山东省肥城市2006-2012年676例食管癌前病变内镜筛查结果分析

[目的]研究食管癌高发地区食管癌前病变转归情况及其影响因素,为食管癌前病变及食管鳞癌的防治工作提供科学依据。[方法]采用历史性队列研究方法对山东省肥城市2006-2012年期间接受筛查未治疗,并进行病理检查随访的受检者资料进行分析,描述首检及随访筛检结果,分析影响癌前病变发生、发展的因素。[结果]676例首检者接受随访,筛检结果为417例(61.7%)发生逆转,157例(23.2%)保持稳定,102例(15.1%)发生进展。102例进展者的病理诊断结果分别为9例食管炎,26例轻度异型增生,27例中度异型增生,30例重度异型增生原位癌,10例食管癌。其中基底细胞增生平均间隔为2.7年,随访结果为食管癌,轻度异常增生为6.3年,中度异常增生为2.9年,重度异型增生/原位癌为1.0年。男性、饮酒、饮茶为癌前病变发生、发展的危险因素,其OR值和95%CI值分别为1.712(1.088~2.694)、1.611(1.058~2.453)、1.784(1.004~3.170);年龄<55岁为癌前病变发生、发展的保护因素。[结论]首检后对基底细胞增生和轻度异型增生应间隔2年复查一次,对中度异型增生和未治疗的重度异型增生/原位癌应间隔半年复查一次,以减少早期癌的漏诊率;对男性、年龄≥55岁、饮酒、饮茶的癌前病变人群应加强筛查力度。     

应用内镜下碘染色在食管癌高发区进行普查的意义

背景与目的：食管癌的死亡率一直居高不下,主要是由于其早诊率较低。为提高食管癌的早诊率,本研究探讨在我国食管癌高发区应用直接内镜下碘染色进行普查提高食管癌早诊率的可行性。方法：应用直接内镜下碘染色在我国食管癌高发区对3164名高危人群进行3次普查,每个普查对象均在着色区取一块活检组织,且每例可疑病例也均在食管的不着色区取活检组织作病理检查,然后将食管鳞状上皮的着色情况与其对应的病理检查结果进行对照。结果：（1）早期食管癌100％碘染色阳性,染色级别多为I级。早期食管癌检出率为1．6％－4．59％,中晚期食管癌的检出率为0．29％－1．09％,食管癌的早诊率均在75％以上。（2）食管鳞状上皮重度不典型增生95．6碘染色阳性,其中91．3％病例碘染色级别为I和Ⅱ级。食管鳞状上皮重度不典型增生检出率为4．49％－7．68％。（3）中度不典型增生96．6％碘染色阳性,73．3％病变染色级别为Ⅱ和Ⅲ级。（4）92．3％轻度不典型增生碘染色阳性,86．5％病变染色级别为Ⅱ和Ⅲ级。（5）而只有0．9％的炎症和0．4％的正常组织碘染色级别为I和Ⅱ级,正常组织大多数为阴性或Ⅲ级。结论：在食管癌高发区应用直接内镜下碘染色进行普查,对早期食管癌及其癌前病变有较高的检出率。     

四川省食管癌早诊早治效果评价

[目的]评价食管癌高发区早诊早治项目筛查人群食管癌及癌前病变的患病情况。[方法]在四川省食管癌高发地区,采取整群随机抽样的方法选择至少一个乡或村作为筛查对象,对40~69岁人群采取内镜下碘染色及指示性活检技术进行筛查,并行病理学诊断。[结果]全省合计筛查11021人,筛查率100.19%;重度异形增生/原位癌及以上病人检出168例,检出率为1.53%;其中食管癌61例,检出率为0.55%。全省早诊率67.86%;治疗率67.26%。[结论]在食管癌高发区人群中存在着一定数量的无明显临床症状的癌前病变及早期食管癌患者,对该部分高危人群进行食管癌普查并进行癌症综合知识宣传,提高其防癌意识,是提高早期食管癌检出率,做好食管癌二级预防工作的关键。     

p53 immunoexpression: An aid to conventional methods in the screening of precursor lesions of squamous esophageal cancer in patients at high-risk?

INTRODUCTION: Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) is diagnosed late and carries a poor prognosis. Lugol chromoendoscopy (LC) has being shown a useful tool in the management of patients at high risk for SCCE. Biomarkers such as p53 protein expression may be present in the esophageal mucosa long before esophageal symptoms or lesions appear and may aid in early diagnosis. This study was carried out to investigate the p53 immunoexpression in esophageal mucosa of smokers and alcohol consumers and study its relationship with different degrees of histological findings and the role of LC to detect areas that express p53. METHODS: Group 1: One hundred and eighty-two asymptomatic subjects at high risk for SCCE (consumption of more than 80 g of ethanol and 10 cigarettes/day for at least 10 years). Group 2: Twenty healthy volunteers who neither smoked nor consumed alcohol. Both groups underwent upper GI endoscopy plus LC, with biopsies of the esophageal mucosa. Expression of p53 protein was compared to histological findings. RESULTS: Group 1: There was 25/182 (14%) Lugol's unstained areas. p53 protein was expressed in a stepwise fashion according to the severity of the histological findings: normal mucosa (12/103 or 12%), mild esophagitis (6/43 or 14%), moderate esophagitis (4/18 or 22%), severe esophagitis (1/3 or 33%), low-grade dysplasia (4/11 or 36%), high-grade dysplasia (2/2 or 100%) and squamous cell carcinoma (2/2 or 100%) (p=0.001). Nine in 25 (36%) patients with Lugol's unstained areas and 22/157 (14%) with normal appearing Lugol's stained mucosa expressed p53. Group 2: There was no Lugol unstained areas. The histological analysis and immunohistochemistry for p53 were normal with the exception of two patients that presented mild esophagitis and expressed p53. Unstained areas were 3.5 times (95% CI: 1.2-9.6) more likely to express p53 then stained ones. Alcoholics/smokers were 1.9 (95% CI: 0.4-8) times more likely to express p53 than non-alcoholics/non smokers. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we find an association between histological alterations, p53 expression and Lugol's unstained areas. It may point to a higher risk for SCCE. Smokers and alcohol drinkers with normal mucosa or chronic esophagitis that express p53 protein may represent an unrecognized sub-group of individuals that may benefit from surveillance or intervention.     

食管癌高发区山东省肥城市2006年至2016年食管癌前病变转归情况分析

  目的  研究食管癌高发区中国山东省肥城市食管癌前病变自然转归情况，为食管癌前病变及食管鳞癌的防治工作提供科学依据。  方法  回顾性收集山东省肥城市2006年至2016年期间进行内镜病理诊断且未治疗并进行二次内镜随访的受检者资料进行分析，描述癌前病变病例的具体复查结果，计算进展病例的累积进展率和进展时间，分析食管癌前病变病例的转归情况。  结果  本研究共纳入1 834例食管癌前病变病例，其中1 148例（62.6%）癌前病变发生逆转，148例（8.1%）发生进展。逆转为正常状态的病例共234例（12.8%），进展为食管癌共17例（0.9%）。各级别癌前病变进展为食管癌的病例比例由高至低依次为:重度异型增生/原位癌（4.9%）、中度异型增生（1.3%）、轻度异型增生（0.2%）；其发生癌变的中位进展时间由高至低依次为:轻度异型增生（5.62年）、中度异型增生（1.76年）和重度异型增生/原位癌（1.61年）。轻度异型增生9年累积进展为重度异型增生/原位癌及以上的进展率远小于中度异型增生（1.81% vs.9.98%），重度异型增生/原位癌进展为食管癌的累积进展率始终高于中度和轻度异型增生。  结论  超过一半以上的癌前病变会逆转为较低级别病变或正常状态；食管癌前病变的累积癌变率随病变级别的增高而增大，中位进展时间随病变级别的增高而缩短。大多数癌前病变进展为食管癌的时间间隔基本与《癌症早诊早治上消化道癌筛查及早诊早治技术方案》中的随访间隔相符，可适当对轻度异型增生患者的随访间隔缩短为每2年1次。      

Association of esophageal cytological abnormalities with vitamin and lipotrope deficiencies in populations at risk for esophageal cancer

Esophageal brush cytological screening was undertaken and blood concentrations of micronutrients (vitamin A, E, B12, folic acid and methionine) determined from adults at risk for esophageal carcinoma (EC) in Transkei and Ciskei, Southern Africa. Age-standardised EC rates per 100,000 per annum for both sexes in high, intermediate and low risk districts in Transkei were 74, 51 and 34, respectively. Corresponding rates in high and low EC risk districts in Ciskei were 129 and 9, respectively. Esophageal cytological changes including esophagitis, signs of folic acid deficiency, cellular atypia, dysplasia and cancer, were more prevalent in patients from high than from low EC risk areas. Dietary questionnaires revealed that corn was the main dietary staple in all populations, but that lower intakes of green vegetables, fruits and animal protein occurred in the high risk areas. Significantly lower concentrations of vitamins A, E, B12 and folic acid were present in the blood of patients presenting with cellular dysplasia or malignancy than in cytologically normal patients and in patients from low risk areas. Concentrations of red cell and plasma folate were significantly lower in patients presenting with cytological signs of folic acid deficiency or cellular atypia. The association of vitamin A, vitamin E and folic acid deficiencies with specific esophageal cytological abnormalities in populations at risk for EC is reported for the first time.     

Histogenesis of esophageal carcinoma]

Histopathologic and tritiated thymidine labelled autoradiography was carried out on 206 human esophageal biopsy specimens obtained in Linxian county, a high risk area of esophageal cancer in China. According to the histopathologic criteria, 6 cases showed atrophy, 151 normal, 31 hyperplasia, 14 dysplasia and 4 carcinoma. The index of labeled cells were: atrophy 3.3, normal 4.73, hyperplasia 4.9, dysplasia 5.6, carcinoma in situ 11.76 and invasive carcinoma 24.63. Significant increase in labeling was found in the esophageal mucosa with hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma. There was a gradient of increased expansion in the basal layer as the proliferating cells progress from normal to hyperplasia, to dysplasia, and to carcinoma. These results show that the hyperplastic and dysplastic cells were fundamental phases of carcinomatous change in the esophageal mucosa. It shows a wide spectrum of cellular alterations in the course of malignant change and the close relationship between the morphological alterations and cell biology.     

内镜下黏膜切除术联合氩离子血浆凝固术治疗早期食管癌及其癌前病变

[目的]探讨内镜下黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）联合氩离子血浆凝固术（Argon plasma coagulation,APC）在食管癌高发区治疗早期食管癌及其癌前病变的意义。[方法]应用透明帽法对食管癌高发区普查中发现的84例早期食管癌及食管癌前病变行EMR治疗,并联合应用APC治疗残留及复发病灶。术后2、6个月进行内镜复查。[结果]2004～2008年间共有84例患者成功行EMR,治疗成功率为100%。并发症：术中出血3例,术后出血2例,经内镜下治疗或保守治疗均成功止血;无一例穿孔、狭窄等并发症发生。随访：84例中,5例早期食管癌,49例原位癌/重度不典型增生术后半年随访时对原切除部位行内镜下活检,病理诊断5例重度不典型增生、8例中度不典型增生和19例轻度不典型增生,均内镜下APC治疗。平均随访21个月,无一例复发。[结论]应用透明帽法内镜下黏膜切除联合氩离子凝固术治疗早期食管癌及其癌前病变是食管癌二级预防的有效方法。     

Proliferation of esophageal epithelial cells among residents of Linxian, People's Republic of China

Histopathologic and tritiated thymidine labeling subjects were carried out on esophageal biopsy specimens of 44 human subjects with cytologic evidence of dysplasia from Linxian, People's Republic of China, a high-risk area for esophageal cancer. With the use of histopathologic criteria, 10 cases showed evidence of dysplasia, 20 hyperplasia, and 14 a near-normal morphology when compared with 21 normal cases studied previously from Jiaoxian, a low-risk area for esophageal cancer in the People's Republic of China. Significantly increased labeling indices were found in the esophageal mucosa of the dysplasia and hyperplasia subjects. There was a gradient of increased expansion in the basal layer of proliferating cells progressing from normal to hyperplasia to dysplasia, with the expansion twice as high in the epithelial cell lining in dysplasia when compared with the findings in the normal and near-normal groups. The correlation of proliferative abnormalities with the severity of precancerous lesions of the esophagus indicates that labeling studies may provide a sensitive adjunct to evaluate risk status and any modifications that might result from nutritional intervention.     

周期蛋白B1和D1在重度反流性食管炎、Barrett食管和食管腺癌中的表达及相关性研究

 目的　探讨周期蛋白（Cyclin）B1及D1在Barrett食管、Barrett食管合并不典型增生（DY）和食管腺癌中表达的临床意义。方法　应用免疫组织化学SP法测定68例患者食管组织标本Cyclin B1和Cyclin D1,其中重度反流性食管炎（RE）25例,Barrett食管（BE）35例,其中8例DY,8例食管腺癌（EA）,另取10例正常食管黏膜组织作为对照。结果　Cyclin B1 和Cyclin D1在 BE、DY、EA组检测样本中均有高表达,而在正常对照组及RE组黏膜组织中仅有少量表达,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,且Cyclin D1表达从肠化生-不典型增生-腺癌组织依次增高（分别为50.04、 67.94、74.31）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论　Cyclin B1和 cyclin D1可以作为肿瘤进展标志物来评估Barrett食管患者进展为腺癌的危险性,并可能是食管腺癌发生过程中的早期事件。     

Histopathologic findings of minute foci of squamous cell carcinoma in the human esophagus

To examine the histogenesis and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 76 cases of a primary squamous cell carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively, and 16 lesions of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus less than 1.0 cm in diameter were studied histopathologically. None of the patients had received radiation therapy preoperatively. Among 16 foci, 13 were intraepithelial carcinomas, and three were restricted to within the mucosa. In two patients with a solitary, minute cancer, there were no associated areas of dysplasia. In 11 patients with multiple primary minute foci, seven contained 14 areas of dysplasia in the esophagus. There was no continuity between the minute foci of carcinoma and areas of dysplasia. These findings are interpreted to mean that dysplasia is a "subcancerous" lesion rather than a "precancerous" one and that various degrees of lesions such as dysplasia and carcinoma occur multicentrically in the same esophagus. The sequence of dysplasia to carcinoma must be examined using the techniques of molecular biology.     

Qualitative and Quantitative Studies of Polygene Proteins Expression in Esophageal Precancerous Lesions and Esophageal Carcinoma

Objective： To examine the expressions of MDM2, P53 and P27 proteins in chronic esophagitis, para-cancer mucosa and esophageal carcinoma. Methods： Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of MDM2, P53 and P27 proteins in forty-seven patients suffering from chronic esophagitis and eighty-five cases of esophageal carcinoma and corresponding para-cancer mucosa. Flow cytometry（（FCM） was applied to detect the quantities of these proteins expressed in fresh tissues of 48 cases of esophageal cancer and their para-cancer tissues and 24 cases of relative normal mucosa at the surface of cutting edge. Results： Immunohistochemistry results showed that the expressions of the three studied proteins were very similar in the epithelia of chronic esophagitis and para-cancer mucosa （P〉0.05）. Both the qualitative and quantitative studies displayed that the P53 protein had no expression and its accumulations would appear only in the early stages of esophagus canceration while the MDM2 and P27 proteins had different degrees of expressions in cases of normal esophageal mucosa. MDM2 protein markedly increased in the advanced stages of esophageal canceration. A quantitative study showed that the expression of P27 protein had a linearity of decreasing tendency （F=9.132, P=0.002） in the course of esophageal canceration. Conclusion： Chronic esophagitis may be a precancerous lesion. Owing to the changes of the P53 and P27 proteins, we can also conclude that these occur in the early stages of esophagus oncogenesis, however the changes of MDM2 expression may occur in the advanced stage of esophageal canceration.     

食管癌高发区的内镜普查研究

目的　通过内镜普查了解食管癌高发区人群食管及贲门癌和其他各级病变的分布情况。方法 :河北省肿瘤研究所于 2 0 0 1年 12月 - 2 0 0 2年 5月在河北省磁县进行了碘染色内镜普查 ,普查结果采用SPSS10 0处理。结果 :食管癌高发区人群中 ,轻、中、重度食管炎的组织学检出率分别是 34 9%、1 6 %、0 2 % ,基底细胞增生、轻、中、重度不典型增生的组织学检出率分别是 0 9%、8 6 %、7 8%、2 6 % ,原位癌、黏膜内癌、浸润性鳞癌的组织学检出率分别是 2 5 %、0 2 %、0 7% ;贲门黏膜非萎缩性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎的组织学检出率分别是 36 3%、11 5 % ,轻、重度不典型增生的组织学检出率分别是2 5 %、0 8% ,黏膜内腺癌、浸润性腺癌的组织学检出率分别是 0 1%、0 8% ;内镜普查食管癌的早期发现率为 79 4 % ,普查率达 73 8%。结论 :本次普查为食管及贲门早期癌的治疗及癌前病变的阻断治疗提供了组织学诊断 ,为今后提高食管癌、贲门癌的治愈率 ,降低食管癌、贲门癌的发病率及死亡率打下了基础     

Alterations of p53, cyclin D1 and pRB expression in the carcinogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Many molecular alterations occur in esophageal carcinogenesis; however, little is known about the molecular genetic events responsible for the development of carcinoma. We investigated the expression of ki67, p53, cyclin D1 and pRB in 105 biopsy specimens using immunohistochemistry from iodine unstained lesions as indicators of carcinogenesis of the esophagus. Also, the genetic alternation of esophageal dysplasia from patients with accompanying esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was examined to study the evidence for field carcinogenesis in the esophagus. The expression of p53, cyclin D1 and pRB was detected in 31, 0 and 51.7% respectively of mild dysplasia; 40, 0 and 70% of moderate dysplasia; 40, 20 and 70% of severe dysplasia; and 48, 32 and 80% of carcinoma specimens. p53 expression was significantly increased in mild dysplasia, whereas cyclin D1 and pRB expression were significantly increased in carcinoma as compared to both normal epithelium and esophagitis. The ki67 LI and the rate of p53 expression were significantly higher in dysplasia with ESCC than in dysplasia without ESCC. Ki67, p53, cyclin D1 and pRB expression may be useful biomarkers for assessing the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Dysplasia observed at screening for secondary lesions has a highly malignant potential and careful follow-up studies are required.     

河北省磁县食管癌普查

[目的]通过内镜普查了解食管癌高发区人群食管及贲门癌和其他各种病变的患病情况，达到早诊早治的目的。[方法]河北省肿瘤研究所于2002年在磁县台城乡进行了电子纤维胃镜辅以碘染色普查，结果采用SPSSl0．0软件进行统计学处理。[结果]食管癌高发区人群中轻度食管炎、中度食管炎、重度食管炎的组织学检出率分别是34．9％、1．6％、0．2％；轻度不典型增生、中度不典型增生、重度不典型增生的组织学检出率分别是8．6％、7．8％、2．6％；食管原位癌、黏膜内癌、浸润性鳞癌的组织学检出率分别是2．5％、0．2％、0．7％。贲门炎的组织学检出率是47．8％；轻度不典型增生、重度不典型增生的组织学检出率分别是2．5％、0．8％；黏膜内腺癌、浸润性腺癌的组织学检出率分别是0．1％、0．8％。内镜普查食管癌的早期发现率为79．4％。普查率达73．8%。[结论]电子纤维胃镜辅以碘染色直接普查较拉网普查的优点是可以得到食管和贲门各种病变的组织学诊断，早期食管癌的检出率高于拉网普查．为二级预防打下基础。     

Natural history and significance of esophageal squamous cell dysplasia.

Balloon-mesh cytologic screening for esophageal cancer done in 255 asymptomatic high-risk United States veterans (age greater than 40 years, ethanol abuse for greater than 20 years, and cigarette smoking greater than 20 pack years) identified 37 patients with squamous cell dysplasia. Of the 37 patients with dysplasia, 28 were re-evaluated prospectively at 6-month intervals for up to 36 months by balloon-mesh cytology, esophagoscopy with vital staining and biopsies, chest radiographs, oropharyngeal examination, and indirect laryngoscopy. During prospective follow-up evaluation, cytology specimens were repetitively normal in 16 patients (57%), showed inflammatory changes in eight patients (29%), persisted as dysplasia in two patients (7%) (both had endoscopic and histologic evidence of esophagitis), and progressed to carcinoma in two patients (7%) (one esophageal, one laryngeal). Although histologic findings concurred with the resolution of dysplasia, biopsy specimens were characterized by a similar difficulty in distinguishing dysplasia from inflammation. Erroneous histologic diagnoses of carcinoma in situ were made in two patients with reflux esophagitis evident endoscopically and confirmed during the course of a 24-36 month follow-up period. The authors conclude that squamous cell dysplasia detected by balloon-mesh cytology is seldom a precursor of esophageal cancer in the high-risk U.S. population but, rather, is often related to esophagitis. Thus, balloon-mesh cytology has limited use as a screening method for the early detection of esophageal cancer in the United States.     

The role of alkaline reflux in esophageal carcinogenesis induced by N-amyl-N-methylnitrosamine in rats

It is now accepted that the incidence of esophageal carcinoma is highest in the middle thoracic region. Esophageal carcinoma after gastrectomy, however, has a tendency to develop in the lower thoracic region. These studies suggest a possible correlation between the development of esophageal carcinoma and gastrectomy, i.e., alkaline reflux into the esophagus. To elucidate this correlation, the role of alkaline reflux of duodenal contents in the development of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma induced by N-amyl-N-methylnitrosamine (AMN) was investigated in Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 3 groups; gastrectomized rats with or without regurgitation of duodenal contents into the esophagus, and control rats without gastrectomy. All received low doses of AMN for 8 weeks and were subsequently killed for pathological examination. Esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas were found only in gastrectomized rats with regurgitation. The carcinomas were found exclusively in areas of reflux esophagitis and were accompanied by severe dysplasia. Our results indicate that alkaline reflux of duodenal contents strongly contributes to the development of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma.     

内镜下黏膜剥离术治疗早期食管癌及癌前病变的临床应用

目的探讨内镜黏膜剥离术（ESD）在早期食管癌及癌前病变治疗中的应用价值与意义。方法选取2007年1月至2010年1月57例行内镜检查取活检经病理学确诊的早期食管癌及癌前病变并行ESD治疗的患者,进行内镜下黏膜剥离术,对照术前与术后的病理结果,并对手术并发症、治疗效果及预后进行观察。结果57例行ESD治疗的早期食管癌及癌前病变患者,术后病理学诊断黏膜内癌12例（21．1％）,原位癌22例（38．6％）,重度不典型增生18例（31．6％）,中度不典型增生5例（8．8％）。术前术后病理学诊断符合率为87．6％,其中有10例不相符的患者为术前活检病理级别低于术后病理级别。结论对于病理学活检、染色内镜及超声内镜确诊为直径〈30mm无肿瘤转移的早期食管癌及中重度异型增生患者进行内镜下黏膜切除术效果良好。黏膜下剥离术是这类早期食管癌及癌前病变治疗的有效方法,且创伤小,能有效提高患者术后生活质量,值得临床推广应用。     

Association between Dietary Behavior and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Yanting

Background: Yanting is one of high risk areas for esophageal cancer and the screening program was thereforeinitiated there. This study was aimed to investigate the dietary behaviors on the risk of esophageal squamouscell carcinoma (ESCC), among the individuals with normal and abnormal esophagus mucosa. Materials andMethods: A frequency matched case-controls study was proposed to estimate the different distribution ofdietary behavior between individuals of control, esophagitis and cancer groups. Cancer cases were selected fromhospitals. Esophagitis cases and controls were selected from screening population for ESCC. Health workerscollected data for 1 year prior to interview, in terms of length of finishing a meal, temperature of eaten foodand interval between water boiling and drinking. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis tests and unconditional logisticregression model were used to estimate differences and associations between groups. Results: Compared withcontrols, length of finishing a meal ≥15mins was related to a reduced OR for cancer (OR=0.46, 95%CI, 0.22-0.97) and even compared with cases of esophagitis, the OR of cancer was reduced to 0.30 (95%CI, 0.13-0.72).The OR for often eating food at a high temperature was 2.48 (95%CI 1.06, 5.82) for ESCC as compared withcontrols. Interval between water boiling and drinking of ≥10mins was associated with lower risk of cancer: theOR was 0.18 compared with controls and 0.49 with esophagitis cases (p<0.05). Conclusions: Length of eatingfood ≥15mins and interval between water boiling and drinking ≥10mins are potentially related to reduced risk ofesophageal SCC, compared with individuals with normal and abnormal esophageal mucosa. Recommendationsto Yanting residents to change their dietary behaviors should be made in order to reduce cancer risk.     

Association between GSTM1*0 and squamous dysplasia of the esophagus in the high risk region of Linxian, China

Individuals with specific phase I and phase II enzyme polymorphisms may be at increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. However, to our knowledge there has been only one previous report that evaluates a potential role for these polymorphisms in increasing risk for preneoplastic squamous lesions of the esophagus. To explore this further, we examined polymorphisms in CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1, both independently and in combination, for potential associations with the risk of biopsy-proven squamous dysplasia of the esophagus in asymptomatic adults from Linxian, a high risk region in China. Cases consisted of 56 individuals from an esophageal cancer screening study with an endoscopic biopsy diagnosis of mild or moderate squamous dysplasia. Each case was matched on age (+/- 1 year) and gender to a control. Controls were defined as screening study participants with an endoscopic biopsy diagnosis of normal mucosa or esophagitis. DNA was extracted from frozen cell samples obtained by cytologic balloon examination and genotyped using standard methods. Individuals who were GSTM1 null (homozygous for GSTM1*0) were found to have a tendency for an increased risk of esophageal squamous dysplasia (odds ratio=2.6, 95% CI, 0.9-7.4). No excess risks were observed for inheritance of other putative at risk genotypes CYP1A1*2B, CYP2E1*6 or GSTT1*0. The risk associated with the inheritance of combined genotypes was not significantly different than the risk estimates from the univariate analysis. These results are consistent with the notion that exposure to environmental carcinogens that are detoxified by GSTM1, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, may contribute to the etiology of esophageal cancer in Linxian.