60例腹腔镜下子宫全切除术的麻醉体会

目的:探讨全麻下腹腔镜子宫全切除术中气腹对患者呼吸及循环功能的影响。方法:气腹前、气腹后10min、气腹后30min及放气后监测患者BP、HR、SpO2、Paw的变化情况,并进行统计学分析。结果:术中CO2气腹后患者的BP、HR、Paw与气腹前相比明显增加,差异有统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜子宫全切除术气腹后患者的BP、HR、Paw升高。     

儿童腹腔镜阑尾切除术CO2气腹对呼吸的影响

目的:探讨儿童腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)CO2气腹对呼吸的影响。方法:47例小儿行LA,观察气腹前后PETCO2、SpO2、Ppeak的变化。结果:气腹后比气腹前患儿SpO2下降;而Ppeak、PETCO2上升。放气后PETCO2、SpO2、Ppeak基本恢复至气腹前水平。PETCO2气腹前后有显著差异,术终拔管前降至近气腹前水平。无低氧血症发生。结论:加强呼吸循环监测,术中合理用药,能使腹腔镜手术麻醉顺利完成,儿童腹腔镜手术将更安全可靠。     

不同麻醉下有或无气腹腹腔镜手术对呼吸和循环的影响

传统的CO2气腹腹腔镜手术对心脏和呼吸系统有潜在的损害作用,甚至可引起有生命威胁的并发症,近年兴起的无气腹悬吊式腹腔镜技术无须向腹腔内注入CO2气体,避免了CO2气体对人体的不良影响,增加了手术的安全性.我们试比较全身麻醉下CO2气腹腹腔镜手术和悬吊式腹腔镜手术在全麻和硬膜外麻醉下呼吸和循环参数的变化,以供临床参考.     

两种腹腔镜胆囊切除术术式对机体血气参数及PET CO2的影响

目的观察对比气腹腹腔镜与悬吊腹腔镜胆囊切除术对心肺功能正常患者血气分析及呼吸末CO2分压（PET CO2）的影响。方法选择60例心电图、胸部正位片正常的患者,均在全身麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,按术式分为气腹组和悬吊组,每组30例。分别于麻醉后5 min（T1）、术中气腹或悬吊后20 min（T2）、术后停气腹或悬吊后30 min（T3）抽取患者足背动脉血行血气分析,记录各个时段动脉血pH值、PaCO2、CO2总量以及T1、T2时段的PET CO2。结果两组术前及术后各项指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,术中两组间各项指标差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。气腹组术前、术中各项指标及术中、术后各项指标比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,术前、术后比较仅pH值差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。悬吊组术前、术中、术后各项指标两两比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论气腹腹腔镜手术对机体血气的影响大于悬吊腹腔镜手术,合并心肺功能障碍、老年患者、预计手术时间长的患者,提倡选择悬吊腹腔镜手术。     

空气与二氧化碳气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术的比较

目的 比较空气与CO2气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的临床效果,探讨空气膨腹介质下LC的临床应用价值。方法2013年7～10月109例胆囊良性疾病按本科手术日分为2组,分别施行空气气腹或c0,气腹LC,前者除使用空气气腹外,余均使用常规的腹腔镜手术设备和操作器械,比较2组手术并发症、疼痛反应、术后住院时间、总住院费用等。结果 2组均顺利完成LC,无中转开腹、严重并发症发生。空气组无一例中转CO2气腹手术,与CO2组比较,空气组术后肩痛发生率低（X^2=4.097,P=0.043）、恶心呕吐发生率低（X^2=4.584,P=0.032）、视觉模拟评分低（t=-3.568,P=0.000）、术后排气时间短（Z=-4.287,P=0.000）、术后住院时间短（t=2.312,P=0.023）、住院费用低（t=-3.854,P=0.000）。结论 空气气腹LC安全可行,简易价廉,减少CO2排放,减轻CO2气腹术后并发症。     

气腹与非气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除的随机对照研究

目的探讨腹壁悬吊式非气腹装置在腹腔镜手术中的应用价值。方法采用随机对照方法比较非气腹（n=37）与CO2气腹（n=38）腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术时间、术中出血量、术后即时动脉血气分析、术后住院时间、术后第1天血ACTH变化及术后并发症情况。结果2组均顺利完成手术,气腹组手术时间（34.2±7.7）min显著短于非气腹组（46.7±16.8）min（t=-4.160,P=0.000）,气腹组术中出血量（10.4±2.0）ml显著少于非气腹组（14.8±7.2）ml（t=-3.627,P=0.000）。术后即时动脉血气分析、术后住院时间[气腹组为（3.7±0.7）d,非气腹组为（3.9±1.2）d,t=0.884,P=0.379）]和术后第1天ACTH（气腹组中位数为5.66pmol/L,非气腹组中位数为5.48pmol/L,Z=0.748,P=0.436）2组比较差异无统计学意义。术后2组均无严重并发症,非气腹组37例中有20例出现了右季肋部皮下气肿,气腹组无此并发症出现。结论腹壁悬吊式非气腹装置安全简单,患者术后恢复好,并可避免气腹手术的相关并发症,拓宽了腹腔镜手术的应用范围,具有在临床推广应用的价值。     

妇科腹腔镜手术气腹对患者腰部硬膜外腔压力的影响

目的了解CO2气腹对腰部硬膜外腔压力的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级的择期妇科腹腔镜手术患者30例,所有患者均在硬膜外麻醉复合静脉全麻下进行腹腔镜手术,测定患者术前和术中腰部硬膜外腔压力的变化以及SBP、DBP、HR、PETCO2、SpO2等指标的变化。结果术中患者腰部硬膜外腔压力均显著升高,CO2气腹时SBP、DBP、HR无明显变化,PETCO2在气腹的建立和维持中逐步升高,但在手术结束气腹消除后逐步恢复至正常水平。结论CO2气腹可显著提高患者腰部硬膜外腔压力。     

无气腹与气腹腹腔镜子宫切除术的临床疗效比较

目的探讨应用无气腹腹腔镜行子宫切除术的可行性及优点。方法 2004年10月至2009年10月,选择40例无气腹腹腔镜辅助阴式子宫切除术(无气腹组)与43例气腹腹腔镜辅助阴式子宫切除术(气腹组),比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术中血气分析、切除的子宫重量、术后病率、抗生素使用时间、住院时间、麻醉费用、手术费用、住院总费用。无气腹组20例患者合并心、肺疾病,为气腹手术禁忌证。结果与气腹组相比,无气腹组手术时间短、术中出血量少、麻醉费用少(P0.01),但术后使用抗生素时间及住院时间长(P0.01),术中PaCO2和碱剩余改变差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术中切除子宫重量、术后病率、手术费用、住院总费用差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论无气腹腹腔镜子宫切除术是可行的,尤其对有心、肺合并症的患者,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

免气腹与气腹全腹腔镜下肝叶切除术的对比研究

目的探讨免气腹全腹腔镜下肝叶切除术应用的可行性。方法选择我院2008年5月～2009年12月资料完整的全腹腔镜下肝叶切除术22例,免气腹组11例(应用经穿刺孔8～14Fr导尿管腹壁牵拉技术),气腹组11例,进行回顾性对照研究,比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后腹腔引流量、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、术后恶心呕吐情况、术后住院时间、术后并发症,检测手术开始60min时动脉血CO2分压(PaCO2)、呼气末CO2分压(PETCO2)、中心静脉压(CVP)和气道压。结果2组手术均顺利,无中转开腹,无输血,术后恢复顺利。2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后腹腔引流量、肛门首次排气时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症差异均无显著性(P0.05)。免气腹组手术开始60min时PaCO2[(36.0±4.0)mmHgvs(43.9±3.8)mmHg,t=4.735,P=0.000],PETCO2[(31.3±2.8)mmHgvs(41.2±3.8)mmHg,t=6.978,P=0.000],CVP[(6.04±1.62)cmH2Ovs(7.81±1.66)cmH2O,t=2.533,P=0.020]和气道压[(17.1±2.5)cmH2Ovs(25.1±3.9)cmH2O,t=5.711,P=0.000]明显低于气腹组。结论经穿刺孔皮管腹壁提拉技术开展免气腹全腹腔镜下肝叶切除术可行,安全。     

影响腹腔镜胆囊切除气腹效果的因素及对策

目的　探讨CO2气腹下LC影响肝下间隙充气显露的因素及对策。方法　回顾性分析 1995～2003年CO2气腹下606例LC术中肝下间隙充气显露的效果。结果　在606例中,腹腔内充 气和显露手术空间不满意107例,腹腔充气、手术空间显露满意499例。结论　影响腹腔CO2充气 显露手术空间的因素主要有麻醉效果、腹腔手术粘连、肝肿大、膀胱充盈、CO2渗漏。     

Hyaluronic acid secretion during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and its association with port-site metastasis in a murine model

Background: The mechanism of port-site metastasis after laparoscopic cancer surgery is unclear. This study aimed to determine whether carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum caused an increase in hyaluronic acid, which is secreted from mesothelial cells of the peritoneal cavity, and to assess the risk for port-site metastasis using a murine pneumoperitoneal model. Methods: Sandwich-binding protein assay was used to measure the concentration of hyaluronic acid in the peritoneal cavity at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h after CO2 pneumoperitoneum or laparotomy for 30 min. The concentrations of hyaluronic acid during pneumoperitoneum were compared among different gases (CO2, helium, air), intervals (5, 30, 60 min), and pressures (0-2, 4-6, 8-10 mmHg). To investigate the effects of exogenous hyaluronic acid, the development of port-site metastasis was examined using mouse adenocarcinoma cell-line colon 26 cells. Results: The intraperitoneal concentration of hyaluronic acid after CO2 pneumoperitoneum had increased already at 6 h, had reached the maximum level at 24 h, and had begun to decrease at 72 h. The concentration of hyaluronic acid at 24 h and 48 h in the CO2 pneumoperitoneum group was higher than that in the laparotomy group. This increase in hyaluronic acid also was found during helium and air pneumoperitoneum, and the concentration of hyaluronic acid in the peritoneal cavity was at its maximum when CO2 pneumoperitoneum lasted 30 min at 4 to 6 mmHg. The frequency of port-site metastasis was the highest when hyaluronic acid was injected during CO2 pneumoperitoneum (100%). Conclusions: In a murine model, the intraperitoneal concentration of hyaluronic acid was significantly increased after CO2 pneumoperitoneum, and the increase was more evident than that after laparotomy. Increased hyaluronic acid during pneumoperitoneum may be associated with port-site metastasis after laparoscopic cancer surgery.     

气腹造影螺旋CT影像技术在有腹部手术史患者腹腔镜手术中的价值

目的探讨气腹造影螺旋CT影像技术（pneumoperitoneum helico-CT imaging,PHCT）在腹部手术后患者再次行腹腔镜手术时安全建立气腹的指导价值。方法 2007年2月～2011年6月我院205例有腹部手术史患者再次行腹腔镜手术前,采用局麻下腹壁穿刺注气,建立人工气腹,经64排螺旋CT扫描,预先判定是否存在腹壁粘连及粘连部位、范围和结构,为腹腔镜手术闭合法入路的安全选点提供技术保障。结果术前PHCT检查21例无腹壁粘连,142例为非脐孔部位的局限性腹壁粘连,42例脐孔周围有局限性腹壁粘连。以脐孔为观察孔（第一戳孔）131例,经腹壁其他部位为第一戳孔74例。全部采用闭合法完成腹腔镜置入,无一例发生与手术入路有关的并发症。结论有腹部术史患者通过PHCT能够明确腹内粘连的情况,为腹腔镜手术时腹壁闭合法入路技术操作的安全性提供保障。     

Hemodynamic and pulmonary changes during open, carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum, and abdominal wall-lifting cholecystectomy

Background: Carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum effects are still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate cardiopulmonary changes in patients subjected to different surgical procedures for cholecystectomy. Methods: In this study, 15 patients were assigned randomly to three groups according to the surgical procedure to be used: open cholecystectomy (OC), CO2 pneumoperitoneum cholecystectomy (PP), and laparoscopic gasless cholecystectomy (abdominal wall lifting [AWL]), respectively. A pulmonary artery catheter was used for hemodynamic monitoring in all patients. A subcutaneous multiplanar device (Laparo Tenser) was used for abdominal wall lifting. To avoid misinterpretation of results, conventional anesthesia was performed with all parameters, and the position of the patients held fixed thoroughout surgery. The following parameters were analyzed: mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), central venous pressure (CVP), systemic vascular resistances index (SVRI), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), pulmonary vascular resistances index (PVRI), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), end-tidal CO2 pressure (ETCO)2, CO2 arterial pressure (PaCO2), and arterial pH. Results: All the operations were completed successfully. The Laparo Tenser allowed good exposition of the surgical field. A slight impairment of the cardiopulmonary functions, with reduction of SVRI, MAP, and CI and elevation of pulmonary pressures and vascular resistance, followed induction of anesthesia. However, these effects tended to normalize in the OC and AWL groups over time. In contrast, CO2 insufflation produced a complex hemodynamic and pulmonary syndrome resulting in increased right- and left side filling pressures, significant cardiac index reduction, derangement of the respiratory mechanics, and respiratory acidosis. All of these effects normalized after desufflation. Conclusions: Cardiopulmonary adverse effects of general anesthesia were significant but transitory and normalized during surgery. Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum caused a significant impairment in cardiopulmonary functions. In high-risk patients, gasless laparoscopy may be preferred for reliability and absence of cardiopulmonary alterations. apd: 21 December 2000     

Morphology of the murine peritoneum after pneumoperitoneum vs laparotomy

BACKGROUND: Although there have been studies of the effects of pneumoperitoneum on the peritoneal cavity, we still do not know whether the morphologic changes to the peritoneum are different for pneumoperitoneum vs laparotomy. Using scanning electron microscopy, we examined the murine peritoneum after pneumoperitoneum vs laparotomy and compared the changes. METHODS: Forty-five mice were anesthetized with diethyl ether and divided into seven groups. Pneumoperitoneum was established at 5 mmHg for 30 min with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) (n = 9), helium (n = 9), and air (n = 9). One group underwent laparotomy for 30 min (n = 9), and a control group underwent anesthesia only (n = 3). CO(2) pneumoperitoneum was further established at 10 mmHg for 30 min (n = 3) and at 5 mmHg for 60 min (n = 3). After the procedures, the peritoneum was resected from the mesenterium of the small intestine in each animal and examined by scanning electron microscope for morphologic changes of the mesothelial cells. RESULTS: Bulging up of the mesothelial cells was evident immediately after pneumoperitoneum, whereas detachment of the mesothelial cells was present immediately after laparotomy. Bulging up of the mesothelial cells was reduced at 24 h after CO(2) pneumoperitoneum and fully resolved at 72 h in all pneumoperitoneum groups, whereas the mesothelial cells remained detached at 72 h in the laparotomy group. Intercellular clefts were found immediately after helium pneumoperitoneum and were present at 24 h and 72 h after helium pneumoperitoneum, but they were not seen after air pneumoperitoneum and were only evident after CO(2) pneumoperitoneum at 10 mmHg. Depression of the mesothelial cell surface was observed when pneumoperitoneum lasted 60 min. CONCLUSION: Morphologic peritoneal alterations after pneumoperitoneum differed from those after laparotomy and were influenced by the type of gas, amount of pressure, and duration of insufflation. These peritoneal changes after pneumoperitoneum may be associated with a specific intraperitoneal tumor spread after laparoscopic cancer surgery.     

Pneumoperitoneum 48 Days After Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Background and Objectives:

Postoperative pneumoperitoneum following laparoscopic surgery is self-limited, typically resolving within days.

Methods:

We analyzed the case of a 48-y-old woman who presented with acute abdominal pain 48 d after a total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Imaging studies revealed free air under the diaphragm suggesting a perforated viscus.

Results:

An exploratory laparotomy was performed, but no perforations or organic traumas were found intraoperatively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the longest period of time reported for persistent pneumoperitoneum after laparoscopic surgery.

Conclusion:

Absent clinical findings, introduction of atmospheric air into the abdominal cavity during the original laparoscopic surgery was the most likely cause and is supported by the literature. Pneumoperitoneum observed up to 48 d status post laparoscopic hysterectomy, in the absence of peritoneal signs, fever, leukocytosis, or hemodynamic instability, may be considered for expectant management and serial inspection for clinical change.     

妇科腹腔镜手术腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉的效果

目的:评价妇科腹腔镜手术腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉(combined spinal-epidural anesthesia,CSEA)的效果。方法:择期选择妇科腹腔镜手术患者1000例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ,随机分为CSEA组和连续硬膜外麻醉组(epidural anesthesia,EA),每组500例,记录入室后(基础值)和注入首剂量局麻药后1min、5min、10min、15min时的SP、DP、MAP、HR、SpO2、PETCO2。观察麻醉前(T1)、气腹即刻(T2)、气腹后20min(T3)、气腹后30min(T4)、气腹后40min(T5)、气腹后50min(T6)两组各指标的变化。记录开始注入局麻药至出现满意阻滞平面的时间、肌松程度、局麻药总量、丙泊酚总量。结果:阻滞平面达T6时间两组有极显著差异(P<0.01)。局麻药总量,丙泊酚总量EA组明显增多(P<0.05),两组SP、DP、MAP、HR、SpO2、PETCO2比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。镇痛效果及肌松程度CSEA组优于EA组。结论:与硬膜外阻滞相比,妇科腹腔镜手术患者腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉有较好的镇痛、肌松效果,且局麻药用量、丙泊酚用量较少。     

Gasless laparoscopy in abdominal surgery

Pneumoperitoneum, as a necessary precondition of laparoscopic procedures, represents a restriction of the surgeon's freedom of movement and can lead to rare but typical complications. We describe our first experiences with laparoscopic surgery without using pneumoperitoneum. Under direct vision and digital control a fan-formed wall retractor, which is attached to an electric lift arm, is introduced into the abdominal cavity. After raising the abdominal wall, the scope is introduced through the same access and the laparoscopic procedure can be started without the technical and physiopathological problems which may occur using a pneumoperitoneum. In this gasless laparoscopic procedure, simple valveless trocars and instruments can be used. Furthermore, an unlimited suction can be obtained without a loss of exposure. During anesthesia, neither increased ventilation nor increased ventilation pressure is necessary, and the surgeon has increased freedom of action. Not only special laparoscopic instruments, but the conventional instruments, used in open surgery, can also be employed in gasless laparoscopy. In this way we performed gasless laparoscopic surgery on 54 patients: cholecystectomy (n=37), abdominal exploration for NSAP (n=5) or tumor staging (n=4), fenestration of liver cysts (n=5), and appendectomy (n=3). We did observe three wound infections as related complications. Six times, we had to change the surgical procedure. Compared to the traditional procedure with a CO₂ pneumoperitoneum, the results of the first gasless procedures demonstrate potential advantages.     

Changes in plasma potassium concentration during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum

Hyperkalaemia with ECG changes had been noted during prolonged carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in pigs. We have compared plasma potassium concentrations during surgery in 11 patients allocated randomly to undergo either laparoscopic or open appendectomy and in another 17 patients allocated randomly to either carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum or abdominal wall lifting for laparoscopic colectomy. Despite an increasing metabolic acidosis, prolonged carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum resulted in only a slight increase in plasma potassium concentrations, which was both statistically and clinically insignificant. Thus hyperkalaemia is unlikely to develop in patients with normal renal function undergoing carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic surgery.      

Anesthesia for laparoscopy: a review

Laparoscopy is the process of inspecting the abdominal cavity through an endoscope. Carbon dioxide is most universally used to insufflate the abdominal cavity to facilitate the view. However, several pathophysiological changes occur after carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and extremes of patient positioning. A thorough understanding of these pathophysiological changes is fundamental for optimal anesthetic care. Because expertise and equipment have improved, laparoscopy has become one of the most common surgical procedures performed on an outpatient basis and to sicker patients, rendering anesthesia for laparoscopy technically difficult and challenging. Careful choice of the anesthetic technique must be tailored to the type of surgery. General anesthesia using balanced anesthesia technique including several intravenous and inhalational agents with the use of muscle relaxants showed a rapid recovery and cardiovascular stability. Peripheral nerve blocks and neuraxial anesthesia were both considered as safe alternative to general anesthesia for outpatient pelvic laparoscopy without associated respiratory depression. Local anesthesia infiltration has shown to be effective and safe in microlaparoscopy for limited and precise gynecologic procedures. However, intravenous sedation is sometimes required. This article considers the pathophysiological changes during laparoscopy using carbon dioxide for intra-abdominal insufflation, outlines various anesthetic techniques of general and regional anesthesia, and discusses recovery and postoperative complications after laparoscopic abdominal surgery.