳腺癌组织中c-myc、HIF-1α、VEGF阳性表达率分别为55.0%、51.7%、63.3%,与乳腺良性病变比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。c-myc的阳性表达与年龄、淋巴结转移有关（P〈0.05）。HIF-1α、VEGF的阳性表达与组织学分级、临床分期及淋巴结转移有关（P〈0.05）。HIF-1α、VEGF的表达呈正相关（r=0.371;P〈0.01）,与c-myc蛋白表达呈正相关（r=0.332;P〈0.01）,c-myc、VEGF的表达呈正相关（r=0.369;P〈0.01）。结论c-myc、HIF-1α、VEGF在乳腺癌中的高表达与乳腺癌淋巴结转移密切相关。c-myc、HIF-1α、VEGF在促进乳腺癌淋巴结转移中可能起协同作用,联合检测乳腺癌中c-myc、HIF-1α、VEGF的表达,有利于更好地评估乳腺癌的生物学行为,提高对患者预后判断的准确性,指导个体化治疗。     

STAT-3与Enolase-1在乳腺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的 探讨乳腺癌组织中信号转导及转录活化因子3(STAT-3)和糖酵解酶烯醇化酶(Enolase-1)的表达与雌孕激素受体、淋巴结转移、临床分期、病理分级等的关系.方法 免疫组织化学SP法检测126例乳腺癌和26例乳腺良性病变组织中STAT-3与Enolase-1的表达情况,并分析他们与临床病理参数之间的关系.结果 乳腺癌组织中STAT-3和Enolase-1的阳性表达率分别为82.5％和77.8％,明显高于乳腺良性病变组织(11.5％和7.7％),差异均有统计学意义(x2=42.416,P＜0.05;x2=57.211,P＜0.05);在有淋巴结转移的乳腺癌组织中阳性表达率分别为85.7％和90.5％,高于无淋巴结转移组,差异均有统计学意义(x2=9.184,P＜0.05;x2=11.014,P＜0.05).相关分析表明STAT-3和Enolase-1的表达呈正相关.在雌激素受体阳性(ER+)和/或孕激素受体阳性(PR+)或表皮生长因子受体2阳性(HER 2+)乳腺癌组织中,有淋巴结转移组中STAT-3和Enolase-1的表达水平均明显高于无淋巴结转移组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 STAT-3与Enolase-1的表达与乳腺癌的发生发展及侵袭转移相关,且二者有协同作用(r=0.379,P＜0.05).在ER+和(或)PR+或HER-2+乳腺癌组织中,STAT-3和Enolase-1的高表达与淋巴结转移相关.在高表达STAT-3的乳腺癌组织中Enolase-1表达也较高,其联合检测可作为判断乳腺癌恶性程度、评价预后及指导治疗的一项评估指标.     

乳腺良恶性组织中UNC5B及VEGF的表达及相关性

目的探讨UNC5B和VEGF表达与乳腺癌临床病理因素的相关性及两者间的关系。方法采用免疫组化方法检测43例乳腺癌患者和20例乳腺良性病变组织中UNC5B及VEGF的表达,观察43例乳腺癌患者的无病生存期（DFS）,采用Spearman相关性分析UNC5B及VEGF的表达与DFS之间的关系。结果良恶性肿瘤之间UNC5B及VEGF阳性表达率有明显差异（P〈0.01）。UNC5B的表达与乳腺癌患者的年龄、肿块大小、TNM分期、病理类型、淋巴结转移及受体情况无关（P〉0.05）;与患者5年DFS呈正相关（P〈0.05）。VEGF的表达与乳腺癌患者的年龄、肿块大小、TNM分期、病理类型及受体情况无关（P〉0.05）;与淋巴结转移有关（P〈0.05）;与患者DFS呈负相关（P〈0.01）。乳腺癌UNC5B表达与VEGF呈负相关。结论 UNC5B在乳腺良性病变中均有高表达,在乳腺癌组织中表达率低;VEGF在乳腺良性病变中表达率极低,而在乳腺癌组织中表达率高,且与乳腺癌患者的淋巴结转移情况密切相关。5年DFS与UNC5B表达呈正相关;与VEGF表达呈负相关;UNC5B与VEGF两者表达呈负相关。     

AIB1在乳腺良、恶性病变组织中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨乳腺良、恶性组织中乳腺癌扩增性抗原1 (amplified in breast cancer 1,AIB1)蛋白的表达与临床意义.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测120例乳腺癌组织、40例良性乳腺病变、20例癌旁正常乳腺组织中AIB1的表达,并探讨该蛋白与乳腺癌患者的肿瘤大小、组织学分级、淋巴结有无转移及基因分型等的关系.结果 乳腺癌组织中AIB1过表达(40.0％)显著高于正常乳腺组织(10.0％)和乳腺良性病变组织(15.0％)(P＜0.05).在乳腺癌组织中,组织分级Ⅲ级组的过表达率(62.0％)显著高于Ⅰ级组(10.5％)和Ⅱ级组(29.4％)(P＜0.05)).腋淋巴结转移组中的过表达率(53.8％)显著高于淋巴结无转移组(14.3％)(P＜0.05).乳腺癌组织中,AIB1蛋白表达率在ER阳性组(45.2％)、阴性组(27.8％)间的差异无统计学意义(P =0.0741),PR阳性组(42.9％)、阴性组(34.9％)间的差异无统计学意义(P=0.393),而HER2阳性组的AIB1过表达率(51.5％)显著高于阴性组(25.0％)(P＜0.05).乳腺癌组AIB1蛋白的阳性表达率与乳腺癌不同基因分型亚型明显相关(P＜0.05).结论 乳腺癌中AIB1过表达与乳腺癌的发生、发展及肿瘤的恶性程度密切相关,AIB1蛋白高表达可能提示临床预后不良.     

IL-8在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:检测乳腺癌组织中IL-8表达,探讨其与临床病理学因子及生物学因子的关系.方法:采用免疫组化SP法检测乳腺癌组织中IL-8、ER、PR、VEGF、MVD表达.结果:1)103例乳腺癌组织中IL-8( )表达率为34%、( )为35%、( )为10.7%,与正常及良性组织相比有显著性差异(P=0);2)IL-8表达水平与VEGF、MVD表达呈正相关(P=0);3)IL-8表达与淋巴结转移状况、组织学分级、临床分期有关(P＜0.05);4)IL-8与乳腺癌预后有关(P＜0.05);5)IL-8与ER、PR、肿瘤大小及病理类型无关(P＞0.05).结论:IL-8的表达水平与影响乳腺癌患者预后的生物学因素相关,IL-8高表达,预后差,可作为判断乳腺癌预后的指标.     

乳腺癌手术前后血清扩散因子(scatter facter,SF)水平测定的意义

目的:探讨扩散因子(SF)在乳腺癌发生发展中的作用及其与乳腺癌生物学行为之间的关系.方法:采用ELISA法检测健康女性、乳腺良性病变及乳腺癌手术前后各组患者血清中SF的浓度水平.结果:乳腺癌组(术前)血清SF水平较正常组、乳腺良性病变组明显升高(P＜0.05).乳腺癌患者手术后的血清SF水平较术前明显降低(P＜0.05).乳腺肿块直径≥5cm患者血清SF水平较肿块直径≤2cm的为高(P＜0.05).乳腺癌Ⅲ期患者血清SF水平明显高于Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期患者(P＜0.05).乳腺癌各病理类型之间的血清SF水平无明显差异(P＞0.05).有腋淋巴结转移患者血清SF水平较无腋淋巴结转移者的高(P＜0.05).结论:SF在乳腺癌的发生发展中起着重要的促进作用,与乳腺癌的增殖和侵袭等生物学行为密切相关.提示SF有可能成为乳腺癌诊断、转移及预后判断的有效瘤标.     

乳腺癌尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物及其特异受体表达及意义

[目的]探讨乳腺癌和乳腺良性病变中尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及其特异受体(uPA-R)表达的生物学意义.[方法]免疫组化法分别检测uPA、uPA-R在57例乳腺癌和15例乳腺良性病变(对照组)中的表达.[结果]乳腺癌组较对照组uPA、uPA-R免疫染色阳性率明显升高(P＜0.05).在淋巴结转移病例中,uPA、uPA-R阳性率分别明显高于未转移病例(P＜0.05).uPA、uPA-R的表达与TNM分期及肿瘤大小相关(P＜0.05),与ER受体、PR受体无关.在病理分级较差分组中,uPA、uPA-R也有不同程度的升高,但无统计学意义.[结论]uPA、uPA-R的表达与乳腺癌浸润转移相关,可能是预测乳腺癌预后的一个强力生物学指标.     

人类乳腺癌组织中血管内皮生长因子和基质金属蛋白酶-2的表达

目的 探讨人乳腺癌组织中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)的表达及临床意义.方法 应用免疫组织化学SP法检测51份乳腺癌手术切除标本和10份正常乳腺组织标本中VEGF和MMP-2表达情况.结果 51份乳腺癌组织中VEGF和MMP-2表达分别为37份(72.55%)和31份(60.78%).10份正常乳腺组织均未见阳性表达.VEGF和MMP-2阳性表达在组织学Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),有淋巴结转移组高于无淋巴结转移组(P＜0.05).而VEGF和MMP-2表达与乳腺癌患者年龄、激素受体状态无明显相关性(P＞0.05).结论 VEGF和MMP-2可能在乳腺癌的发生、发展中发挥作用,二者之间存在某种调控关系,协同参与了乳腺癌的浸润及转移.     

新疆维吾尔族与汉族女性三阴性乳腺癌BRCA1和Ki-67表达意义的研究

目的:研究BRCA1和Ki-67蛋白在新疆维吾尔族及汉族三阴性乳腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义.方法:采用免疫组化方法检测115例维吾尔族三阴性乳腺癌、35例乳腺纤维腺瘤及120例汉族三阴性乳腺癌组织中BRCA1和Ki-67蛋白的表达,并结合临床病理因素进行相关分析.结果:BRCA1在乳腺癌组织中阳性表达率39.6％ (93/235),在乳腺纤维腺瘤组织中阳性表达率97.1％(34/35);Ki-67在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达率81.3％(191/235),高于乳腺纤维腺瘤组的20.0％(7/35),差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05.新疆维吾尔族、汉族两民族间BRCA1表达分别为73.0％(84/115)和48.3％ (58/120),差异有统计学意义,x2=14.99,P＜0.05.BRCA1蛋白阳性表达率随乳腺癌组织学分级的增高而降低,在淋巴结转移组阳性表达率低于淋巴结无转移组;在年龄≤40岁组阳性表达率低于年龄＞40岁组,差异均有统计学意义,P＜0.05.Ki-67在乳腺癌组织中表达与患者年龄、组织学分级和淋巴结转移有关,P＜0.05;而与肿瘤大小及民族因素无关,P＞0.05.BRCA1和Ki-67蛋白的表达呈负相关,r=-0.281,P＜0.05.结论:新疆维吾尔族、汉族三阴性乳腺癌组织中BRCA1和Ki-67蛋白表达存在差异,BRCA1失表达可能与早发性三阴性乳腺癌有关,并与Ki-67高表达相关.提示三阴性乳腺癌肿瘤增殖快恶性程度较高.     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum

We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity.     

Salivary and serum proteomics in head and neck carcinomas: before and after surgery and radiotherapy

Several body fluids have been evaluated as new sources for cancer biomarker discovery. In this context, salivary and serum proteomics seem promising diagnostic and predictive tools for head and neck diseases. In the present study, we performed a proteomic analysis of saliva and serum from patients presenting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and compared the results before and after therapy. In saliva of cancer patients, we observed an altered protein profile, including over-expression of PLUNC and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein. Both proteins may contribute to control tumor growth and, therefore, represent targets for new analysis. We also detected serotransferrin and a modified transthyretin form with altered levels in serum from patients. Comparing preoperative and postreatment samples, the results showed that the protein profile after treatment reverted to a pattern closer to those observed for controls. These results add information on the role of secreted proteins in the cancer process and emphasize the potential of saliva and serum analysis for diagnosis and monitoring of HNSCC.     

Proliferation and apoptosis in acute and chronic leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome

Clonal expansion of leukemic cells is thought to be due to proliferation in excess of apoptosis. To define and compare proliferation and apoptosis between various leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), we measured proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation as surrogate markers for proliferation and caspase 3 activity and annexin V surface binding as surrogate markers for activation of the apoptotic cascade in patients with MDS, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We found high proliferation in bone marrow cells from MDS and CMML as measured by PCNA and BrdU incorporation. The lowest level of proliferation was found in CLL. Apoptosis was also highest in MDS and CMML as measured by annexin V and caspase 3 activity. Unexpectedly, we found no significant difference in proliferation in bone marrow CD34+ cells from various leukemias or MDS. Apoptosis was significantly higher in bone marrow CD34+ cells from MDS and CML in chronic phase as compared to CD34+ cells from AML patients. Our results illustrate differences in proliferation and apoptosis between acute and chronic leukemias and MDS. These differences may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications.     

Morphine and tumor growth and metastasis

Morphine is an analgesic widely used to alleviate cancer pain. In addition, the perioperative management of pain in cancer surgery patients most often includes opioids. However, there are reports that these drugs may alter cancer recurrence or metastasis. Several mechanisms have been proposed, such as the modulation of the immune response or cellular pathways that control the survival and migratory behavior of cancer cells. The published literature, however, presents some discrepancies, with reports suggesting that opioids may either promote or prevent the spread of cancer. It is of great importance to determine whether opioids, in particular the most widely used, morphine, may increase the risk of metastasis when used in cancer surgery. This review examines the available data on the effects of morphine which influence cancer metastasis or recurrence, including immunomodulation, tumor cell aggressiveness, and angiogenesis, with special emphasis on recently published clinical and laboratory based studies. We further discuss the parameters that may explain the difference between reports on the effects of morphine on cancer.