远隔处理——来自心脏之外的内源性心肌保护作用

背景 虽然缺血预处理(ischemia preconditioning,IPC)仍然是目前已知的最强大内源性心肌保护措施,但是各种原因其临床应用受到了限制.远隔于心脏之外的其他器官或组织经历短暂缺血后可使心肌对后继的长时间缺血更加耐受,即远隔缺血预处理(remote ischemic preconditioning,RIPC)的心肌保护作用.目前的研究已经将远隔处理的保护作用从单一的心肌保护领域扩展到了对全身众多器官或组织的保护作用中.在将远隔处理推荐作为临床工作的常规措施之前,仍需更多大规模的临床研究评估和优化其保护作用.目的 探讨远隔处理的心肌保护作用及研究进展.内容对远隔处理的发现、发展过程中的文献进行综述,并通过现有研究结果剖析远隔处理内在作用机制.趋向 远隔处理具有较光明的临床应用前景,通过对其作用机制和影响因素进行深入研究有助于获得更好的心肌保护干预策略.     

δ受体在芬太尼后处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤保护效应中作用的实验研究

目的 探讨δ受体在芬太尼后处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(ischemia/reperfusion injury,I/RI)保护作用机制中的地位.方法 通过结扎冠状动脉左前降支(left anterior descending coronary artery,LAD)造成局部心肌缺血30 min后开放血流再灌注180 min建立心肌I/RI模型.将72只大鼠按随机数字表法随机平均分为4组(每组18只),分别在结扎LAD 15 min时给予芬太尼(30 μg/kg)、远隔缺血后处理、联合应用芬太尼和远隔缺血后处理或生理盐水(对照).在结扎LAD前5 min,将每组大鼠平均分成A和B两个亚组,分别静脉注入生理盐水和δ受体拮抗剂Nahrindole hydrochloride (NTD).再灌注180 min时,测定血浆肌酸激酶MB同工酶(creatine kinase isoenzyme MB,CK-MB)和血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cardiac troponin I,cTnI)活性,采用伊文氏蓝和氯化三苯基四氮唑染色法测定心肌梗死面积(infarct size,IS％)值.结果 C-A亚组、F-A亚组、R-A亚组、F-R-A亚组、C-B亚组、F-B亚组、R-B亚组和F-R-B亚组的IS％值分别是(59.6±3.1)、(55.6±2.2)、(48.4±1.4)、(35.5±1.7)、(57.9±2.0)、(52.2±2.4)、(50.3±1.2)％和(46.9±2.8)％.芬太尼后处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理可显著降低心肌缺血/再灌注后的IS％值以及CK-MB和cTnI活性,联合应用芬太尼后处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理可获得显著增强的心肌保护效果.NTD可显著削弱肢体远隔缺血后处理的心肌保护作用,但对芬太尼后处理的心肌保护作用无影响.预先应用NTD能够消除联合应用芬太尼后处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理在降低IS％值方面的协同作用.结论 δ受体参与肢体远隔缺血后处理的心肌保护作用,但未参与芬太尼后处理的心肌保护作用.δ受体对联合应用芬太尼后处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理在降低心肌梗死面积方面的协同作用十分重要.     

锌在缺血预处理和药物预处理心肌保护中作用的研究进展

背景 锌作为重要信号分子,参与了缺血预处理(ischemic preconditioning,IPC)、缺血后处理以及药物预处理心肌保护效应,其具体机制还不是很清楚. 目的 探讨锌在预处理心肌保护中的作用及其机制. 内容 从锌的基本作用、在预处理心肌保护中的作用及其机制方面进行文献综述.锌可能通过Zn2+-磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶-蛋白激酶B-糖原合成激酶-3β(Zn2+-PI3K-Akt-GSK-3β)和一氧化氮-环单磷酸鸟苷-蛋白激酶G-Zn2+-细胞外信号调节激酶(NO-cGMP-PKG-Zn2+-ERK)信号途径,以及介导产生保护性活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)信号分子等机制来参与预处理心肌保护作用. 趋向 锌与线粒体之间的相互作用机制将越来越受重视,尤其是与线粒体bc1复合体相互作用以及与保护性ROS信号生成之间的关系.     

七氟烷后处理的心肌保护作用及其机制

背景 大量实验证据表明缺血后处理和药物后处理对心肌再灌注损伤具有确切的保护作用.七氟烷是一种新型的、理想的吸入性麻醉药,被广泛应用于全身麻醉.实验证明七氟烷后处理可以保护心肌对抗缺血/再灌注损伤(ischemia/reperfusion injury,I/RI).目的 通过对近年研究进展的总结对七氟烷后处理的心肌保护作用及机制予以阐述.内容七氟烷后处理可以减少再灌注心肌的梗死面积、线粒体损害和再灌注室性心律失常的发生,改善心脏的血流动力学.七氟烷后处理心肌保护作用复杂且涉及多个方面,如阻断线粒体通透性转运孔(mitochondrial permeability transition pore,mPTP)、激活线粒体ATP敏感性K+通道(mitochondrial KATP-channel,mKATP),激活细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2)以及磷酯酰肌醇-3激酶-丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(phosphatidylin ositol-3-kinase-serine/threonine,PI3K-Akt)信号通道等. 趋势 未来的研究除进一步探究七氟烷后处理的心肌保护机制,同时应加强七氟烷后处理的临床应用,为实际工作提供可靠依据.     

糖尿病与吸入性麻醉药心肌保护作用研究新进展

目前研究表明,对于心肌缺血/再灌注(isehemic/reperfusion,I/R)损伤,适当的刺激可以激活机体的内源性保护机制,即缺血预处理(ischemic preconditioning,IPC)和缺血后处理(ischemic postconditioning,I-post),最终达到心肌保护效果.同时现有的研究发现,吸人性麻醉药同样可以诱导产生内源性的心肌保护作用,其作用机制及临床应用前景成为目前广泛关注的焦点,现就以七氟醚为代表的吸入性麻醉药的心肌保护作用及糖尿病与吸人性麻醉药心肌保护作用的关系作一简要综述.     

吸入麻醉药心肌保护临床应用进展

大量的动物研究显示,除了对心肌的间接保护作用,吸入麻醉药还具有直接的对抗心肌缺血损伤的作用.这可能为临床提供了一种预防围手术期缺血心肌功能紊乱的技术.吸入麻醉药预处理、后处理技术应用于临床,可能会改善缺血/再灌注心肌的功能,并最终提高患者的愈后.吸入麻醉药心肌保护临床实验研究较少,现主要讨论近几年吸入麻醉药预处理临床应用的进展.     

缺血预处理和后处理减轻缺血/再灌注损伤的分子机制

背景 组织长时间缺血后再灌注能导致缺血/再灌注(ischaemia/reperfusion,I/R)损伤.研究证实缺血预处理和缺血后处理可减轻I/R损伤大约75％. 目的 综述缺血预处理和缺血后处理减轻I/R损伤的分子机制. 内容 缺血预处理和缺血后处理的分子机制涉及腺苷、缓激肽、阿片和大麻素激活的细胞表面G耦联蛋白受体.这些物质依次兴奋生长受体,继而激活细胞保护性通路,其中包括通过有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MEK)/细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(extracellular signal-regular kinase 1/2,ERK1/2)途径减少细胞凋亡以及通过磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶途径减少线粒体通透性转换孔(mitochondrial permeability transition pore,mPTP)开放.mPTp开放能够导致细胞死亡.最近研究提示,细胞表面激活的肿瘤坏死因子-α受体通过激活Janus激酶以及信号转导子和转录激活因子3途径而发挥细胞保护作用. 趋向 缺血预处理和缺血后处理减轻I/R损伤的分子机制目前仍在研究中,有望在对此更深入理解的基础上获得可转化为有意义的临床治疗措施.     

磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/丝苏氨酸蛋白激酶信号转导通路在芬太尼后处理和远隔缺血后处理心肌保护中的作用

目的 在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(ischemia/reperfusion injury,I/RI)大鼠探讨磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/丝苏氨酸蛋白激酶(phosphoinositide 3 kinase/serine-threonine kinase,PI3K/Akt)信号转导通路在芬太尼后处理和远隔缺血后处理心肌保护中的作用.方法 将32只成年雄性SD大鼠(体重250g～350 g)麻醉后,采用计算机产生的随机数随机分为4组:对照组(C组)、芬太尼后处理组(F组)、肢体远隔缺血后处理组(R组)及联合应用芬太尼后处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理组(F-R组).在结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支(left anterior descending coronary artery,LAD)30 min造成局部心肌缺血后,开放心肌再灌注60 min建立大鼠心肌I/RI模型.采用SA Bioscience公司功能分类基因芯片和免疫蛋白印迹分析法检测再灌注60 min后缺血区心肌内与PI3K/Akt相关基因的表达和磷酸化Akt蛋白的表达情况.结果 利用基因芯片检测的与PI3K/Akt相关的基因中,与C组比较,F组共有9个基因的表达显著上调,而R组仅2个基因的表达显著上调;但F-R组共有33个基因的表达较C组显著上调.蛋白印记分析结果显示,与C组比较,F组、R组和F-R组心肌标本内磷酸化Akt蛋白表达量均增高;而与F组和R组比较,F-R组心肌标本内磷酸化Akt蛋白表达量进一步增高.结论 联合应用芬太尼后处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理可明显增强PI3K/Akt信号转导通路激活.     

远隔缺血预处理联合七氟醚后处理对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注时TLR4/NF-κBp65的影响

目的评价远隔缺血预处理联合七氟醚后处理对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注时的影响及其机制。方法成年雄性SD大鼠75只,体重250～300 g,成功建立Langendorff离体灌注模型的大鼠心脏之后,采用随机数字表法分为五组(n=15):对照组(C组)、缺血-再灌注组(IR组)、远隔缺血预处理组(R组)、七氟醚后处理组(S组)和远隔缺血预处理+七氟醚后处理组(RS组)。C组持续灌注150 min。IR组给予缺血-再灌注处理。R组给予远隔缺血预处理后,给予缺血-再灌注处理。S组给予缺血-再灌注处理,于再灌注初给予经2.4%七氟醚饱和的K-H液灌注2 min。RS组给予远隔缺血预处理后给予缺血-再灌注处理,于再灌注初给予经2.4%七氟醚饱和的K-H液灌注2 min。再灌注末,采用1%2,3,5氯化三苯基四氮唑测定心肌梗死体积百分比。采用ELISA法检测肌酸激脢同工酶(CK-MB),白细胞介素-8(IL-8),白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度。采用Western blot法测定Toll-样受体4(TLR4),高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB-1),髓样分化因子88(MyD88),人核因子κB抑制蛋白α(IKB-α),核因子-κBp65(NF-κBp65),半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase3),B淋巴细胞瘤基因-2(Bcl-2)和Bcl-2相关蛋白(BAX)的蛋白含量。采用HE染色观察心肌组织形态学变化。结果与C组比较,IR组、R组、S组和RS组心肌梗死体积百分比明显增加,CK-MB、IL-8、IL-6和TNF-α浓度,TLR4、HMGB-1、MyD88、NF-κBp65、Caspase3和BAX蛋白含量均明显升高,IKB-α和Bcl-2蛋白含量明显降低(P0.05),心肌组织病理形态明显恶化。与IR组比较,R组和S组心肌梗死体积百分比明显减小,CK-MB、IL-8、IL-6和TNF-α浓度,TLR4、HMGB-1、MyD88、NF-κBp65、Caspase3和BAX蛋白含量均明显降低,IKB-α和Bcl-2蛋白含量明显升高(P0.05),心肌组织病理形态明显改善。与R组和S组比较,RS组心肌梗死体积百分比明显减小,CK-MB、IL-8、IL-6和TNF-α浓度,TLR4、HMGB-1、MyD88、NF-κBp65、Caspase3和BAX蛋白含量均明显降低,IKB-α和Bcl-2蛋白含量明显升高(P0.05),心肌组织病理形态明显改善。结论远隔缺血预处理和七氟醚后处理均可抑制TLR4/NF-κBp65信号通路和炎症反应,明显减轻大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤。两者联合处理对心肌的保护作用明显优于单独处理。     

芬太尼后处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价芬太尼后处理和肢体远隔缺血后处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠39只,体重250～350 g,随机分为5组:假手术组(S组,n=5)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组,n=7)、芬太尼后处理组(F组,n=9)、肢体远隔缺血后处理组(R组,n=9)和芬太尼后处理联合肢体远隔缺血后处理组(F-R组,n=9).除S组外,其余各组均结扎左冠状动脉前降支30 min后松开进行再灌注180 min.F组和F-R组在缺血15 min时静脉注射芬太尼30μg/kg;R组和F-R组在缺血15 min时结扎双后肢10 min后恢复双后肢血流灌注.心肌再灌注期间监测HR和MAP,并计算HR与MAP的乘积.于心肌再灌注180 min时采集动脉血样,测定血浆乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、MB型肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)活性和血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度.采集血样后取心肌组织,测定心肌梗死体积.结果 与S组比较,其他各组心功能指标降低,LDH、CK-MB、cTnI和心肌梗死体积均升高(P＜0.05).与I/R组比较,F组、R组和F-R组心功能指标升高,CK-MB、cTnI和心肌梗死体积降低(P＜0.05).与F组比较,F-R组心功能指标升高,CK-MB、cTnI和心肌梗死体积降低(P＜0.05).与R组比较,F-R组心功能指标升高,心肌梗死体积降低(P＜0.05).结论 芬太尼后处理可减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤,联合肢体远隔缺血后处理时心肌保护作用进一步增强.     

Anaesthetic-induced myocardial preconditioning: fundamental basis and clinical implications

OBJECTIVE: Volatile halogenated anaesthetics offer a myocardial protection when they are administrated before a myocardial ischaemia. Cellular mechanisms involved in anaesthetic preconditioning are now better understood. The objectives of this review are to understand the anaesthetic-induced preconditioning underlying mechanisms and to know the clinical implications. DATA SOURCES: References were obtained from PubMed data bank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi) using the following keywords: volatile anaesthetic, isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurane, desflurane, preconditioning, protection, myocardium. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ischaemic preconditioning (PC) is a myocardial endogenous protection against ischaemia. It has been described as one or several short ischaemia before a sustained ischemia. These short ischaemia trigger a protective signal against this longer ischaemia. An ischemic organ is able to precondition a remote organ. It is possible to replace the short ischaemia by a preadministration of halogenated volatile anaesthetic with the same protective effect, this is called anaesthetic PC (APC). APC and ischaemic PC share similar underlying biochemical mechanisms including protein kinase C, tyrosine kinase activation and mitochondrial and sarcolemnal K(ATP) channels opening. All halogenated anaesthetics can produce an anaesthetic PC effect. Myocardial protection during reperfusion, after the long ischaemia, has been shown by successive short ischaemia or volatile anaesthetic administration, this is called postconditioning. Ischaemic PC has been described in humans in 1993. Clinical studies in human cardiac surgery have shown the possibility of anaesthetic PC with volatile anaesthetics. These studies have shown a decrease of postoperative troponin in patient receiving halogenated anaesthetics.     

缺血后处理与线粒体通透性转运孔

背景 缺血后处理(ischemic postconditioning,IPo)能明显减轻器官缺血/再灌注损伤(ischemia/reperfusion injury,I/RI),动物实验和临床研究均已经得到证实,其机制可能与增强组织抗氧化能力和抑制细胞凋亡有关.然而近些年提出线粒体通透性转换孔(mitochondria...     

Remote Ischemic Conditioning: Evolution of the Concept, Mechanisms, and Clinical Application

Abstract   Remote ischemic conditioning is a novel concept of protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brief controlled episodes of intermittent ischemia of the arm or leg may confer a powerful systemic protection against prolonged ischemia in a distant organ. This conditioning phenomenon is clinically applicable and can be performed before—preconditioning, during—perconditioning, or after—postconditioning prolonged distant organ ischemia. The remote ischemic conditioning may have an immense impact on clinical practice in the near future. (J Card Surg 2010;25:127-134)     

Organ protective effects of volatile anesthetics and perioperative outcomes

Anesthetic agents, especially, volatile anesthetics are considered to exert organ toxicity such as nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity; however, recent aggressive researches explored the beneficial effects of volatile anesthetics as an organ protectant. Ischemic preconditioning is a phenomenon in which single or multiple brief periods of ischemia have been shown to protect the myocardium and brain against prolonged ischemic insult. General anesthesia showed the protection against both ischemic myocardial and brain reperfusion injuries. This phenomenon is called anesthetic preconditioning. Regarding the organ protection, anesthetic preconditioning is one of the useful ways to diverse the organ protective effects not only to heart but also brain. Nowadays, ischemic postconditioning, consisting of repeated brief cycles of ischemia-reperfusion performed immediately after reperfusion following a prolonged ischemic insult, dramatically reduces infarct size in experimental models and such clinical studies are reported. Both preconditioning and postconditioning share the same signal transduction pathway and inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) that leads to either apoptosis or necrosis of myocardium and neuronal cell. Both phenomena look very promising, but we still lack the real evidence for human reserach in terms of the clinical outcome and further analysis is necessary. Neurotoxicities of anesthetic agents are very crucial problems for the patient and they are considered to be due to the activation of IP3 receptor in ER after exposure to volatile anesthetics. Massive release of Ca2+ from ER induces Ca2+ overload leading to mitochondria permeability transition (MPT) and induces apoptosis in the brain or aggravates the neurodegenerative disease. Susceptible mechanisms and beneficial treatment for the toxicity of general anesthesia is considered as a critical subject to discuss and challenge to solve for our future.     

药物后处理对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤保护作用的研究与展望

背景随着心肌缺血/再灌注损伤（ischemia/reperfusion injury,I/RI）机制及心肌保护机制研究的深入,药物后处理作为一种更具有临床实用价值的心肌保护方法成为了研究热点。 目的阐述药物后处理用于心肌保护时,相关药物所模拟内源性保护机制的主要环节以及近年来药物后处理的研究概况和前瞻。 内容介绍药物后处理用于心肌保护时,主要途径、作用靶点以及相关药物。趋势药物后处理心肌保护机制的研究和深入将会发现更多的药物靶点,独特的操作便利性,必将更好的应用于临床服务于患者。     

瑞芬太尼心肌保护作用的研究进展

背景瑞芬太尼是一超短效阿片受体激动剂,可有效抑制心血管应激反应,维持血液动力学稳定;研究发现瑞芬太尼预处理及后处理可减轻心肌缺血/再灌注损伤（ischemia/reperfusion injury,I/RI）。目的就瑞芬太尼心肌保护作用的研究进展作一综述,使人们系统地了解瑞芬太尼的心肌保护作用及其可能机制。内容主要从瑞...     

Postconditioning in females depends on injury severity

BACKGROUND: Postconditioning, a series of brief ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) cycles at reperfusion onset, is a recently described novel approach to attenuate I/R injury, and because it is an after-injury treatment strategy, it may have greater clinical potential than preconditioning. However, it has not been determined whether postconditioning is effective in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male and female (250-300 g) Sprague-Dawley rat hearts (n = 25) were isolated, perfused via Langendorff model, and subjected to 15 min of equilibration, 20 or 25 min of global index ischemia (37 degrees C), and 40 min total reperfusion. Postconditioned hearts were subjected to 6 cycles of 10-s reperfusion/10-s ischemia immediately after release of the global index ischemia. Hearts were assigned randomly to one of four groups: 1) control hearts, 20 min index ischemia; 2) postconditioned hearts, 20 min index ischemia; 3) control hearts, 25 min index ischemia; or 4) postconditioned hearts, 25 min index ischemia. All data are reported as mean +/- SEM and were analyzed with unpaired student's t test; P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Postconditioning in female rats after 20 min of ischemia reduced depression of left ventricular-developed pressure (93.9 +/- 6.7% postconditioning recovery versus 58.6 +/- 12.6% control recovery, P < 0.05), attenuated the increase of end-diastolic pressure (P < 0.05), and reduced the depression of +dP/dT and -dP/dT (P < 0.05). The postconditioning protective effect disappeared in female rats exposed to 25 min of ischemia. The postconditioning protective effect was observed in male rats after both 20 min and 25 min ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: Postconditioning confers cardioprotection in leukocyte-free, buffer-perfused female hearts, but this protection may depend on ischemia duration. The attractive potential for the clinical application of postconditioning, however, warrants further studies to elucidate the mechanistic pathways and differences in males and female rats.     

Review of remote ischemic preconditioning: from laboratory studies to clinical trials

Abstract

In remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) short periods of non-lethal ischemia followed by reperfusion of tissue or organ prepare remote tissue or organ to resist a subsequent more severe ischemia-reperfusion injury. The signaling mechanism of RIPC can be humoral communication, neuronal stimulation, systemic modification of circulating immune cells, and activation of hypoxia inducible genes. Despite promising evidence from experimental studies, the clinical effects of RIPC have been controversial. Heterogeneity of inclusion and exclusion criteria and confounding factors such as comedication, anesthesia, comorbidities, and other risk factors may have influenced the efficacy of RIPC. Although the cardioprotective pathways of RIPC are more widely studied, there is also evidence of benefits in CNS, kidney and liver protection. Future research should explore the potential of RIPC, not only in cardiac protection, but also in patients with threatening ischemia of the brain, organ transplantation of the heart, liver and kidney and extensive cardiovascular surgery. RIPC is generally well-tolerated, safe, effective, and easily feasible. It has a great prospect for ischemic protection of the heart and other organs.     

Ischemic postconditioning inhibits apoptosis after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat.

Ischemic postconditioning is a phenomenon that intermittent interruptions of blood flow in the early phase of reperfusion can protect organ from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In the present study, we investigated whether the protective effect of ischemic postconditioning was associated with modulation of apoptosis after renal I/R injury. Rats were subjected to 45 min of renal ischemia, both with and without treatment with ischemic postconditioning. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 and apoptosis were compared after renal injury. Our data showed that ischemic postconditioning attenuated the renal dysfunction and cell apoptosis induced by I/R and increased phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. The results indicated that ischemic postconditioning decreased apoptosis and improved renal function. This protective effect may be related with the levels of Akt and ERK1/2 activation. These findings may have major implications in the treatment of renal transplantation.     

ATP敏感性钾通道及其心肌保护作用机制的研究进展

背景心肌缺血／再灌注损伤（myocardial ischemia／reperfusion injury,MI／RI）引起严重的后果。虽然,缺血或药物预处理、缺血或药物后处理等处理方法均能达到心肌保护的作用,但是其心肌保护机制有待深入研究。目的总结ATP敏感性钾通道（ATP-sensitive potassium channel,KATP）及其心肌保护作用机制的研究进展。内容各种心肌保护方法能够直接开放KATP通道或通过激活G蛋白耦联受体间接开放KATP通道。与此同时,开放的KATP通道能够于再灌注早期刺激产生活性氧物质（reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS）及关闭线粒体通透性转换孔（mitochondrial permeability transition pore, mPTP）等方式减轻MI／RI。趋向各种心肌保护方法需要广泛应用于实践,包括KATP在内的各种机制需要更深入地研究。