对胃肠道肿瘤术后乳糜漏分级的临床价值

腹腔乳糜漏是胃肠道肿瘤术后少见的并发症。文献报道腹部肿瘤根治术后乳糜漏的发生率约为7.4%[1]。胃癌D1、D2根治术后淋巴漏的发生率为1.99%[2],而胃癌D2以上术式发生率可达5.7%~11.8%[2-3]。结肠直肠癌术后乳糜漏的发生率为1.0%~3.6%[4]。乳糜漏的危害在于高流量时可丢失大量的脂肪、蛋白质、水电解质和维生素(特别是脂溶性维生素),迅速出现消瘦和严重的营养不良甚至恶病质而致死。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术术后常见并发症的防治

胃癌是第四常见的恶性肿瘤,也是导致癌症死亡的第二大原因[1]。根治性胃切除术(伴淋巴结清扫)是其治疗的必要手段[2]。Kitano等最早于1994年报道了腹腔镜远端胃切除术,由于其安全性、可行性、微创性与肿瘤根治性切除的程度等价于开放手术,腹腔镜根治性胃切除术发展迅速[3]。近年,开展腹腔镜胃癌手术的单位数量与报道病例显著增加。虽然手术技术日趋成熟,但随着手术指征的不断扩大,腹腔镜胃癌根治术的手术并发症依旧困扰着外科医师。日本腔镜外科学会报道的腹腔镜胃癌根治术后并发症发生率为9.9%~22.0%[4]。中国、韩国多数中心报道的腹腔镜胃癌根治术后并发症发生率为11.6%~18.7%[5-7]。常见的术后并发症及其治疗原则是术者尤其初学者关注的重要问题。本文结合文献与经验,探讨腹腔镜根治性胃切除术的相关并发症及治疗原则。     

胃肠道癌卵巢转移及其术式选择

卵巢是恶性肿瘤常见的转移部位,大约有10%的卵巢肿瘤是转移性的,其中约80%~90%的卵巢转移癌来源于胃肠道。通常认为源于胃肠道的绝经前的妇女卵巢转移会达到22%~25%,30岁以上为10%~18%,绝经后仅为2·2%[1]。胃肠道癌的卵巢转移的途径尚不十分肯定,一般认为有种植性播散、淋巴转     

转移性肾癌减瘤手术没有价值

<正>肾癌是泌尿系统常见的恶性肿瘤,占成人肿瘤的2%~3%,占泌尿系肿瘤的28.7%,全球每年约17万患者被诊断肾癌,7万人死亡,我国每年约2万人被诊断肾癌,7千人死亡,15%~20%患者在就诊时发现肿瘤转移。转移性肾癌对化学药物治疗及放疗效果欠佳,且副作用较大[1-2]。细胞因子治疗转移性肾癌的客观反应率仅为5%~27%,中位无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)仅为3~5个月,使     

肿瘤相关静脉血栓栓塞症治疗指南解读

肿瘤相关静脉血栓栓塞症(tumor-associated venous thromboembolism,TAVTE)指恶性肿瘤患者合并静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE),发病率为4%~20%[1-3]。流行病学研究分析发现,在所有首次发生VTE的病例中,有20%~30%和肿瘤相关;而肿瘤患者VTE的发生率比非肿瘤患者高4~7倍,且呈逐年上升趋势[2-3]。肿瘤患者发生VTE的累积发生率为1%~8%[1-3]。VTE为肿瘤的重要并发症之一,也是导致肿瘤患者死亡的原因之一。     

肺癌肝转移治疗的研究进展

<正>对于肺癌肝转移者,目前多采用化疗为主的综合治疗。近年来外科治疗肺癌肝转移术后获得长期生存的病例在国内外已有报道,行TACE及PEI治疗患者也逐渐增多。综合文献对肺癌肝转移的外科治疗以及介入治疗的前景及意义作一介绍。肺癌肝脏转移的发生率为38%~44%,肺癌尸检肝转移率为40%~61%[1]。肺癌肝脏转移预后差,多在7个月内死亡[2],主要死于肝功能衰竭[3]、转移性肝癌破裂出血[4]以及门静脉癌栓[5]。肺癌肝转移的患者早期可无明显症状,诊断主     

胸腰椎转移性肿瘤手术方式选择及评价

骨组织仅次于肺、肝,是肿瘤远处转移的第3好发器官[1],而脊柱转移性肿瘤在骨转移当中居首位[2]。随着人们生活水平的提高,肿瘤患者对生活质量也有了更高的要求。手术治疗骨转移性肿瘤作为肿瘤晚期综合治疗的一部分已获得了共识。从1999年10月-2005年1月,共手术治疗胸腰椎转移性肿瘤16例,全部获得随访,现总结如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料本组16例均经病理证实为转移性肿瘤,其中男9例,女7例;年龄54~82岁,平均61·2岁。原发病灶:3例肺癌转移,2例肝癌转移,1例胃癌转移,3例乳腺癌转移,2例前列腺癌转移,1例甲状腺癌转移,余4例未找到原发病灶。其中…     

重视进展期胃癌腹腔热灌注化疗的临床应用

正胃癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,其肿瘤相关致死率在所有恶性肿瘤中列第3位[1-2]。在我国,近80%病例处于进展期,因而导致我国胃癌总体生存率不高[2-4]。现阶段,以外科手术切除辅以围手术期辅助放化疗治疗仍是胃癌的主要治疗方式,但仍有近70%患者会出现胃癌术后复发转移,其中腹膜转移是胃癌一种常见的复发转移方式[5-7]。腹腔热灌注化疗(hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy,HIPEC)通过将化疗药物直接注入腹腔同时发挥高温和化疗效应杀灭腹腔内潜在癌细胞,从而达到有效预防胃癌腹膜转移的目的[8]。前期众多研究也表明,HIPEC在预防胃癌腹膜转移,提高胃癌患者生     

胃癌腹腔热灌注化疗的现状与进展

正胃癌是最常见的上消化道恶性肿瘤,全球最新的肿瘤流行病学数据显示,其发病率位居所有恶性肿瘤的第5位,死亡率高居第3位[1]。胃癌在中国的发病情况亦不容乐观,国家癌症中心2015年数据统计表明,其发病率位居第2位,病死率位居第3位,且有逐年上升的趋势[2]。胃癌的不良预后与是否发生远处转移密切相关,其中腹膜转移为最常见的转移部位之一[3]。文献[4-5]报道,胃癌发生腹膜转移的概率为10%～20%,而在进展期胃癌根治术后发生腹膜转移的比例高达50%～60%,如何减少     

转移性脊柱肿瘤预后的重新评估

<正>随着医疗技术的进步及医疗管理水平的提高,原发性肿瘤患者的生存期明显延长。随着生存期延长,临床治疗中转移性骨病(metastatic bone disease,MBD)患者增加[1-2]。脊柱是MBD常见受累区域。约有28%的肿瘤患者会出现脊柱转移,其中10%~20%会进展为转移性脊髓压迫(metastatic spinal cord compression,MSCC)[3-5]。MSCC常导致骨相关     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.