心脏死亡器官捐献移植单中心经验总结

目的通过分析本院实施的心脏死亡器官捐献（DCD）移植病例,探讨国内DCD器官移植的可行性和注意事项。方法回顾2011年1月至2012年9月本院移植透析中心所涉及DCD捐献者的临床资料,并进行经验总结。结果4例DCD者共实施了7例肾移植和4例肝移植,所有捐献者属于国际标准MaastrichtⅢ类,热缺血时间为10～18分钟。7例肾移植受者中,1例采用双肾带膀胱袢移植。所有受者手术顺利,移植物功能恢复良好,无并发症发生,无移植患者死亡。结论严格掌握潜在捐献者的筛选标准,实施可控的DCD程序,可以扩大供者来源,减少移植手术后并发症的发生。     

心脏死亡器官捐献获取流程探讨

目的总结并进一步探讨心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)获取流程的初步经验。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2012年1月期间广州军区总医院28例DCD者的临床资料、供体入选标准及器官获取流程。结果 28例DCD供体均成功实施了器官捐献,其中MaastrichtⅢ类3例(10.7%),MaastrichtⅣ类1例(3.6%),脑-心双死亡捐献(DBCD)供体24例(85.7%)。3例MaastrichtⅢ类供体实施了标准DCD器官获取流程(简称DCD流程),1例MaastrichtⅣ类供体采用DBCD器官获取流程(简称DBCD流程)非体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)模式,24例DBCD采用了DBCD流程ECMO模式。供体器官热缺血时间:DBCD为0 min,MaastrichtⅣ类为18 min,MaastrichtⅢ类平均25 min(22～28 min)。本组共获取了28个肝脏、40个肾脏、2个心脏,分别成功用于肝移植、肾移植和心脏移植。结论我国DCD器官获取可分为DCD流程和DBCD流程,后者又分为ECMO模式和非ECMO模式。ECMO模式可避免器官热缺血损伤且没有伦理学争议,对我国公民DCD器官有着十分重要的作用。     

心脏死亡器官捐献单中心经验总结

目的 总结单中心开展心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)的病历资料和经验.方法 自2010年3月至2011年10月,采用Maastricht分类第Ⅲ类标准作为潜在捐献者的临床选择标准,共发现56例潜在捐献者.56例中,40例未同意捐献,16例同意捐献(其中1例在治疗过程中因全身严重感染放弃了器官获取),最终15例成功捐献,共获取12个肝脏和22个肾脏用于移植.结果 12例肝移植受者恢复良好.20例肾移植受者中,2例采用双肾带膀胱袢移植的受者术后切除了移植肾,另外2例术后分别由于移植肾破裂和血栓形成而切除移植肾,其余受者恢复良好.结论 公民心脏死亡器官捐献可以扩大供者来源,但需严格掌握潜在捐献者的筛选标准.     

符合中国三类标准的心脏死亡器官捐赠四例经验总结

目的 总结符合“中国心脏死亡器官捐献分类标准”中国三类(C-Ⅲ)标准的器官捐赠及移植的经验.方法 2011-2012年间,符合C-Ⅲ标准的心脏死亡器官捐赠(DCD)者4例,在手术室进行可控性心跳及呼吸终止后,进行了器官捐赠.获取器官的热缺血时间为7～15 min.结果 除1例捐赠的肝脏进行快速病理学检查外,其他器官均质地良好.捐赠器官用于肝移植3例,肾移植8例,手术顺利,仅1例受者出现移植肾功能恢复延迟,受者均未发生排斥反应和外科并发症.出院后,移植物功能良好.结论 使用符合C-Ⅲ标准的捐赠器官可获得满意的移植效果.     

心脏死亡供者供肝移植三例报告

目的 总结心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)供肝移植的临床经验.方法 共有7例心脏死亡器官捐献者,原发病包括脑出血3例(其中1例合并高血压),颅脑外伤2例,脑基底动脉闭塞1例,颅脑肿瘤(脑胶质瘤Ⅱ级)卒中1例.依据《中国心脏死亡器官捐献指南》实施捐献,采用腹部器官联合快速切取方法切取器官.受者的原发疾病为乙型肝炎后肝硬化(失代偿期)和原发性肝癌.术后预防感染,根据凝血酶原时间采取抗凝治疗,采用他克莫司+吗替麦考酚酯+泼尼松预防排斥反应.结果 有3例供者分别因合并酒精性肝硬化、家属拒绝捐献肝脏和肝脏热缺血时间超过30 min而未能切取肝脏,1例由红十字会协调至其他移植中心,3例完成肝移植.供肝热缺血时间分别为7.5、9和10 min,冷缺血时间为4.5、8.2和6.5h.受者术后随访2～9个月,术后近期无原发性移植物无功能,未发生血栓形成和排斥反应等并发症,肝功能恢复良好,均顺利出院.结论 DCD供肝移植的近期效果良好,选择可控制的中国三类供者、中高度风险的UW评分以及较短的热缺血时间是保障肝移植成功的重要因素.     

心脏死亡供者供肝肝移植11例疗效观察

目的 观察利用Maastricht分类第Ⅲ型心脏死亡供者(donors after cardiac death,DCD)供肝行原位肝移植的疗效.方法 2011年9月至2012年6月期间,吉林大学白求恩第一医院共有14例DCD供者进行器官捐献,其中11例行原位肝移植,分析总结心脏死亡供肝行肝移植的疗效.结果 本组11例DCD供肝热缺血时间为(21.3 ±2.6)min,冷缺血时间为(2.5±0.8)h,供肝质量为(1245 ±180)g.11例受体行原位肝移植术,术中无肝期42～ 80 min,手术时间380 ～ 740 min,术中出血量600 ～ 3000 ml,平均1750 ml.除l例受体于术后第3天死于原发移植肝无功能外,其余受体术后均恢复良好.在全程随访期间预后较好,均未出现排斥反应及胆管、血管并发症.结论 通过规范捐献流程、尽量减少冷、热缺血时间及加强器官功能维护,利用Maastricht分类第Ⅲ型心脏死亡供者供肝对终末期肝脏疾病患者行肝移植,疗效良好.     

心脏死亡供体经典原位肝移植的单中心临床研究

目的总结心脏死亡器官捐献（donation after cardiac death,DCD）供体供肝获取及应用于肝移植的临床经验和可行性。方法2011年11月至2012年9月,西安交通大学第一附属医院采用Maastricht标准或中国标准,共获取18例DCD供肝,于该院完成经典原位肝移植14例,送往其他移植中心3例,放弃1例。对18例供体与在该院完成肝移植的14例受体的临床资料进行回顾性分析,了解供肝情况、受体围手术期及随访结果。结果18例供体中符合Maastricht标准Ⅲ类5例、V类2例,符合中国标准Ⅲ类（即脑一心双死亡标准器官捐献,donation after brain death plus cardiac death, DBCD）11例。按规范器官获取流程取得供肝。供肝的热缺血时间为11～18min,平均为14．5min;冷缺血时间为90—600min,平均为350min。14例受体均顺利完成移植手术。其中12例受体预后良好,肝功能逐渐恢复,未出现原发性移植肝无功能、血栓形成、排斥反应,但2例出现胆道狭窄并发症,经胆道支架置人术后引流通畅;重症监护室（ICU）治疗时间平均7d,术后住院时间平均23d,病情稳定后出院。1例受体术后2d死于肝衰竭,其供体原发病为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病,需给予大量多巴胺维持其血压;另1例于术后当日死于腹腔内大出血,其供体为重症哮喘、心肺复苏后死亡。12例受体者平均随访时间为6个月,总体存活率为85％,肿瘤患者尚未发现复发转移。结论DCD可以扩大供肝来源且近期效果良好,具有可行性。实施可控型DCD捐献,严格掌握供者适应证、加强器官评估、缩短热缺血时间和冷缺血时间,是保障供肝质量的重要因素。     

中国心脏死亡捐献器官评估与应用专家共识(2014版)

自2010年原卫生部启动人体器官捐献工作以来,经过各界努力,目前人体器官捐献尤其是心脏死亡器官捐献(donation after cardiac death,DCD),在全国范围内已得到广泛开展.亟待制订相关专家共识来指导全国DCD器官的质量评估,推动其在临床上更规范、有效、安全地应用.中华医学会器官移植学分会、中华医学会外科学分会移植学组及中国医师协会器官移植医师分会组织专家制订了《中国心脏死亡捐献器官评估与应用专家共识(2014版)》,重点阐述了中国DCD与心脏死亡诊断标准、器官获取、DCD器官在肝移植和肾移植中的评估和应用以及移植受者围术期的特殊干预.     

心脏死亡器官捐赠中器官切取的手术方法与技巧总结

目的 对心脏死亡器官捐赠(DCD)中供者器官切取手术方法的特点与技巧进行总结,观察器官移植后移植物的功能.方法 回顾性分析26例DCD供者器官切取的临床资料,分别采用上腹部多器官联合切取法和肝肾分别切取法切取供者器官.结果 26例供者器官的平均热缺血时间为4 min(1～10 min),器官切取手术操作顺利,器官切取手术平均耗时为27min(20～45min).共获得供肝22个,供肾44个,上腹部多器官(包括肝脏、胰腺和十二指肠)2个;所获取器官进行肝移植24例(其中2例供肝进行劈离式肝移植供给4例受者),肾移植42例(其中2例供者的双肾进行双肾移植),上腹部多器官移植2例.所有移植手术均顺利,移植器官的功能恢复良好,未出现原发性移植物无功能等并发症.结论 在DCD器官切取手术中,上腹部多器官联合切取法和肝肾分别切取法的手术步骤简捷、安全可靠,要求术者掌握熟练的外科技巧,动作迅速准确,能最大限度减少供者器官的热缺血时间,以保证获取高质量的供者器官.     

体外膜肺氧合在心脏死亡器官捐献中的应用

心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)中供者器官不可避免地要经历热缺血损伤,移植术后原发性移植物无功能、移植物丢失以及缺血性胆管疾病等并发症的发生率较高.因此,如何避免、减少或修复DCD器官热缺血损伤进而保护移植受者的安全是当前DCD研究的一个热点.广州军区广州总医院肝脏移植中心于2009年2月开始使用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)对DCD器官进行保护,目前共完成了52例ECMO辅助下DCD器官获取,均获得满意疗效.ECMO对DCD器官热缺血损伤的保护和修复机制不仅在国际DCD器官移植领域显示出良好的应用前景,更是解决我国DCD热缺血损伤的有效方法.笔者认为:这些机制对进一步扩大ECMO在我国DCD的应用范围,建立适合我国国情的人体器官捐献和获取标准流程和技术规范具有十分重要的意义.     

Outcomes of Pancreas Transplantation in the United States Using Cardiac-Death Donors

Organs donated after cardiac death (DCD) are used to expand the donor pool. We analyzed the outcomes in the United States of pancreatic transplantation of organs from DCD donors performed between 1993 and 2003.
We used the OPTN/UNOS Registry to compare outcomes of primary pancreas allografts from DCD donors and donors after brain death (DBD). The primary endpoints were graft failure and patient death. A national survey regarding the use of DCD donors in pancreas transplantation was conducted among the directors of pancreas transplant centers.
Data were obtained on 47 simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants (SPK) and 10 solitary pancreas transplants from DCD donors and on 2431 SPK and 1607 solitary pancreas transplants from DBD donors. Recipients of a SPK transplants from DCD and DBD donors had equivalent patient and graft survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years. For recipients of SPK transplants, the wait for organs from DCD donors was significantly shorter than that for organs from DBD donors. SPK recipients of organs from DCD donors had longer hospital stays than did recipients of organs from DBD donors. With renal allografts, the incidence of delayed graft function was almost four times higher with organs from DCD donors than with organs from DBD donors.
Selective use of organs from DCD donors is safe for pancreas transplantation.     

Urological complications and their impact on survival after kidney transplantation from deceased cardiac death donors

Urological complications after kidney transplantation may result in significant morbidity and mortality. However, the incidence of such complications after deceased cardiac death (DCD) donor kidney transplantation and their effect on survival is unknown. Purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence of urological complications after DCD kidney transplantation, and to estimate their impact on survival. Patient records of all 76 DCD kidney transplantations in the period 1997–2004 were reviewed for (urological) complications during the initial hospitalization until 30 days after discharge, and graft survival until the last hospital visit. Urological complications occurred in 32 patients (42.1%), with leakage and/or obstruction occurring in seven patients (9.2%). The latter seems to be comparable with the incidence reported in the literature for deceased heart-beating (DHB) transplantations (range 2.5–10%). Overall graft survival was 92% at 1 year and 88% at 3 years, comparable to the rates reported in the literature for kidneys from DHB donors, and was not affected by urological complications (χ² = 0.27, P  = 0.61). Only a first warm-ischaemia time of 30 min or more reduced graft survival (χ² = 4.38, P  < 0.05). We conclude that urological complications occur frequently after DCD kidney transplantation, but do not influence graft survival. The only risk factor for reduced graft survival in DCD transplant recipients was the first warm-ischaemia time.     

Kidney transplantation from donation after cardiac death donors: lack of impact of delayed graft function on post‐transplant outcomes

Singh RP, Farney AC, Rogers J, Zuckerman J, Reeves‐Daniel A, Hartmann E, Iskandar S, Adams P, Stratta RJ. Kidney transplantation from donation after cardiac death donors: lack of impact of delayed graft function on post‐transplant outcomes.
Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 255–264. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Introduction: Delayed graft function (DGF) is more common in recipients of kidney transplants from donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors compared to donation after brain death (DBD) donors. Methods: Single‐center retrospective study to evaluate the impact of DGF on controlled (Maastricht category III) DCD donor kidney transplant outcomes. Results: From 10/01 to 6/08, 578 adult deceased donor kidney transplants were performed including 70 (12%) from DCD and 508 (88%) from DBD donors. Mean follow‐up was 36 months. DCD donor kidney transplants had significantly greater rates of DGF (57% DCD vs. 21% DBD, p < 0.0001)) and acute rejection (29% DCD vs. 16% DBD, p = 0.018) compared to DBD donor kidney transplants, but patient and graft survival rates were similar. DBD donor kidney transplants with DGF (n = 109) had significantly greater rates of death‐censored graft loss (12.5% DCD vs. 31% DBD), primary non‐function (0 DCD vs. 10% DBD) and higher 2 year mean serum creatinine levels (1.4 DCD vs. 2.7 mg/dL DBD) compared to DCD donor kidney transplants with DGF (n = 40, all p < 0.04). On univariate analysis, the presence of acute rejection and older donor age were the only significant risk factors for death‐censored graft loss in DCD donor kidney transplants, whereas DGF was not a risk factor. Conclusion: Despite higher rates of DGF and acute rejection in DCD donor kidney transplants, subsequent outcomes in DCD donor kidney transplants with DGF are better than in DBD donor kidney transplants experiencing DGF, and similar to outcomes in DCD donor kidney transplants without DGF.     

Histological Assessment of Preimplantation Biopsies May Improve Selection of Kidneys from Old Donors After Cardiac Death

Kidneys from old donors after cardiac death (DCD) may increase the donor pool but the prognosis of these kidneys is unsatisfactory. To improve these results, we retrospectively evaluated the diagnostic utility of published selection algorithms for old donor kidneys. We studied all DCD kidney transplantations between January 1, 1994 and July 1, 2005 at our institution (n = 199). Selection algorithms were evaluated in the subset of kidney transplantations from donors aged 60 years or older (n = 52). For histological assessment of kidney biopsies, glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and vascular narrowing were blindly scored. Functional kidney weight was calculated as renal mass multiplied by the fraction of nonsclerosed glomeruli. Graft function and survival of kidneys from DCD aged 60 years or older were inferior to those from younger DCD. Histological scores were associated with kidney function and graft survival of old DCD kidney transplantations. Functional kidney weight was associated with kidney function but not graft survival, while donor glomerular filtration rate (GFR), donor age and machine perfusion characteristics were associated with neither of the clinical outcomes of interest. We conclude that histological assessment of preimplantation biopsies may improve the selection of kidneys from old DCD and may therefore contribute to expansion of the donor pool.     

Experience in renal and extrarenal transplantation with donation after cardiac death donors with selective use of extracorporeal support

BACKGROUND: Most reports of donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors are exclusive to kidney transplantation and report high rates of delayed graft function (DGF). STUDY DESIGN: From April 1, 2003, to October 3, 2007, we performed 53 kidney transplantations and 4 simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantations from DCD donors. All DCD donor kidneys were managed with pulsatile perfusion preservation, and all simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation donors were managed with extracorporeal support. RESULTS: Of 53 DCD kidney transplantations, 44 (83%) were from standard criteria donors (SCD) and 9 (17%) from expanded criteria donors (ECD). With a mean followup of 12 months, actual patient and kidney graft survival rates were 94% and 87%, respectively. Patient and graft survival rates were 100% in the 4 simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantations. Incidence of DGF was 57% (60% without versus 20% with extracorporeal support, p = 0.036). Comparison of the 53 DCD donor kidney transplantations with 316 concurrent donation after brain death (DBD) donor adult kidney transplantations (178 SCD, 138 ECD) revealed no differences in demographics or outcomes, except that the DCD donor group had fewer ECDs (17% DCD versus 44% DBD; p = 0.0002), fewer 0-antigen mismatch kidney transplantations (7.5% DCD versus 19% DBD; p = 0.05), and more kidneys preserved with pulsatile perfusion (100% DCD versus 52% DBD; p < 0.0001). Incidences of DGF (57% DCD versus 19% DBD; p < 0.0001) and acute rejection (19% DCD versus 10% DBD; p = 0.10) were higher in the DCD donor group, which resulted in a longer initial length of stay (mean 11 days DCD versus 8.0 days DBD; p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a high incidence of DGF in the absence of extracorporeal support and greater initial resource use, comparable short-term results can be achieved with DCD and DBD donor kidney transplantations.     

In Situ Normothermic Regional Perfusion for Controlled Donation After Circulatory Death—The United Kingdom Experience

Organs recovered from donors after circulatory death (DCD) suffer warm ischemia before cold storage which may prejudice graft survival and result in a greater risk of complications after transplant. A period of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) in the donor may reverse these effects and improve organ function. Twenty‐one NRP retrievals from Maastricht category III DCD donors were performed at three UK centers. NRP was established postasystole via aortic and caval cannulation and maintained for 2 h. Blood gases and biochemistry were monitored to assess organ function. Sixty‐three organs were recovered. Forty‐nine patients were transplanted. The median time from asystole to NRP was 16 min (range 10–23 min). Thirty‐two patients received a kidney transplant. The median cold ischemia time was 12 h 30 min (range 5 h 25 min–18 h 22 min). The median creatinine at 3 and 12 months was 107 µmol/L (range 72–222) and 121 µmol/L (range 63–157), respectively. Thirteen (40%) recipients had delayed graft function and four lost the grafts. Eleven patients received a liver transplant. The first week median peak ALT was 389 IU/L (range 58–3043). One patient had primary nonfunction. Two combined pancreas–kidney transplants, one islet transplant and three double lung transplants were performed with primary function. NRP in DCD donation facilitates organ recovery and may improve short‐term outcomes.     

心脏死亡供者供肾移植14例报告

目的 总结心脏死亡供者供肾的获取以及应用于临床肾移植的经验.方法 共7例心脏死亡供者捐献了供肾,进行了14例肾移植.7例供者年龄30～53岁,原发病为脑出血3例,颅脑外伤2例,脑基底动脉闭塞1例,颅脑肿瘤卒中1例;威斯康辛大学评分为19～23分,均为高危组.7例供者的所有近亲家属签署器官捐献知情同意的相关文件.临床评估供肾良好,供者心脏停跳2～5min后确定为心脏死亡,并采用腹腔多器官联合快速切取技术获取双侧肾脏.14例受者与供者HLA抗原错配数为2～4个,受者淋巴细胞毒交叉配合试验≤0.05,群体反应性抗体＜10％.7例供者中有6例的热缺血时间为5～10 min,1例为45 min;冷缺血时间为4.5～12.5 h.结果 利用心脏死亡供者供肾的14例肾移植手术均顺利完成.14例受者中,术后发生原发性移植肾无功能(PNF)1例,移植肾功能恢复延迟(DGF)3例,急性排斥反应2例;其中1例因PNF在术后第1天切除了移植肾,并恢复规律血液透析,1例因DGF仍在恢复中(尚处于术后3个月),血清肌酐149μmol/L,该2例受者均接受了热缺血时间为45 min的供肾;其余12例受者痊愈出院,移植肾功能均良好.结论 遵照《中国心脏死亡器官捐献指南》开展心脏死亡器官捐献工作,维护好潜在供者的各项重要生命指标,可以保证供肾质量;心脏死亡供者供肾可作为肾移植的重要器官来源,并且移植效果良好.     

Outcome of transplantation using kidneys from controlled (Maastricht category 3) non-heart-beating donors

BACKGROUND: Many renal transplant centres are reluctant to use kidneys from non-heart-beating (NHB) donors because of the high incidence of primary non-function and delayed graft function reported in the literature. Here, we report our favourable experience of using kidneys from Maastricht category 3 donors (controlled NHB donors). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1996 to June 2002, 42 renal transplants using kidneys from 25 controlled NHB donors were undertaken at our centre. The rates of primary non-function, delayed graft function (DGF), rejection and long-term graft and patient survival were compared with those of 84 recipients of grafts from heart-beating (HB donors) transplanted contemporaneously. RESULTS: Primary non-function did not occur in recipients of grafts from NHB donors but was seen in two grafts from HB donors. DGF occurred in 21 of 42 (50%) kidneys from NHB donors and 14 of 84 (17%) kidneys from HBD donars (p < 0.001). The acute rejection rates in the two groups were similar (33% for grafts from NHB donors vs. 40% from HB donors). By 1 month after transplantation, there was no significant difference in serum creatinine concentration between the two groups. Over a median follow-up period of 32 months (range 2-75 months), the actuarial graft survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 yr after transplantation were 84, 80 and 74% for recipients of kidneys from NHB donors, compared with 89, 85 and 80% for kidneys from HB donors. CONCLUSION: Controlled NHB donors are a valuable and under-used source of kidneys for renal transplantation. The outcome for recipients of kidney allografts from category 3 NHB donors is similar to that seen in recipients of grafts from conventional HB cadaveric donors.     

Combined liver-kidney transplantation in polycystic disease: case reports

Polycystic disease causes a progressive decrease in renal function and liver degeneration. The progression of the disease evolves separately between organs and transplantation options vary: simultaneous or sequential liver-kidney transplantation or single-organ transplantation. From September 2006 to June 2007 3 combined liver kidney transplantations (CLKT) were performed for polycystic disease with end-stage renal disease: 2 with polycystic liver disease, and 1 with hepatic failure due to congenital hepatic fibrosis. The widest dimensions of the polycystic liver of 50 and 60 cm diameter were due to extensive cystic degeneration. We performed 1 simultaneous CLKT and 2 sequential transplantations: 1 liver after kidney, and 1 kidney after liver. At present all patients are alive with 100% graft function. Median creatinine level at discharge was 0.9 mg/dL (ranges, +/-0.2). Good liver graft function was reported in all 3 cases. Transplant benefit in polycystic liver-kidney disease has been already demonstrated; conservative surgical options may result in a high incidence of complications in highly involved polycystic livers. Delaying transplantation results in a more difficult surgical technique, a higher rate of postoperative complications, and a disturbance of optimal graft retrieval because of the worse preoperative condition of the patients.