肺复张策略对健侧肺氧合及顺应性的影响

目的 评价肺复张策略(lung recruitment maneuvers,LRM)对健侧肺氧合及顺应性的影响. 方法 ASA分级Ⅱ级择期行胸腔镜辅助下肺切除术患者40例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(C组)和实验组(L组),每组20例.C组术中常规单肺通气(one lung ventilation,OLV),L组OLV 20 min后进行1次LRM,两组均在OLV结束关闭胸腔前进行1次肺复张.分别于患者麻醉前(T0),OLV后20 min(T1),LRM后15 min(T2)、30 min(T3)、45 min(T4)及OLV结束(T5)时,采集患者生命体征数据并采集动脉血样本进行血气分析,根据公式计算肺顺应性(dynamic compliance,Cdyn). 结果 与C组相比,L组PaO2在T2[(150±11) mmHg比(204±21) mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa]、T3[(154±12) mmHg比(176±14) mmHg]、T5[(442±20) mmHg比(473±15) mmHg]时点均升高(P＜0.05),Cdyn在T2[(21±3) ml/cmH2O比(25±3) ml/cmH2O,1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa]和T5[(26±3) ml/cmH2O比(31±5)ml/cmH2O)]时点提高(P＜0.05). 结论 LRM可以有效改善OLV期间氧合及Cdyn,单次LRM提高PaO2有效时间为30 min,在15 min左右PaO2改善最为明显.     

内皮素-1 mRNA在肝肺综合征大鼠肺组织中表达的研究

目的　研究内皮素 1(ET 1)及其mRNA在肝肺综合征 (HPS)大鼠肺组织中的表达。方法　 3 2只雄性SD大鼠随机分 4组 :肝前型门静脉高压症组 (PHPH)、肝内型门静脉高压症组(IHPH)、门腔端侧分流组 (PCS)和手术对照组 (SO) ,每组 8只。各组均行动脉血气分析 ;应用硝酸还原酶法和放射免疫法测定肺组织中NO2 -/NO3-及ET 1含量 ;应用原位杂交和图像分析 ,检测肺泡毛细血管内皮细胞、肺泡动脉内皮细胞和支气管上皮细胞中ET 1mRNA的表达强度。　结果　 ( 1)动脉血气分析 :动脉氧分压IHPH组大鼠 [( 73 85± 6 5 1)mmHg]较PHPH组 [( 97 3 9± 1 3 3 )mmHg]、PCS组 [( 95 2 3± 2 2 2 )mmHg]和SO组 [( 99 0 5± 0 75 )mmHg]显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ;肺泡 动脉氧压力梯度 :IHPH组大鼠 [( 3 4 5 3± 2 3 2 )mmHg]较PHPH组 [( 4 98± 1 69)mmHg]、PCS组 [( 6 5 1± 2 0 4 )mmHg]和SO组 [( 3 2 3± 0 81)mmHg]显著增大 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并伴轻度呼吸性碱中毒。 ( 2 )肺组织中NO2 -/NO3-含量 ( μmol/g蛋白 ) :IHPH组大鼠 ( 19 78± 5 3 3 ) μmol/g显著高于PHPH组 ( 13 2 1± 3 99)μmol/g、PCS组 ( 13 89± 3 16) μmol/g和SO组大鼠 ( 8 71± 1 68) μmol/g。肺组织中ET 1含量 (pg/g) :IHPH组大鼠 ( 195 1     

机械通气治疗创伤性连枷胸效果观察

对 10例创伤性连枷胸病人采用同步间隙指令通气 (SIMV)加压力支持通气 (PSV)加呼气末正压通气 (PEEP)的机械通气模式 ,观察病人机械通气时间及机械通气前后呼吸频率、PaO2 和PaCO2 的变化。结果病人机械通气时间为 96 .81～ 192 .73(12 7.6 5± 16 .15 )h ;机械通气后 ,病人的呼吸频率由平均 (46 .70± 3.5 2 )次 min降至(14 .4 2± 2 .35 )次 min ,PaO2 由 (5 9.2 3± 3.18)mmHg升高到 (10 8.6 2± 8.14 )mmHg ,PaCO2 由 (5 7.4 1± 2 .6 9)mmHg降低到 (40 .2 4± 4 .17)mmHg。提示SIMV PSV PEEP机械通气模式能纠治反常呼吸运动 ,改善缺氧状态     

胆汁胆固醇对胆囊收缩素受体表达的影响

目的　探讨胆汁胆固醇对胆囊收缩素受体 (CCK R)表达的影响。　方法　采用放射免疫分析法和受体放射配基结合法检测对照组 (n =2 5 )、高胆固醇组 (n =2 5 )、自然恢复组 (n =2 5 )及治疗组 (n =2 5 )豚鼠门静脉血CCK水平、胆囊CCK R的最大结合容量 (Bmax)和亲和力 (Kd) ,同时观察空腹胆囊体积 (FV)、胆囊胆汁量 (FB)和餐后胆囊体积 (RV)、胆囊胆汁量 (RB)及胆囊收缩率 (E)、胆汁胆固醇浓度的变化。　结果　与对照组比较 ,高胆固醇组豚鼠FV[(0 89± 0 2 6 )～ (1 34± 0 6 1)cm3 ]、FB[(0 6 8± 0 2 0 )～ (1 0 1± 0 4 3)cm3 ]、RV[(0 2 8± 0 0 8)～ (0 90± 0 5 3)cm3 ]、RB[(0 2 3± 0 0 6 )～(0 83± 0 32 )cm3 ]增大 ,E[(6 5 83± 7 32 ) %～ (47 2 2± 5 2 4 ) % ]下降 ,胆汁胆固醇浓度 [(0 4 4±0 11)～ (0 6 0± 0 13)mmol/L]升高 ,门静脉血CCK水平及CCK R的Kd无改变 ,而CCK R的Bmax[(6 0± 2 7)～ (32± 13)fmol/mg蛋白 ]下降 ;与自然恢复组比较 ,治疗组上述各项指标正常。　结论　胆汁中的高胆固醇通过下调胆囊CCK R表达而导致胆囊收缩功能障碍 ,降低胆汁高胆固醇浓度可以促进胆囊动力功能的恢复。     

心脏瓣膜置换术联合射频消融治疗心脏瓣膜病变的临床观察

目的:探讨心脏瓣膜置换术联合不同射频消融方法治疗重度心脏瓣膜病变的效果.方法:选取2013年3月-2016年2月在解放军第1 53中心医院接受心脏瓣膜置换术联合射频消融治疗的心功能分级(NYHA标准)≥Ⅲ级的心脏瓣膜疾病患者75例为研究对象,其中接受心脏瓣膜置换联合双极射频消融者26例(双极组),心脏瓣膜置换联合单极射频消融者25例(单极组),单用心脏瓣膜置换术治疗者24例(对照组).比较各组射频消融所用时间、术后即刻窦性心律恢复情况、辅助呼吸时间、术后住院时间、围手术期病死率、心脏功能指标和心功能分级疗效.结果:双极组、单极组的术后即刻窦性心律恢复率(92.31％和88.00％比对照组70.83％)、辅助呼吸时间[(16.75±2.68)h和(16.04±4.21)h比对照组(24.81±3.38) h]、术后住院时间[(8.41±1.84)d和(9.01±1.72)d比对照组(11.26±2.35)d]、左室舒张末内径[6个月时(47.24±5.81) mm和(46.03±6.78) mm比对照组(53.11±4.35) mm;12个月时(41.84±3.69) mm和(40.98±5.27) mm比(48.75±4.36)mm]、左室射血分数(6个月时0.483 6±0.027 9、0.495 1±0.030 2比对照组0.433 2±0.037 2:12个月时0.580 4±0.038 5、0.569 3±0.029 6比对照组0.489 1±0.038 1)、肺动脉收缩压[6个月时(39.82±3.42) mmHg和(40.21±2.01) mmHg比对照组(44.92±2.44) mmHg;12个月时(35.62±2.11) mmHg和(36.63±1.92) mmHg比对照组(39.95±2.87) mmHg]、心功能疗效总有效率(88.46％和84.00％比对照组54.17％)均显著优于对照组(P＜0.05),双极组和单极组上述指标差异并无显著性(P＞0.05),但双极组消融用时[(22.34±2.57) min]少于单极组[(29.04±3.41) min,P＜0.05].结论:心脏瓣膜置换术联合射频消融治疗有利于改善心脏瓣膜病预后效果,双极射频消融治疗在有效性、安全性方面均优于单极射频治疗.     

改良痔上黏膜环切术治疗出口梗阻型便秘 50 例

目的：探讨改良痔上黏膜环切术对出口梗阻型便秘患者肛肠动力学的影响。方法：将 100 例出口梗阻性便秘患者随机分为对照组和治疗组各 50 例，对照组予常规痔上黏膜环切术治疗，治疗组予改良痔上黏膜环切术治疗。观察两组临床疗效、手术一般情况、并发症及复发率，比较肛肠动力学 [ 肛管高压区长度 (HPZ)、静息压 (ARP)、最大收缩压 (MSP)] 的变化。结果：治疗组和对照组术中出血量、创面愈合时间、住院时间、并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），治疗组手术时间明显较对照组延长 [(35.72±3.95) min vs (30.24±3.56) min]（P<0.05）；治疗组和对照组术后 HPZ、ARP、MSP 明显较术前升高，治疗组术后 HPZ[(4.26±0.45) cm vs (3.68±0.38) cm]、ARP[(45.21±4.21) mmHg vs (36.72±3.69) mmHg]、MSP[(130.45±14.27) mmHg vs (116.45±12.82) mmHg] 明显高于对照组（P<0.05）；治疗组有效率 (100% vs 88%) 明显高于对照组（P<0.05）；随访 12 个月，治疗组复发率 (4% vs 8%) 明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：改良 PPH 可有效改善出口梗阻型便秘患者肛肠动力学，有利于提高近远期疗效，且具有良好的安全性。     

肺血减少型复杂性先天性心脏病术后血流动力学观察

目的　探讨肺血减少型复杂性先天性心脏病围术期处理原则。方法　 1996年 6月至 1999年 1月 ,手术治疗肺血减少型重症复杂性先天性心脏病 2 6例 ,其中Rastelli手术 12例、Fontan手术 9例及双向Glenn手术 5例。分别于术前、脱离体外循环机后即刻、术后 2、4、8、16、2 4、36、4 8、72h监测血流动力学变化。结果　手术死亡率 11 5 %。Rastelli手术后早期静脉压低 [(12 36± 0 6 9)mmHg(1mmHg =0 133kPa) ]、肺动脉压高 [(18 36± 1 6 0 )mmHg]、胸液量少 [每小时 (0 96± 0 94 )ml kg];Fontan手术后早期静脉压高 [(16 77± 1 11)mmHg]、肺动脉压低 [(14 37± 2 0 6 )mmHg]、胸液量较多 [每小时 (1 0 8±0 38)ml kg];双向Glenn手术后早期上腔静脉压 [(17 2 6± 2 4 3)mmHg]高于下腔静脉压 [(12 6 9± 3 5 8)mmHg],双向Glenn术后有肺动脉搏动性血流的病儿动脉血氧饱和度 (0 90± 0 0 1)高于无肺动脉搏动性血流的双向Glenn术后病儿 (0 81± 0 0 4 )。结论　双心室均发育的复杂先天性心脏病 ,实施解剖性矫治的Rastelli手术 ,术后早期血流动力学效果明显优于生理性矫治手术。对只有一个功能心室且肺血管发育较好、肺动脉压不高的多种复杂先心病 ,实施Fontan类手术可挽救病儿生命 ,提高其生存质     

开颅术中过度通气对哌库溴铵时效的影响

目的 :研究过度通气对哌库溴铵时效的影响。方法 :选择无神经肌肉疾患 ,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期神经外科手术患者 2 4例 ,随机分成对照组 (A组 ,n =12 )和过度通气组 (B组 ,n =12 ) ,术中控制呼吸 ,维持PaCO2 分别大于或小于 35mmHg。用加速度仪监测拇内收肌收缩反应。观察两组哌库溴铵 0 1mg/kg时效差异。结果 :A、B组起效时间分别为 3 2 1± 0 49分钟和 3 0 8± 0 2 3分钟 ,无显著性差异 ;临床时效分别为 10 4 6 7± 7 33分钟和 87 0 8± 5 45分钟 ,P <0 0 5 ;恢复指数分别为 2 6 2 5± 2 85分钟和 2 3 75± 2 73分钟 ,无显著性差异。结论 :过度通气可使哌库溴铵临床时效缩短 ,但起效时间和恢复指数无明显差异     

门静脉高压症大鼠肺组织结构变化与低氧血症的关系

目的研究门静脉高压症大鼠肺组织结构变化与低氧血症的关系.方法雄性SD大鼠被随机分为4组肝前型门静脉高压症(PHPH)、肝内型门静脉高压症(IHPH)、门腔端侧分流(PCS)和手术对照组(SO).分4个时间点观察IHPH大鼠.各组均行动脉血气分析以及肺组织病理学检查.结果1.所有大鼠的肺泡细胞无变性坏死,肺泡壁无塌陷,无炎性细胞浸润、水肿、纤维增生和透明膜形成.2.动脉血氧分压IHPH组为(73.9±6.5)mmHg,较PHPH组[(97.4±1.3)mmHg]、PCS组[(95.2±2.2)mmHg]和SO组[(99.1±0.8)mmHg]显著降低.肺泡-动脉氧压力梯度IHPH组为(33.0±6.6)mmHg,较PHPH组[(5.0±1.7)mmHg]、PCS组[(6.5±2.0)mmHg]和SO组[(3.2±0.8)mmHg]显著增大.3.与其他组相比,IHPH组肺泡毛细血管扩大、微血管密度增高、肺泡间隔增宽、肺泡容量减小.结论CCl4诱导的IHPH大鼠具有肝肺综合征特征性的动脉血气变化和肺组织结构改变,是研究肝肺综合征理想的动物模型.     

标准化急救护理程序在多发伤病人护理中的应用

为了探讨标准化急救护理程序在多发伤病人抢救中的应用效果 ,将 5 0例多发伤病人随机分为观察组和对照组 (各 2 5例 ) ,对照组按常规护理程序护理 ,观察组实施标准化急救护理程序。结果观察组有效抢救时间为(4 8.6 6± 17.32 ) min,对照组为 (70 .6 6± 15 .5 5 ) m in,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性意义 (P<0 .0 0 1)。提示采用标准化护理程序可提高多发伤病人的抢救效率 ,为进一步处置创造良好的条件。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.