ICU机械通气患者早期阶段性康复护理程序的实施

目的探讨ICU机械通气患者早期康复护理程序的建立及实施效果。方法将机械通气患者随机分成干预组(28例)与对照组(26例)。对照组患者给予呼吸机集束化护理干预,定时翻身、拍背、排痰等基础护理;干预组在此基础护理上经多学科协作评估,应用早期阶段性康复护理程序,比较两组干预效果。结果干预后干预组Barthel指数、握力显著优于对照组,机械通气时间、ICU住院时间显著短于对照组,一次脱机成功率显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论实施早期阶段性康复护理程序,能显著缩短ICU患者机械通气时间,提高一次性脱机成功率,帮助患者恢复肌力,促进康复。     

ICU机械通气患者早期四级康复训练效果

目的探讨ICU机械通气患者早期四级康复训练的实施效果。方法将100例入住综合ICU的重症患者随机分为干预组和对照组各50例,对照组按ICU护理常规给予四肢被动活动和功能锻炼,干预组在机械通气24h内开始实施早期四级康复训练。干预后对两组肌力变化、Barthel指数、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间、ICU获得性肌无力发生率、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率、深静脉血栓发生率、压疮发生率进行评估。结果干预组出院前1天肌力、Barthel指数评分显著高于对照组,机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、总住院时间显著短于对照组,ICU获得性肌无力、呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论早期四级康复训练可提高ICU机械通气患者的肌力和自理能力,预防患者获得性肌无力的发生,缩短住院时间,利于患者早日康复。     

序贯性早期床上运动对ICU老年患者肌力及自理能力的影响

目的探讨序贯性早期床上运动对ICU老年患者肌力及自理能力的影响。方法将80例ICU老年患者按随机数字表法分为干预组42例和对照组38例。对照组予ICU常规护理及运动,干预组在对照组基础上实施序贯性早期床上运动。比较两组干预前及转出ICU时MRC肌力评分、Barthel指数评分及机械通气时间、ICU住院时间及总住院时间。结果干预组转出ICU时MRC肌力评分及Barthel指数评分显著高于对照组,机械通气时间及ICU住院时间显著短于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论序贯性早期床上运动有利于提高老年患者肌力,改善其自理能力,缩短机械通气时间及ICU治疗时间。     

危重症专职护理小组干预提高COPD呼吸衰竭患者序贯机械通气治疗效果

目的探讨危重症专职护理小组在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)呼吸衰竭患者序贯机械通气治疗中的作用。方法将序贯机械通气治疗的102例COPD呼吸衰竭患者分为两组。对照组(n=51)实施常规护理干预;干预组(n=51)由危重症专职护理小组实施护理干预。比较两组干预前后血气指标、治疗效果、护理质量。结果干预后干预组血气分析结果显著优于对照组(均P0.05);干预组入住ICU时间、住院时间及机械通气时间较对照组显著缩短(P0.05,P0.01),护理质量评分较对照组显著上升(均P0.01)。结论将危重症专职护理小组干预运用于COPD呼吸衰竭患者序贯机械通气治疗中有助于提高临床疗效,有利于改善患者预后。     

急性心肌梗死主动脉球囊反搏治疗患者的早期心脏康复

目的 探讨早期心脏康复方案在经主动脉球囊反搏辅助循环治疗急性心肌梗死患者的应用效果。方法选择100例经主动脉球囊反搏辅助治疗的急性心肌梗死患者,随机分成对照组和干预组各50例。对照组给予常规康复训练,干预组在此基础上给予早期心脏康复训练,康复训练内容包括呼吸锻炼、肺部体疗、主动和被动肌力训练,营养支持及心理干预等。结果干预后,干预组血栓栓塞发生率以及疼痛、焦虑及抑郁程度显著低于对照组,日常生活能力评分、左心室射血分数显著优于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论早期心脏康复方案的实施,可促进经主动脉球囊反搏辅助治疗的急性心肌梗死患者康复,减轻焦虑抑郁情绪,提高生活质量。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的护理干预效果分析

目的观察对呼吸机相关性肺炎患者实施护理干预的临床效果,并探讨其临床价值。方法 80例呼吸机相关性肺炎患者随机分为干预组及对照组各40例,对照组行常规护理,观察予以组体位护理干预、口腔护理干预、气道护理干预等。结果与对照组比较,干预组的平均机械通气时间明显缩短,护理满意度明显高于对照组,且干预组VAP患者成功脱机率明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。干预组治愈率及总有效率明显高于对照组,干预组死亡率明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论呼吸机相关性肺炎患者实施护理干预可以提高患者住院满意度、降低死亡率、缩短机械通气时间。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的集束化护理干预

目的:探讨采用集束化护理干预预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的方法。方法:将我院2010年1月～2012年1月发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的患者120例,随机分为对照组(60例)和干预组(60例),分别采用常规护理方法,干预组在常规护理的基础上用集束化护理干预措施,观察比较两组患者平均机械通气时间、成功脱机率、护理满意度及总有效率等。结果:干预组能明显缩短机械通气时间,提高患者护理满意度及脱机成功率(P<0.05),干预组护理干预后患者预后明显优于对照组,死亡率较对照组减少(P<0.05)。结论:集束化护理干预能有效降低呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的死亡率,缩短患者机械通气时间,临床上值得推广。     

两种气管导管预防机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎效果比较

目的探讨圆柱形与锥形气囊气管导管对机械通气患者微误吸致呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的预防效果。方法将机械通气≥48h的气管插管患者64例随机分为A组32例,采用圆柱形气囊气管导管;B组32例,采用锥形气囊气管导管。将机械通气≥48h的气管切开患者72例随机分为C组36例,采用圆柱形气囊气管导管;D组36例,采用锥形气囊气管导管。观察并记录四组患者VAP发生率和时间、机械通气时间、痰液变化量、声门下分泌物变化量、脱机成功率。结果 B、D组VAP发生率显著低于A、C组;痰液变化量和声门下分泌物变化量显著多于A、C组(P0.05,P0.01)。四组机械通气时间、7d内脱机成功率、14d内脱机成功率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论使用锥形气囊的气管导管可以更好地预防微误吸的发生,从而预防VAP的发生。     

程序化脱机在撤离呼吸机过程中的应用

目的探讨程序化脱机对撤离呼吸机的影响.方法将100例机械通气患者随机均分为观察组和对照组,观察组采用程序化脱机方案,对照组采用传统SIMV过渡撤机方法.比较两组直接、间接脱机成功率,再插管率.结果观察组直接脱机成功率与对照组比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05);再插管率较对照组显著降低(P＜0.01).观察组间接脱机成功率高于对照组,但两组比较,差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论程序化脱机可以帮助患者安全、及时、顺利地脱离呼吸机.     

早期床上脚踏车运动对ICU机械通气患者康复的影响

目的探讨早期床上脚踏车运动对ICU机械通气患者康复的影响。方法将124例机械通气患者随机分为干预组和对照组各62例。对照组行常规床上活动;干预组在此基础上加床上脚踏车运动,每天2次,每次20min。结果两组均60例完成研究。运动第7、14天,干预组肌肉总量、骨骼肌、体脂肪、四肢水分、前白蛋白值及潮气量、呼吸频率、二氧化碳分压与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);干预组机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、VAP发生率、谵妄发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论床上脚踏车运动实现早期活动,可改善机械通气患者的营养指标和心肺功能,促进患者康复。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.