产前二维及三维超声测量正常胎儿胸腺

目的探讨产前二维及三维超声评估胎儿胸腺的最佳指标。方法对360胎孕22~39周正常单胎胎儿,应用二维超声检测胎儿胸腺的横径、前后径、周长、面积,三维超声检测胎儿胸腺体积。采用线性回归分析各测量指标与孕周的关系。并采用Steiger's t检验比较各指标与孕周的相关性。结果胎儿胸腺的横径、前后径、周长、面积及体积均随孕周的增加而增大,与孕周均呈线性相关。回归方程为:横径(cm)=-1.98+0.16×孕周;前后径(cm)=-0.80+0.08×孕周;周长(cm)=-5.00+0.42×孕周;面积(cm2)=-1.49+0.35×孕周;体积(ml)=-2.12+0.45×孕周(P均0.01)。Steiger's t检验显示,三维超声检测胎儿胸腺体积与孕周的相关性明显优于其他指标(P0.01)。结论对孕22~39周正常胎儿,采用三维超声测量胎儿胸腺体积是评估胸腺发育情况的最佳指标。     

胎儿脑肿瘤的产前MRI诊断:附2例报告

病例1,女,31岁,孕39周,妊娠早中期超声筛查未见胎儿异常(常规超声畸形筛查阴性)。孕38周常规超声发现胎儿右侧大脑4.2 cm×2.9 cm异常回声,内部及周边均见血流信号,周围有无回声区;右侧脑室扩张;诊断为胎儿右侧大脑肿块,性质待定。于孕38+4周行MR检查,T2WI显示胎儿右侧丘脑及顶叶区卵球状4.5 cm×2.5 cm×3.6 cm等信号肿物(图1),内见斑片状低信号;右侧脑室扩张;诊断:胶质瘤,右侧脑室积水。后于外院引产娩出男婴,尸检后病理诊断:星形细胞胶质瘤。     

胎儿胸腰段背部皮下巨大血管瘤1例

正孕妇35岁,孕36周,1周前外院超声提示胎儿胸腰段背侧皮下低回声区;既往孕5产2,均为顺产,夫妻均无遗传性疾病史。胎儿超声:单胎,头位,双顶径8.5cm,头围31.5cm,腹围28.0cm,股骨长径6.5cm,发育约同于孕34周;胸腰段背侧皮下约4.3cm×3.6cm×2.4cm低回声团块(图1A),形态规则,边界清晰,CDFI示周边环状血流信号(图1B)。胎儿MRI:T12～L4椎体水平皮下软组织占位,大小约4.2cm×3.1cm×3.8cm,T1WI呈等信号(图1C),T2WI呈稍低信号,边界尚清,     

产前超声诊断泄殖腔外翻综合征2例

正病例1,孕妇26岁,孕23周,孕1产0。超声发现胎儿下腹壁宽2.05 cm回声连续性中断,下腹部至会阴部见3.86 cm×2.75 cm包块向外突起(图1A),内见肠管、肝脏、胆囊回声,膀胱未显示;右侧脐动脉可显示,左侧脐动脉未显示;左足姿势异常,呈马蹄内翻状;脊柱骶尾段表面皮肤完整,骶尾段椎体横切面呈"V"字形,并见1.08 cm×0.91 cm无回声包块稍向外突起,骶尾段椎体骨化中心显示欠清晰;外生殖器显示不清。超声诊断:宫内单活胎     

胎儿骶尾部寄生胎合并畸胎瘤1例

正孕妇,23岁,孕1产0,孕20+6周,因唐氏筛查结果为唐氏高风险而需羊水穿刺检查,穿刺前接受产前常规超声检查。二维超声发现胎儿骶尾部囊实性占位,12.1cm×8.7cm×11.8cm,以实性成分为主,团块内见多个点状强回声,后方伴声影,团块明显凸向羊膜腔(图1);CDFI示团块内较丰富血流信号(图1C),羊水量未见异常。超声诊断:胎儿骶尾部畸胎瘤可能性大。孕22+3周超声复查示胎儿骶尾部团块大小为     

超声诊断胎儿支气管囊肿1例

<正>孕妇26岁,孕1产0,既往体健,本次怀孕无药物接触史,妊娠初期有感冒史。孕32周胎儿超声检查:胎儿双顶径7.81cm,股骨长5.32cm,羊水指数12.03cm,肝、胃、肾脏、膀胱及四肢正常;超声心动图于胎儿右心室流出道切面动脉导管与左肺动脉间探及2.22cm×1.73cm囊性包块,壁薄、边界清晰、内部透声良好(图1A),CDFI未见明显血流信号(图1B);气管-左右主支气管冠状切面扫查示囊性包块位于气管隆突下,主动脉弓切面扫查示囊性包块位于主动脉弓下(图1C)。超声诊     

膀胱尿囊囊肿破裂合并脐膨出1例

<正>患者女,27岁,孕5产1,孕18~(+2)周常规产前超声检查于胎儿下腹部脐下方探及约3.9cm×3.9cm囊性回声团,边界清晰,内透声好,该囊性回声团经一宽约0.52cm交通口与盆腔内膀胱想通,呈"哑铃状",凸向腹壁外;CDFI可见左、右侧脐动脉沿膀胱两侧走行,并包绕该囊性回声团,脐动脉于该囊性回声团顶部入脐带(图1A、1B);膀胱约2.3cm×2.2cm,连续动态观察膀胱可稍缩小,最小约1.8cm×1.9cm,动态观察囊性     

超声诊断胸腹联体双胎2例

<正>病例1,孕妇30岁,孕1产0,孕11+2周。外院超声提示胎儿异常。超声检查:宫腔内可见1个妊娠囊,囊内见双胎儿,腹侧相对,相对位置始终不变;胎儿头臀长分别约4.0 cm、3.9 cm,颅骨光环完整,颅内及胸腹腔内结构显示不清,胸腹处分界不清(图1A),无胎心搏动,双上肢及双下肢均可见;周身皮肤呈水肿状态;宫内可见1个胎盘。三维超声示两胎儿胸腹部紧贴(图1B)。超声诊断:宫内妊娠,联体双胎(胸腹联体),胎死宫内。行引产术,大体病理所见支持     

新生儿复苏的几个问题

新生儿复苏以窒息缺氧为其特点,且复苏工作系在产房和手术室中进行,麻醉人员常被要求共同参加抢救,因此麻醉医师必须熟悉新生儿复苏的有关问题。近年来围产医学(孕28周～生后7天)以及胎儿监测技术的进展对高危儿临产时(包括剖腹产)更应作好新生儿复苏准备工作。一、新生儿复苏对象:据统计新生儿出生一分钟 Apgar 评分0～3分者占出生率1～3%。初生时因窒息缺氧常不能建立有效     

超声诊断双卵三胎(一胎为寄生胎)1例

37岁孕妇,孕37周,孕2产0。首次来院接受产前常规检查。超声示：胎儿甲：左枕前位,双顶径8．9cm,股骨长6．8cm,脊柱、四肢正常,可见心、胃泡、双肾、膀胱,胎盘位于前壁,胎盘成熟度Ⅱ级,羊水指数12cm,脐动脉S／D为2．5,其羊膜腔内见一大小为7．6cm×1．3cm的实性不规则团块,其内可见骨骼样强回声,与胎儿分界不清;胎儿乙：右枕前位,双顶径9．0cm,     

Anterior Interosseous Nerve Palsy After Shoulder Arthroscopy Treated With Surgical Decompression: A Case Series and Systematic Review of the Literature

Background: Anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) palsy is a very uncommon cause of upper extremity pain and weakness that comprises less than 1% of all upper extremity nerve palsies. Rarely reported but also mentioned in the literature is AIN palsy after shoulder arthroscopy. Methods: A systematic review of the literature to date using PubMed was conducted to identify patients who suffered AIN palsy after shoulder arthroscopy procedures. Articles included met the following criteria: (1) published in English; (2) primary presentation of the data; (3) patients had undergone shoulder arthroscopy before developing symptoms of AIN palsy; and (4) diagnosis was confirmed with clinical symptoms of AIN palsy. Measured outcomes included patient demographics, specific shoulder procedure, anesthesia procedure, intra-operative patient positioning, intra-operative compressive dressing, intra-operative traction, surgical versus conservative treatment, abnormal findings during decompression procedure, proposed mechanism of injury, and follow-up. Results: The search yielded 6 articles, of which 4 (13 cases) met inclusion criteria. An additional 2 cases were included in this report totaling 15 cases. The average patient age was 49 years (range: 31-64) with 73% males. At average follow-up of 24 months, 67% of patients experienced complete resolution of symptoms—more than half of which underwent surgical decompression. Patients who failed to progress experienced weakness of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus muscles. Conclusions: Proposed injury mechanisms for AIN palsy after shoulder arthroscopy range from mechanical trauma, compressive hematoma, and direct anesthetic neurotoxicity. Management should be directed by clinical symptoms, imaging, and patient factors with majority of patients expected to have excellent clinical outcomes.     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

Role of Conventional and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Treatment Protocol for Hydatid Disease

Objective:

To demonstrate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining the treatment protocol for hydatid disease of the spine.

Design:

Case report; literature review.

Findings:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate complicated infected hydatidosis from abscesses, epidermoid cysts from arachnoid cysts, and benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures. It is also helpful in differentiating between abscesses and necrotic tumors.

Conclusion:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate between infections requiring immediate surgery and those that can be treated medically with antihelmintic treatment.     

Fibrinogen-thrombin collagen patch reinforcement of highrisk colonic anastomoses in rats

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of human fibrinogenthrombin collagen patch(TachoSil~?) in the reinforcement of high-risk colon anastomoses.METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats(n = 56) that all underwent high-risk anastomoses(anastomosis with only two sutures) after colectomies. The rats were divided into two randomized groups: Control group(24 rats) and treatment group(24 rats). In the treatment group, high-risk anastomosis was reinforced with TachoSil~? (a piece of Tacho Sil? was applied over this high-risk anastomosis, covering the gap). Leak incidence, overall survival, intra-abdominal adhesions, and histologic healing of anastomoses were analyzed. Survivors were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 15 and 30 d after intervention in order to analyze the adhesions and histologic changes. RESULTS Overall survival was 71.4% and 57.14% in the TachoSil~? group and control group, respectively(P = 0.29); four rats died from other causes and six rats in the treatment group and 10 in the control group experienced colonic leakage(P 0.05). The intra-abdominal adhesion score was similar in both groups, with no differences between subgroups. We found non-significant differences in the healing process according to the histologic score used in both groups(P = 0.066).CONCLUSION In our study, the use of TachoSil~? was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction in the rate of leakage in high-risk anastomoses. TachoSil~? has been shown to be a safe product because it does not affect the histologic healing process or increase intra-abdominal adhesions.     

罗伊适应模式对腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响

目的探讨罗伊适应模式对患者腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响。 方法将2016年1月至2019年5月在秦皇岛市第二医院择期进行无张力修补术治疗的120例腹股沟疝患者，按照随机数字法分为对照组和观察组，每组各60例。对照组采用常规护理治疗，观察组在对照组的基础上采用罗伊适应模式。比较2组患者的术后临床指标、心理状态、围手术期并发症发生情况及满意度。 结果术后观察组患者的首次排气时间、恢复正常饮食时间、离床活动时间和术后住院时间均低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后观察组患者的抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后2组患者均无切口感染发生，2组患者尿潴留、急性疼痛、认知功能障碍、发热、血肿等发生率相比无统计学差异（P>0.05）；术后观察组患者护理满意度为96.67%，显著高于对照组的83.33%（P<0.05）。 结论在常规护理的基础上，罗伊适应模式用于患者腹股沟疝无张力修补围手术期，能有效改善术后患者的焦虑/抑郁情绪，不增加围手术期并发症，促进术后患者的恢复及提高治疗满意度。     

血浆凝血因子VIII水平与IgA肾病患者临床病理改变及预后的关系

目的探讨血浆凝血因子VIII(factor VIII,FVIII)水平与IgA肾病(IgAN)患者临床参数及预后的关系。方法收集2016年1月至2016年12月中南大学湘雅二医院确诊的IgAN患者的临床资料。按照时间依赖的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)得出的血浆FVIII预测IgAN预后的临界值,将患者分为高FVIII组(FVIII>140.50%)和低FVIII组(FVIII≤140.50%),比较两组患者肾活检时基线临床参数的差异。以估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降≥30%或进入终末期肾脏病(ESRD)为终点事件,采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线及Cox回归方程法分析血浆FVIII水平对IgAN患者预后的影响。结果共93例IgAN患者纳入本研究,中位随访时间为35.15(33.77,36.76)个月,12例(12.90%)患者发生终点事件。高FVIII组患者年龄、血肌酐、尿素氮、血三酰甘油、血总胆固醇、血浆纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体、24 h尿蛋白量、蛋白C、蛋白S和eGFR下降速率高于低FVIII组(均P<0.05);eGFR、血白蛋白、中位随访时间低于低FVIII组(均P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果显示,与低FVIII组比较,高FVIII组患者肾脏累积生存率降低(χ2=5.635,P=0.018)。在校正收缩压、eGFR、尿蛋白、肾小管萎缩/间质纤维化程度等因素后,多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,高血浆FVIII水平是IgAN患者肾脏预后不良的独立危险因素(HR=4.147,95%CI 1.055~16.308,P=0.042)。结论血浆FVIII水平与IgAN患者临床指标及预后相关,高血浆FVIII水平是IgAN患者肾脏预后不良的独立危险因素。     

Safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium in healthy volunteers

BACKGROUND: Sugammadex rapidly reverses rocuronium- and vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block. To investigate the effect of combination of sugammadex and rocuronium or vecuronium on QT interval, it would be preferable to avoid the interference of anaesthesia. Therefore, this pilot study was performed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and plasma pharmacokinetics of single i.v. doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium to anaesthetized and non-anaesthetized healthy volunteers. METHODS: In this phase I study, 12 subjects were anaesthetized with propofol/remifentanil and received sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) combined with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1); four subjects were not anaesthetized and received sugammadex 32 mg kg(-1) with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) (n=2 per treatment). Neuromuscular function was assessed by TOF-Watch SX monitoring in anaesthetized subjects and by clinical tests in non-anaesthetized volunteers. Sugammadex, rocuronium, and vecuronium plasma concentrations were measured at several time points. RESULTS: No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported. Fourteen subjects reported 23 AEs after study drug administration. Episodes of mild headache, tiredness, cold feeling (application site), dry mouth, oral discomfort, nausea, increased aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and moderate injection site irritation were considered as possibly related to the study drug. The ECG and vital signs showed no clinically relevant changes. Rocuronium/vecuronium plasma concentrations declined faster than those of sugammadex. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose administration of sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) in combination with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) was well tolerated with no clinical evidence of residual neuromuscular block, confirming that these combinations can safely be administered simultaneously to non-anaesthetized subjects. Rocuronium and vecuronium plasma concentrations decreased faster than those of sugammadex, reducing the theoretical risk of neuromuscular block developing over time.     

Factors Associated With Reoperation After Silicone Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty

Background: Silicone proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthroplasty has a high revision rate. It has been suggested that persistent ulnar deviation and joint instability influence the durability of PIP silicone arthroplasties. The goal of this study was to evaluate what factors are associated with reoperation after silicone PIP arthroplasty. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated all adult patients who underwent PIP silicone arthroplasty between 2002 and 2016 at one institutional system for inflammatory-, posttraumatic-, and primary degenerative arthritis. After manual chart review, we included 91 patients who underwent 114 arthroplasties. Fingers operated included 14 index, 41 middle, 38 ring, and 21 small fingers. Results: The overall reoperation rate was 14% (n = 16). Non-Caucasian race (P = .040), smoking (P = .022) and PIP silicone arthroplasty for post-traumatic osteoarthritis (P = .021) were associated with reoperation. The 1-, 5- and 10-year implant survival rates were 87%, 85%, and 85%, respectively. Conclusion: Caution should be exercised when considering PIP silicone arthroplasty of the index finger or in patients with post-traumatic osteoarthritis. It may be worthwhile addressing smoking behavior before pursuing silicone PIP arthroplasty.     

Effect of the implementation of NICE guidelines for ultrasound guidance on the complication rates associated with central venous catheter placement in patients presenting for routine surgery in a tertiary referral centre

BACKGROUND: The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines of 2002 recommended the use of ultrasound (US) for central venous catheterization in order to minimize complications associated with central line placement. An ongoing audit of line placement by anaesthetists in the theatre complex of a tertiary referral centre looked at the associated complication rates. The objective of the study was to compare complication rates pre- and post-implementation of NICE guidelines. METHODS: This prospective, single centre audit looked at all patients in whom a central venous catheter was placed for surgery. Complication rates were assessed for procedures that were performed pre- and post-implementation of NICE guidelines. In total, 438 patients were identified for the study, and the procedures were performed either by trainee or by consultant anaesthetists. RESULTS: The pre- and post-implementation complication rates were 10.5% (16/152) and 4.6% (13/284), respectively, representing an absolute risk reduction of 5.9% (95% CI 0.5-11.3%). Comparison of those procedures in which US was used when compared with the landmark technique after implementation found a reduction of 6.9% in complications (95% CI 1.4-12.4%). The reduction in complication rates was larger for specialist registrars than for consultants (11.2% vs 1.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of NICE guidelines has been associated with a significant reduction in complication rates in our tertiary referral centre. In the light of the cross-speciality evidence of US superiority and our results, it is imperative that routine use of US guidance becomes more widespread.