低分子肝素使用时机对关节置换手术失血量和DVT发生率的影响

目的 探讨全髋和全膝置换手术使用低分子肝素预防深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的时机对手术失血量和术后DVT发生率的影响.方法 单侧初次关节置换262例中全髋关节置换179例,术前开始使用低分子肝素82例,术后开始使用97例;全膝关节置换83例,术前开始使用低分子肝素44例,术后开始使用39例.根据患者身高、体重及手术前后红细胞压积和输血量,计算两种给药时机的总失血量、隐性失血量及其占原血容量的比例,并比较DVT发生率.结果 (1)全髋关节置换患者术前开始使用低分子肝素组总失血量平均为1638ml,占原血容量的38.1%;术后开始使用低分子肝素组1425ml,占原血容量的34.2%.全膝关节置换患者术前使用低分子肝素组1569ml,占原血容量的37.4%;术后开始使用低分子肝素组1319ml,占原血容量的31.6%.全髋和全膝置换术前开始使用与术后开始使用低分子肝素比较总失血量与其占原血容量比例的差异均有统计学意义.(2)全髋关节置换DVT的发生率为16.2%,全膝关节置换为25.3%,差异无统计学意义.结论 术前使用低分子肝素可增加全髋和全膝关节置换手术的总失血量和隐性失血量,使用低分子肝素的时机对术后DVT的发生率无影响,术后再使用低分子肝素更安全.     

老年尿毒症患者行人工髋关节置换术的治疗体会

[目的]探讨老年尿毒症患者行人工髋关节置换围手术期风险因素,总结处理经验,为临床处理此类患者提供参考。[方法]2009年9月²013年7月本院收治6例老年尿毒症患者,男4例,女2例,年龄512013年7月本院收治6例老年尿毒症患者,男4例,女2例,年龄51⁶4岁[(60.5±4.89)岁],血液透析持续时间1.064岁[(60.5±4.89)岁],血液透析持续时间1.0⁶.0年[(3.0±2.35)年],血液透析周期46.0年[(3.0±2.35)年],血液透析周期4⁸次/月[(6.67±1.75)次/月],股骨颈骨折4例,粗隆间骨折1例,髋关节置换术后假体松动1例,左髋4例,右髋2例,入院至手术时间38次/月[(6.67±1.75)次/月],股骨颈骨折4例,粗隆间骨折1例,髋关节置换术后假体松动1例,左髋4例,右髋2例,入院至手术时间3¹6 d[(7.33±5.09)d],均合并一种或几种内科疾病。术前积极治疗合并症,改善贫血及纠正凝血功能异常,术前1 d均行无肝素血液透析,次日在腰硬联合麻醉下行人工髋关节置换术,其中5例选择骨水泥型人工股骨头假体,1例翻修患者选择骨水泥型全髋关节假体,术中备自体血液回收。术后留置引流,予抗炎、输血、补充白蛋白等对症支持处理,根据输液量于手术当日或次日行无肝素血液透析,术中术后严格控制液体量,定期血液透析,指导功能锻炼,2周后伤口分两次间断拆线。[结果]本组6例患者手术时间5016 d[(7.33±5.09)d],均合并一种或几种内科疾病。术前积极治疗合并症,改善贫血及纠正凝血功能异常,术前1 d均行无肝素血液透析,次日在腰硬联合麻醉下行人工髋关节置换术,其中5例选择骨水泥型人工股骨头假体,1例翻修患者选择骨水泥型全髋关节假体,术中备自体血液回收。术后留置引流,予抗炎、输血、补充白蛋白等对症支持处理,根据输液量于手术当日或次日行无肝素血液透析,术中术后严格控制液体量,定期血液透析,指导功能锻炼,2周后伤口分两次间断拆线。[结果]本组6例患者手术时间50¹90 min[(83.3±52.8)min],术中出血400190 min[(83.3±52.8)min],术中出血400⁸00 ml[(600±141)ml],自体血液回输230800 ml[(600±141)ml],自体血液回输230⁶60 ml[(378±178)ml],输入浓缩红细胞2.0660 ml[(378±178)ml],输入浓缩红细胞2.0⁵.5 U[(3.58±1.20)U],血浆1505.5 U[(3.58±1.20)U],血浆150⁵00 ml[(304±146)ml],术中、术后无感染,无深静脉血栓等并发症发生。6例患者均获随访,随访2500 ml[(304±146)ml],术中、术后无感染,无深静脉血栓等并发症发生。6例患者均获随访,随访2²5个月[(9.33±7.84)个月],术前、术后髋关节Harris评分(14.00±2.05)分、(93.22±1.20)分,优4髋,良2髋,术前、术后髋关节Harris评分有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]老年尿毒症患者行人工髋关节置换术只要围手术期处理得当,手术是安全可行的,但术中操作要细致、轻柔、熟练,尽量减少手术时间及创伤,骨水泥型人工股骨头置换是该类患者手术治疗首选,术后应用抗凝药物必须权衡利弊。     

全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成

目的：探讨全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的发生情况及预防治疗措施。方法：对220例（244髋）全髋关节置换患者围手术期皮下注射低分子肝素来预防治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成。术后第7天行彩色多普勒超声检查。结果：58例发生下肢深静脉血栓，其中远端血栓33例，近端血栓14例，全静脉血栓11例，DVT发生率26．4％，未发生1例肺栓塞。结论：围手术期低分子肝素应用可降低全髋关节置换术后DVT发生率，且安全可靠。     

单侧全髋关节置换术围手术期总失血量的相关影响因素分析

目的 :探讨单侧人工全髋关节置换围术期总失血量的相关影响因素。方法 :搜集我院2014年1月至2016年7月行单侧人工全髋关节置换患者病例,共131例,男55例,女76例;年龄40~89岁,平均64.5岁。根据观测指标记录患者的一般资料、凝血功能指标、术前术后血红蛋白值和红细胞压积值变化情况,利用Gross方程计算出患者围术期失血量,采用统计学软件进行数据分析。结果:全髋关节置换后患者的实际失血量受发病因素、下肢深静脉血栓因素的影响(P0.05),而性别、年龄、体重指数、假体材料、麻醉方式对置换后失血量形成的影响不大。结论:全髋关节置换术实际失血的程度可以通过调整非手术因素(如性别、年龄、体重指数、假体材料、发病因素)和手术中的人为因素(术后并发症、麻醉方式等)得到控制。     

人工全髋关节置换术的围手术期护理体会

目的探讨对人工全髋关节置换术患者实施围手术期精心护理的方法。方法回顾性分析对62例人工全髋关节置换术患者实施围手术期精心护理的临床资料。结果患者均顺利完成手术,住院时间12~38 d,平均(25.5±3.47)d。随访12~24个月,术后功能均恢复良好,未发生并发症病例。结论实施对人工全髋关节置换术患者围手术期精心护理可提高手术成功率,改善预后。     

小剂量低分子肝素结合下肢气囊压力泵预防全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的研究

目的 探讨围手术期应用小剂量低分子肝素结合下肢气囊压力泵预防全髋关节置换术(THA)后下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)和肺栓塞(PE).方法 对92例接受THA患者,术前7 d连续应用小剂量低分子肝素(1 mg/d),应用前及手术前分别检测凝血指标,术后根据检测凝血酶时间及时调整低分子肝素剂量.此后按1 mg/d继续应用低分子肝素至术后4～6周.术后即应用下肢充气压力泵和弹力袜.结果 84例获得随访,2例出现DVT,无一例发生PE.2例术后发生伤口血肿,经治疗后血肿消退.结论 小剂量低分子肝素(1 mg/d)结合下肢气囊压力泵等措施,可以有效的预防THA后下肢DVT发生率.     

利伐沙班预防关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的临床前瞻性对照研究

[目的]探讨关节置换后口服利伐沙班预防下肢深静脉血栓的疗效与安全性。[方法]选取2013年2月~2015年1月本院骨科住院并行髋关节或膝关节置换术的68例患者作为研究对象,其中术后口服利伐沙班抗凝者(利伐沙班组)30例,应用皮下注射低分子肝素抗凝者(低分子肝素组)38例。利伐沙班组术后6 h开始给予利伐沙班10 mg·d-1,口服连续5周;低分子肝素组术后12 h皮下注射低分子肝素4 100 IU,1 d/次,连续14 d。术后随访6个月,评价两组患者下肢静脉血栓发生风险、术后引流量、术后1周出凝血功能及不良反应有无差别。[结果]利伐沙班组6个月内发生下肢静脉血栓5例,发生率为16.67%,低分子肝素组发生6例,发生率为15.79%,两组患者下肢静脉血栓发生风险差异无统计学意义(HR=1.25,95%CI:0.40-3.93,P0.05);利伐沙班组和低分子肝素组术后引流量分别为(1 120.36±186.32)ml和(1 456.66±268.45)ml,利伐沙班组引流量显著低于低分子肝素组(P0.05);术后1周两组患者凝血指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]口服利伐沙班可明显降低关节置换术后下肢静脉血栓风险,与低分子肝素疗效无显著差异,且减少术后引流量。     

补中益气汤联合不同剂量低分子肝素钙在全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成预防中的应用研究

目的:观察补中益气汤联合不同剂量分子肝素钙对预防全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的疗效。方法:将231例行单侧人工髋关节置换术患者随机分为补中益气汤组(A组)62例,补中益气汤+低分子肝素钙标准剂量组(B组)60例,补中益气汤+低分子肝素钙1/2剂量组(C组)53例,补中益气汤+低分子肝素钙1/4剂量组(D组)56例。A组患者于术后给予单纯补中益气汤,其余3组患者术后给予补中益气汤联合对应剂量低分子肝素钙,比较4组患者术后下肢深静脉血栓及不良反应的发生率,并于术后第14天检测患者血小板计数及凝血五项。结果:A组术后下肢深静脉血栓9例,发生率为14.52%;B组术后下肢深静脉血栓3例,发生率为5.00%;C组术后下肢深静脉血栓5例,发生率为9.43%;D组术后下肢深静脉血栓7例,发生率为12.50%。B组与各组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。4组患者血小板计数及凝血五项比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:补中益气汤配合低分子肝素钙标准剂量预防髋关节术后深静脉血栓形成疗效确切,对凝血机制无影响,安全性好。     

自拟舒筋活络汤加减联合低分子肝素钙对髋关节置换术后患者凝血功能、血液流变学指标及深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的探讨自拟舒筋活络汤加减联合低分子肝素钙对髋关节置换术后患者凝血功能、血液流变学指标及深静脉血栓形成的影响。方法随机将78例髋关节置换术后的患者分为2组,各39例。对照组皮下注射低分子肝素钙,观察组给予自拟舒筋活络汤加减联合低分子肝素钙皮下注射。比较2组患者的凝血功能、血液流变学指标及深静脉血栓形成发生率。结果经治疗,观察组患者的凝血酶时间、部分活化酶还原时、红细胞聚集指数、全血黏度、血浆黏度等指标,以及深静脉血栓形成发生率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对髋关节置换患者术后给予自拟舒筋活络汤加减联合低分子肝素钙皮下注射,可改善患者的凝血功能及血液流变学指标,降低深静脉血栓形成的发生率。     

老年股骨颈骨折人工髋关节置换围手术期治疗分析

目的分析老年股骨颈骨折人工髋关节置换围手术期治疗特点,探讨其疗效。方法采用人工髋关节置换治疗老年股骨颈骨折56例,其中半髋置换32例,全髋置换24例。骨折按Garden分型,型26例,型30例。结果56例患者均安全度过手术期,术后发生并发症7例,行翻修术1例,入院期间患者无死亡。随访12~28个月,按Harris标准评分:优39例,良12例,中4例,差1例。结论老年股骨颈骨折适宜行人工髋关节置换术,缜密的围手术期处理是手术安全的保障。     

Anticoagulant treatment of thromboembolism with intravenous heparin therapy in the early postoperative period following total joint arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: Treatment of thromboembolism with intravenous heparin therapy in the early postoperative period after total joint arthroplasty has been associated with a high rate of complications. The purpose of the present study was to compare the rate of bleeding complications in a group of patients who required intravenous heparin therapy for the treatment of thromboembolism after total hip or knee arthroplasty with the rate in a control group of patients who received only prophylactic anticoagulation. METHODS: The postoperative courses of forty-four consecutive patients who were managed with intravenous administration of heparin and oral administration of warfarin for the treatment of a thromboembolic event following unilateral total hip or knee arthroplasty were compared with those of a control group of 376 consecutive patients who had these same procedures but did not have a thromboembolic complication. The patients in the control group were managed with prophylactic anticoagulation with use of enoxaparin. Sixty-eight percent (thirty) of the forty-four patients in the heparin group received the initial dose of heparin on or before the fourth postoperative day, and 82 percent (thirty-six) received an initial bolus of 5000 units of heparin at the initiation of therapy. RESULTS: The rate of bleeding complications was 9 percent (four of forty-four) in the heparin group, compared with 6 percent (twenty-three of 376) in the control group (p = 0.44). The mean transfusion requirement in the heparin group (1.8 units of packed red blood cells) was significantly greater than that in the control group (0.8 unit) (p < 0.0001). Three of the four patients who had a bleeding complication while receiving heparin and warfarin had coagulation parameters that were substantially higher than recommended levels. The mean duration of hospitalization in the heparin group (fifteen days) was significantly longer than that in the control group (seven days) (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that the use of intravenous heparin therapy for the treatment of thromboembolism in the early postoperative period after total joint arthroplasty is associated with a rate of bleeding complications that is similar to that associated with the use of prophylactic anticoagulation with use of enoxaparin alone. One should expect an increased transfusion requirement and a longer duration of hospitalization for patients who require intravenous heparin therapy for the treatment of a thromboembolic event.     

3D打印技术在复杂髋部疾病全髋关节置换术中的应用

目的评价3D打印技术在复杂髋部疾病全髋关节置换手术中应用的临床价值。方法回顾性分析自2016-06—2018-12采用全髋关节置换术治疗的37例(42髋)复杂髋部疾病,19例(22髋)行常规手术(常规组),18例(20髋)采用3D打印技术辅助手术(3D打印组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率,以及末次随访时疼痛VAS评分、髋关节功能Harris评分。结果37例均获得随访,随访时间平均23.5(6~48)个月。3D打印组手术时间较常规组明显缩短,术中出血量较常规组明显减少,并发症发生率较常规组明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。末次随访时常规组与3D打印组疼痛VAS评分与髋关节功能Harris评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论3D打印技术在全髋关节置换术治疗复杂髋部疾病时具有重要的临床应用价值,术者可在术前充分了解髋部局部解剖情况并制定合理的手术方案,并且可以缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量、降低术后并发症发生率。     

髋膝关节置换围手术期血液管理的研究进展

骨关节炎是骨关节方面常见疾病,而髋膝关节置换术是治疗终末期骨关节炎的有效方法。由于髋膝关节置换围手术期贫血发生率高和出血量大,故安全、有效的血液管理有助于加快患者康复进程。目前髋膝关节置换血液管理贯穿于围手术期各个环节,大致为术前纠正贫血、术中控制出血和术后改善贫血,应根据患者具体病情变化采取相应方式,减少围手术期出血、贫血及输血发生率,加快患者康复进程。本文通过分析、总结髋膝关节置换围手术期血液管理方面相关国内、外文献,综述髋膝关节置换围手术期血液管理研究进展。     

利伐沙班预防全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓的临床效果

目的 评价利伐沙班预防全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓（DVT）的临床效果.方法 将312例行全髋关节置换术的患者随机分为对照组（皮下注射低分子肝素钙,n=156）和实验组（口服利伐沙班,n=156）.检测术前及术后14 d的凝血指标,B超检查评价DVT的发生情况.观察术后肺栓塞、严重器官出血及切口大血肿等并发症,记录术后24 h内切口引流量.结果两组术后14 d的凝血指标与术前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,术后14 d两组间比较差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.实验组的DVT发生率低于对照组（P〈0.05）.两组均未出现肺栓塞、严重器官出血及切口大血肿;术后24 h两组引流量比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论利伐沙班可以有效预防全髋关节置换术后DVT的发生,抗凝效果显著优于低分子肝素钙,且不增加潜在的出血风险.     

Bone bleeding during total hip arthroplasty after administration of tranexamic acid

Numerous methods of controlling bleeding during total hip arthroplasty have been used. Thromboplastic agents have been used with some success, but the resultant fibrin layer interposed between the bone and cement weakens the interface. Topical freezing saline and hypotensive anesthesia have proved to be the most effective to date. The goal of this randomized, double blind, controlled study is to determine the effect of a single bolus dose of tranexamic acid, administered at the time of anesthesia, on bleeding during primary total hip arthroplasty. Fifty patients were randomized to receive either 10 mg/kg of tranexamic acid or a similar volume of normal saline as a preoperative bolus. Patients were not given pharmacologic thrombotic prophylaxis until 48 hours after surgery. The goal was to measure blood loss from the femoral canal at the time of surgery. An estimate of the internal and external blood loss during and after surgery was performed, and the transfusion requirement was recorded. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of blood loss from the femoral canal, the perioperative bleeding, and postoperative hemoglobin. In the group that received tranexamic acid, a greater number of patients required transfusion than in the placebo group. The results of this study do not support the routine use of tranexamic acid in primary total hip arthroplasty.     

血友病患者关节手术的围手术期处理

目的探讨血友病患者行关节手术治疗时的围手术期处理方法。方法2002年12月到2009年6月,在血液内科的配合下,6例男性血友病患者成功施行了关节手术(4例膝关节关节镜手术,1例全髋关节置换术,1例髋关节离断术)。在围手术期间监测凝血功能以及凝血因子的活性水平,术前、术中及术后均予以补充凝血因子,并按需补充冷沉淀以及新鲜冰冻血浆。术前及术后2周患者的关节功能改善程度采用KSS或HSS评分。结果4例膝关节手术患者术后2周KSS临床评分(77.75±10.29)分,功能评分(68.75±9.37)分;1例全髋关节置换患者术后两周HSS评分为66分。结论对骨科血友病患者行关节手术治疗,若在围手术期将血中凝血因子的促凝活性维持在止血水平,同时给以足够的对症支持治疗,那么手术是可行且安全的。     

Changes of D-dimer after total hip arthroplasty in patients with and without intraoperative heparin

Introduction Marked activation of thrombosis is common in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, especially during reaming of the femur and after insertion of the femoral prosthesis. This suggests that management designed to minimize deep vein thrombosis and fatal pulmonary embolism after total hip arthroplasty should be focused on the period during insertion of the femoral component. In some previous studies, a low dose of heparin administered intraoperatively was shown to suppress the formation of fibrin. Objective The present study was performed to evaluate the influence of intraoperative heparin administration on the D-dimer level and on the prevention of pulmonary embolism after total hip arthroplasty. Material/methods A total of 22 and 26 consecutive patients respectively underwent total hip arthroplasty with and without intraoperative administration of unfractionated heparin. Postoperatively, all patients wore knee-high elastic stockings and were fitted with calf-to-thigh intermittent pneumatic compression devices. Active ankle flexion and extension exercises were commenced as soon as motor function recovered. None of the 48 patients received prophylactic anticoagulants postoperatively. Results There was a significant difference of the mean D-dimer level on the 1st day between the patients with and without intraoperative administration of heparin (8.9 ± 6.6 vs. 15.7 ± 12.7, P < 0.05). Although there were no patients with symptomatic deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, asymptomatic pulmonary embolism was detected by pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy in three patients who did not receive intraoperative heparin. The operative blood loss and postoperative drainage were similar in both groups and no bleeding complications were observed. In conclusion, we recommend a safe and inexpensive regimen comprising 1,000 U of intravenous unfractionated heparin intraoperatively, postoperative pneumatic compression, and early active mobilization for prevention of thoromboembolic complications after total hip arthroplasty.     

Perioperative autotransfusion and functional coagulation analysis in total hip replacement

Functional coagulation analyses like Sonoclot and thromboelastography have not been evaluated during perioperative autotransfusion. We have prospectively studied three different transfusion regimes in 45 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Blood losses were replaced either with heterologous erythrocyte concentrate (group I), intra- and postoperative autotransfusion of blood salvaged with cellsaver technique (group II) or predonated autologous erythrocyte concentrates together with salvaged blood (group III). Routine and functional coagulation analyses with a Sonoclot were performed preoperatively, 6 hours postoperatively (6 h), day 1–5 and 10. An early postoperative hypo- and late postoperadve hypercoagulative phase could be detected with Sonoclot signs of platelet function and fibrin deposition in all groups. Sonoclot coagulation analyses better correlated to both blood loss and dextran dosage than APTT and platelet count in the routine coagulation analyses. Functional coagulation analysis has a potential use in individualizing plasmasubstitution and thromboprophylaxis regimes during autotransfusion in THR.     

Mortality following revision joint arthroplasty: is age a factor?

With the demand for total joint arthroplasty and overall life expectancy increasing, there will be an increase in the need for revision arthroplasty surgeries. Given that revision joint surgeries are more demanding for both surgeon and patient with longer operative times, increased blood loss, and multiple patient comorbidities, the current mindset is that older patients who undergo a total hip revision or total knee revision have higher mortality rates than younger patients. We identified 1737 revision total joint patients who were at least 2 years postoperative for inclusion in the study. The overall perioperative mortality rate (defined as deaths occurring between 0 and 3 months following revision joint surgery) was calculated and then stratified by revision knee surgery, revision hip surgery, and age. In addition, mortality rates were compared for patients younger than 70 years, between 70 and 80 years and older than 80 years. The overall perioperative mortality rate after revision total hip or knee surgery was 0.7%. After stratifying by age, the perioperative mortality rate was 0.2% in patients younger than 70 years, 0.8% in patients 70 to 79 years, and 2.63% in patients older than 80 years. Of the 1737 patients, 541 died >1 year following their revision surgery at an average time to death of 6.9 years. The observed perioperative mortality rates following revision total joint surgery at a single center were extremely low among all age groups. Therefore, the age of patients undergoing revision surgery should not be the sole determinant of perioperative survival. Additionally, it appears that the mean postoperative survival noted here seems to justify the additional resources used in revision surgery regardless of age. As limited resources exert pressure on an already overburdened healthcare system, rationing of care for certain procedures may ensue using age as a specific criteria. This study should add clarity to this issue.     

Perioperative changes of blood coagulability evaluated by thromboelastography (TEG) in patients undergoing total knee and total hip arthroplasty

BACKGROUND : A large number of studies have examined the incidence of thromboembolic complications after orthopedic surgery of the lower extremity. We investigated the perioperative changes of coagulability following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) using thromboelastography (TEG), which could comprehensively assess the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. METHODS : Thirty patients scheduled for TKA (n= 10), THA (n= 10) and other lower extremity orthopedic surgery (control, n= 10) were studied. TEG was analyzed with K-value, MA-value and coagulation index (CI) before induction of anesthesia and 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS : K-values decreased significantly after TKA and THA compared with the values before the induction of anesthesia. MA-values and CI increased significantly after TKA and THA compared with the values before the induction. There were no significant changes in K-value, MA-value and CI in the control group during the perioperative period. CONCLUSIONS : The results suggest that TKA and THA lead blood coagulation to hypercoagulable state at the early postoperative stage.