机器人辅助腹腔镜治疗肾癌伴静脉癌栓的初步经验

目的:探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜在治疗肾癌伴静脉癌栓患者中的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾性分析我院2014年9月~2018年3月接受机器人辅助腹腔镜手术的5例肾癌伴静脉癌栓患者的临床资料。结果:其中男4例,女1例;年龄51~64岁,平均57.4岁;肿瘤位于左侧2例,右侧3例;Ⅱ级腔静脉癌栓1例,Ⅰ级腔静脉癌栓3例,0级癌栓1例;肾动脉阻断时间16~26min,平均20.8min;估计出血量100~1000ml,平均520ml。术后均无出血等并发症。结论:机器人辅助腹腔镜切除患肾及静脉癌栓是治疗肾癌局部晚期患者安全有效的方法。     

肾癌并静脉癌栓的手术治疗

目的:探讨肾癌合并静脉癌栓的治疗方法及疗效。方法:回顾性分析2010年4月~2015年12月收治的6例肾癌合并静脉癌栓患者的临床资料。男5例,女1例;年龄51~76岁,平均66岁。肿瘤位于右肾4例,左肾2例。癌栓分级:0级2例、I级2例、Ⅱ级2例。2例0级及2例I级癌栓患者采用腹腔镜下肾癌根治切除+癌栓取出术。2例Ⅱ级癌栓患者采用开放经腹肾癌根治+腔静脉癌栓取出术,因肿瘤体积较大于术前1天行肾动脉栓塞。结果:6例手术均顺利完成,未发生癌栓脱落,无围手术期死亡病例。手术时间100~245min。术中失血量100~800ml,1例输血,输悬浮红细胞400ml。术后病理均为透明细胞癌,Fuhrman分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ。术后随访4~72个月,中位值37个月。1例死于肿瘤转移。结论:腹腔镜手术治疗右肾细胞癌合并静脉癌栓0~I级以及左肾细胞癌合并0级静脉癌栓安全、可行;术前行肾动脉栓塞可降手术难度;手术治疗可使肾癌合并下静脉癌栓患者长期生存。     

多学科综合治疗模式在肾癌伴静脉癌栓患者临床诊治中的作用

目的通过分析北京大学第三医院肾癌伴静脉癌栓肿瘤多学科综合治疗(MDT)模式的开展情况,总结泌尿系肿瘤MDT模式在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者临床诊治中的作用。方法回顾性分析2015年2月至2018年7月我院收治的149例肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者的临床资料,所有患者均行MDT模式学术讨论。MDT模式由泌尿外科、肿瘤放疗科、放射科、超声诊断科、病理科、麻醉科、普通外科、心脏外科、肿瘤化疗科等多学科专家围绕一个肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者进行讨论,在综合各学科意见的基础上为患者提供诊疗方案。149例患者中,男性109例,女性40例。年龄2.5～83岁,平均(57.2±13.8)岁。肿瘤侧别左侧53例,右侧95例,双侧1例。合并Mayo:0级者32例、Ⅰ级者37例、Ⅱ级者46例、Ⅲ级者20例、Ⅳ级者13例,其中1例双侧肾癌伴静脉癌栓患者,左侧Mayo 0级,右侧MayoⅠ级。结果 149例患者在MDT的协作下进行临床诊治,包括诊断、治疗计划和随后的手术。根据放射科、超声诊断科、麻醉科、普通外科、心脏外科及泌尿外科多学科讨论分析,获得精确术前评估,从而使得更多的患者获得手术机会,同时降低术后并发症的发生风险。根据病理科的患者术后病理回报情况以及肿瘤化疗科、肿瘤放疗科的联合讨论,决定下一步随访策略及术后辅助治疗。所有患者均根据MDT团队的讨论结果进行临床治疗决策,手术均顺利完成,未出现术中死亡病例。行腹腔镜手术66例,开放手术70例,腹腔镜联合开放途径13例。平均手术时间(332.8±121.3)(136～561)min,平均术中出血(1 367.6±1 610.4)(20～10 000)mL,平均输注悬浮红细胞(1 586.1±1 377.7)(0～10 400)mL。术后平均住院时间(10.6±5.4)(4～39)d。36例(24.2%)患者出现术后并发症,其中严重并发症(改良Clavien分级≥3级)9例。术后随访方面,共139例(93.3%)患者获得随访,10例患者失访。平均随访时间(11.3±8.6)(1～37)个月。术后行靶向治疗患者50例。随访期内,患者因肿瘤死亡12例,肿瘤复发5例,肿瘤转移28例。结论对肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者应用MDT模式能有效发挥各个学科的优势,提高诊治效率,使患者得到优化的多学科治疗方案。     

左侧肾癌合并Ⅰ～Ⅱ级下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗方法

目的:探讨不同外科手术方式治疗左侧肾癌合并Ⅰ~Ⅱ级下腔静脉癌栓的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾性分析2015年2月~2018年2月我院收治的13例左肾癌合并Ⅰ~Ⅱ级下腔静脉癌栓患者的临床资料、围手术期参数及随访资料。本组男10例,女3例;年龄51~76岁,平均56.8岁;BMI 20.3~30.0kg/m2,平均23.9kg/m2;肿瘤最大直径5.0~21.1cm;平均10.3cm;术前肌酐水平73~194μmol/L,平均109μmol/L。应用影像学检查CT/MRI评估下腔静脉癌栓级别,应用Mayo分级对本组患者进行分级,其中MayoⅠ级7例,MayoⅡ级6例;术前评估采用美国麻醉医师协会分级标准(ASA分级),本组ASA分级1级2例,2级11例。手术方法为开放手术、腹腔镜手术联合开放手术及单纯腹腔镜手术。应用Clavien分级系统对患者术后早期并发症进行评估,术后每3个月对患者进行随访,复查血常规、肾功能等,应用胸部X-ray、腹部超声及PET-CT等评估肿瘤转移及复发情况。结果:所有患者手术均顺利完成,手术时间132~573 min,平均391 min;术中出血量20~2 500ml,平均805ml;共7例患者需要术中输血。在13例患者中,4例直接行开放经腹左肾癌根治性切除及下腔静脉癌栓取出术,9例先行后腹腔镜离断左肾动脉及游离肾脏,随后1例完全后腹腔镜下应用直线切割器处理下腔静脉癌栓,2例中转经腹腹腔镜手术行下腔静脉癌栓取出术,6例中转开放手术行下腔静脉癌栓取出术。术后病理结果为肾透明细胞癌10例,乳头状肾细胞癌3例,均为2型乳头状肾细胞癌。核分级Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级4例。本组5例患者发生术后早期并发症;13例患者均获随访,随访时间3~38个月,平均13个月。在随访过程中,1例术后6个月出现骨转移及肺转移进展,术后21个月因肿瘤进展死亡;2例分别于术后9个月和术后15个月发生肺转移,目前仍带瘤生存;其余10例规律随访未发生肿瘤复发及转移。结论:左肾癌根治性切除及下腔静脉癌栓取出术是治疗左肾癌合并Ⅰ~Ⅱ级下腔静脉癌栓安全、有效的方法,对于选择适当的患者及丰富腹腔镜手术经验的术者,行腹腔镜手术或腹腔镜联合开放手术是可行的。     

经后腹腔途径治疗合并肾静脉癌栓型中晚期肾癌的初步临床观察

目的:研究经后腹腔途径治疗合并肾静脉癌栓型肾癌的临床疗效,初步探讨其手术安全性及肾周淋巴结转移对此类患者生存预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析2011年7月~2015年2月我院收治的37例肾肿瘤伴肾静脉癌栓的临床资料,其中男25例、女12例,平均年龄(53±9.6)岁。21例患者因血尿就诊时查泌尿系彩超时发现肾肿瘤合并肾静脉癌栓,16例因腰部酸胀不适主诉就诊。肿瘤位于左肾14例,右肾23例。所有患者术前均行CT、MRI检查证实肾脏肿瘤合并肾静脉癌栓形成,同时均未发现远处转移病例。所有患者完善术前检查、排除手术禁忌后于全麻行后腹腔镜下肾癌根治术联合肾静脉癌栓取出术。结果:37例患者均手术成功,无中转开放,手术平均用时(178.0±37.5)min。术中平均出血量(289.0±78.6)ml,4例患者术中给予术中输血治疗。术后1周内无继发出血、感染等手术并发症发生。术后病理结果显示肾透明细胞癌28例;乳头状肾细胞癌5例;嫌色细胞癌3例;未分类癌1例。按照TNM肾癌分期标准均属于Ⅲ期肾癌。其中12例提示癌组织侵及肾周淋巴结。术后平均随访(19.3±4.8)个月,5例患者术后因癌组织肝转移死亡,2例发生肺部转移。结论:后腹腔镜治疗合并静脉癌栓的中晚期肾癌是安全、有效的,同期存在肾门部淋巴结转移较单独肾静脉癌栓患者生存时间明显较短。     

完全后腹腔镜下治疗肾癌合并Mayo分级0级静脉癌栓18例报告

目的探讨完全后腹腔镜治疗肾癌合并Mayo分级0级癌栓的安全性和可行性。方法 2015年1月~2017年10月对18例肾癌合并Mayo分级0级静脉癌栓行完全后腹腔镜下患肾和癌栓切除。如果在腹腔镜下可以游离出癌栓远端的肾静脉,用Hem-o-lok夹闭后切断,如果无法游离出足够长的肾静脉,需要使用侧壁钳或开放切除癌栓。结果术中心耳钳部分阻断下腔静脉2例。18例Mayo 0级肾癌合并静脉癌栓手术均顺利完成,其中完全后腹腔镜手术16例,腹腔镜下完全游离,再中转开放手术切除患肾及癌栓2例。手术时间60~240 min,中位数120 min;术中出血量10~200 ml,中位数80 ml,均未输血。17例随访1~33个月,中位数12个月,未见肿瘤复发、转移。结论后腹腔镜治疗肾癌合并Mayo分级0级癌栓安全、有效。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜肾根治性切除联合下腔静脉癌栓取出术术中癌栓降级11例分析

目的对机器人辅助腹腔镜肾根治性切除联合下腔静脉癌栓取出术术中癌栓降级现象及我中心相关经验进行报告,并初步探讨导致术中癌栓降级的因素。方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2019年4月中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心泌尿外科收治的144例肾癌伴静脉癌栓患者行机器人手术治疗的临床资料,其中11例通过术中超声和(或)经食道超声心动图观察到癌栓级别降低。原发肿瘤位于左侧7例(术前均行肾动脉栓塞)、右侧4例(1例术前行肾动脉栓塞)。肾肿瘤直径4~9cm,平均(5.6±0.6)cm;临床分期T3b7例,T3c4例。术中再次评估癌栓级别观察到:Ⅳ级降Ⅲ级1例;Ⅲ级降Ⅱ级3例;Ⅱ级降Ⅰ级3例;Ⅰ级降0级4例。结果 11例患者均根据术中实时癌栓级别调整手术策略,手术均顺利完成,中位手术时间190(105~570)min,中位出血量320(20~2 600)mL。术中输血6例。Ⅳ级降Ⅲ级1例,避免建立体外循环及胸腔镜切开右心房取栓等操作;Ⅲ级降Ⅱ级3例,避免阻断第一肝门及肝上膈下下腔静脉;Ⅱ级降Ⅰ级3例,机器人腹腔镜下手术策略无明显改变;Ⅰ级降0级4例,无需切开下腔静脉取栓,夹闭肾门血管后按肾根治性切除处理。术后2例患者出现肾功能不全,2例患者出现肝功能不全,经药物治疗后均好转。中位术后住院时间6(3~28)d。11例均获随访,其中1例术后4个月因肝、肺转移去世,2例远处转移,其余预后良好。结论术中重新评估癌栓级别可以优化、纠正术前信息并实时调整手术策略,具有重要临床价值;肿瘤血供减少、术中体位变化、建立气腹、心房受压、麻醉效应、癌栓与静脉壁的关系、癌栓细胞类型等因素可能引起术中癌栓降级。     

不同分级肾静脉瘤栓后腹腔镜左肾癌根治术的可行性

目的：探讨左肾癌伴有不同分级肾静脉瘤栓患者经后腹腔途径腹腔镜左肾癌根治术的可行性。方法：7例左肾占位伴左肾静脉瘤栓患者,增强CT显示7例肿物不均匀强化,并伴有。肾静脉内充盈缺损,均在全麻下行后腹腔镜左肾癌根治术。术中放置4个穿刺套管针,游离腹主动脉和肾动脉后,Hem-o-lok结扎切断。肾动脉,游离肾静脉后判断7例瘤栓均为非附壁瘤栓,上托肾脏,于肾静脉近下腔静脉处Hem—O—lok结扎切断。肾静脉,完整切除肾脏及瘤栓。我们根据左。肾静脉瘤栓长度进行分级,讨论不同分级患者手术难点及可行性。结果：7例手术均获成功,术后恢复良好。病理诊断为肾透明细胞癌6例,嫌色细胞癌1例。术后随访8个月（1～18个月）,未见肿瘤复发和转移。结论：对于选择性病例伴有不同分级的肾静脉瘤栓的左肾癌行经后腹腔途径腹腔镜左肾癌根治术可行,但随瘤栓分级增加手术难度增大。     

局部进展期肾癌根治术后5年生存分析及风险模型建立(附75例报告)

目的:分析行根治术的局部进展期(T_(1～2)N_1M_0、T_(3～4)N_(0～1)M_0)肾癌的临床和病理学特点,探讨影响肿瘤转移、复发及患者长期生存预后的因素,建立高危肾癌风险预测模型,为临床治疗、评估预后提供理论依据。方法:回顾性分析海军军医大学肾癌专病中心2000年10月~2012年11月收治的75例局部进展期肾癌患者的临床及病理资料,并记录至2018年3月1日的随访情况。通过Kaplan-Meier生存分析、Log-rank检验及Cox风险回归模型对相关因素进行分析。结果:男51例,女24例;平均年龄(59.5±11.5)岁;中位随访时间63个月;腹腔镜肾癌根治术16例,开放肾癌根治术59例;肿瘤平均最大径(8.2±3.4)cm。所有病理类型均为透明细胞癌,其中7例伴肉瘤样分化,FuhrmanⅠ/Ⅱ级30例,FuhrmanⅢ/Ⅳ级34例,未记录分级11例。T_(1～2)N_1M_0期8例,T_3N_(0～1)M_0期53例,T_4N_(0～1)M_0期14例;肿瘤伴肾静脉癌栓18例,伴腔静脉癌栓11例。中位无进展生存期31个月,其中71.2%的患者在5年内发生远处转移;中位总生存期64个月,3、5年肿瘤特异性生存率分别为76.0%、58.3%。单因素分析结果显示肿瘤大小、癌栓、Fuhrman分级与肿瘤术后转移发生率有相关性,而肿瘤大小、癌栓、Fuhrman分级、有无症状表现及肾上腺侵犯与肿瘤特异性生存有相关性。根据多因素分析结果建立肿瘤直径、局部淋巴结转移、肿瘤癌栓、Fuhrman分级的危险分层模型将患者分为0~3级,生存分析结果显示风险等级越高患者转移和肿瘤特异性死亡风险越大。结论:通过建立以肿瘤大小、癌栓、核分级、区域淋巴结状态为基础的局部进展期肾癌风险评估模型,可以有效的评估这类高危肾癌患者预后,为临床诊治提供参考依据。     

机器人手术治疗肾癌合并静脉瘤栓的安全性与可行性分析

目的:探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜下肾根治性切除加瘤栓取出术的安全性与可行性。方法:2014年10月~2015年10月采用机器人辅助腹腔镜下肾根治性切除加瘤栓取出术治疗肾癌合并静脉瘤栓患者5例,其中右肾肿瘤3例,左肾肿瘤2例;0级瘤栓2例,Ⅰ级瘤栓1例,Ⅱ级瘤栓2例。5例患者术前均行肾动脉栓塞及下腔静脉滤器置入,术前肿瘤无淋巴结转移及远处转移。结果:5例手术均获成功。手术时间114~226min,平均167min。术中2例肾静脉瘤栓未阻断下腔静脉,3例腔静脉瘤栓下腔静脉阻断时间分别为12 min、16 min、21min。术中出血量300~950ml,平均580ml。2例肾静脉瘤栓长度分别为5cm、6.3cm,3例腔静脉瘤栓长度分别为1cm、4.2cm和5cm。术后2~4天拔除腹腔引流管,6~8天出院。术后病理检查均诊断为透明细胞癌,其中Fuhrman分级Ⅱ级3例,Ⅱ~Ⅲ级1例,Ⅲ~Ⅳ级1例。随访4~6个月,患者病情无进展。结论:机器人辅助腹腔镜下肾根治性切除加瘤栓取出术具有安全性与可行性,但限于例数及随访时间有限,仍需后续更大样本、更长时间的研究与评价。     

Pure laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for stage T(3b) renal-cell carcinoma: more than 2-year follow-up

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Renal-vein tumor thrombus associated with renal malignancy has traditionally been approached with open surgery, and preoperative diagnosis of stage T(3b) renal tumors often mandates open surgery. However, early arterial division and "milking" of the thrombus away from the inferior vena cava may facilitate laparoscopic surgery. We describe our single-surgeon experience with laparoscopic nephrectomy in patients with tumor extension into the renal vein. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 240 laparoscopic nephrectomies performed by a single surgeon from 2002 to 2005, six patients (2.6%) were found to have renal-vein tumor thrombus. These patients included three men and three women with a mean age of 55.8 years (range 43-78 years). Data collected prospectively were evaluated to characterize this cohort. RESULTS: All six tumors were right-sided, stage T(3b), and all were managed laparoscopically without major complications. Three tumors were suspected to have renal-vein thrombus on preoperative imaging; the other three tumor thrombi were discovered on pathologic examination. The mean tumor size was 9.5 cm (range 7.5-11.5 cm). Two tumors were grade 2, three were grade 3, and one patient had a grade 4 rhabdoid cell-type tumor. At a mean follow-up of 27 months, all patients were without evidence of disease with the exception of the patient with grade 4 disease, who developed recurrence in the chest. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for tumor with renal-vein thrombus can be accomplished safely with adherence to proper oncologic techniques.     

腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓

目的探讨腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓的临床经验和文献分析。 方法女性患者,61岁,临床诊断：右肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓。术前全面评估手术风险,组织多学科会诊为患者制定详尽的围手术期治疗与护理方案,拟行腹腔镜下右侧肾癌根治性切除+高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓取出+腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。术后医护密切配合严密观察患者病情变化,进行围手术期观察处理与护理。 结果手术顺利完成,手术时间390 min,无中转开放手术。术中完全游离右侧和左侧肾静脉、肝后下腔静脉直达第二肝门水平远端,近右肾静脉处下腔静脉内侧壁剪开静脉壁,癌栓下部小灶性侵犯静脉壁,切除部分腔静脉壁完整取出癌栓,恢复左侧肾静脉、腔静脉血流回流无障碍。术后病理提示符合透明细胞癌,癌组织侵犯肾窦脂肪,腹膜后淋巴结（-）。术后随访6个月未见肿瘤复发。 结论腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓安全可行,多学科协助模式为疑难复杂病例提供了一种新的选择,值得临床进一步推广。     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: the standard of care already?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy has been developed and applied for patients with renal cell carcinoma since 1992. The number of patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy has increased explosively worldwide in recent years, and laparoscopy is now extended to patients with advanced disease. It is very important to clarify the present status of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy among the treatment modalities for patients with renal cell carcinoma. RECENT FINDINGS: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy has a minimally invasive nature as well as comparable long-term cancer control in patients with pT1-3a renal cell carcinoma to open surgery. It is technically applicable for N1-2 disease and T3b disease if the tumor thrombus is within the renal vein. Also, it is feasible as a cytoreductive surgery for patients with M1 disease. SUMMARY: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a standard treatment modality for T1-3a renal cell carcinoma patients. It is also available for treating patients with N1-2 disease, and for patients with M1 disease as a cytoreductive surgery.     

腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术的可行性. 方法 右肾占位病变患者2例.增强CT显示1例肿物部分延伸至肾静脉及腔静脉内,1例右肾静脉内可见充盈缺损并突入腔静脉内.均在全麻下行经后腹腔镜下根治性右肾切除及肾静脉、腔静脉取栓术.术中放置4个穿刺套管针,切断肾动脉后游离腔静脉及肾静脉,腔镜血管阻断钳部分阻断腔静脉,切开腔静脉取出瘤栓,缝合腔静脉,完整切除肾脏及瘤栓. 结果 2例患者的腔静脉瘤栓长度分别为0.3和1.0 cm,均安全取出,术后恢复良好,5 d出院.病理诊断分别为上皮样肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤和肾透明细胞癌1～2级.术后随访5个月未见肿瘤复发和转移. 结论 对选择性肾肿瘤并肾静脉及腔静脉瘤栓患者行腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术安全可行.     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy incorporating intraoperative ultrasonography for renal cell carcinoma with renal vein tumor thrombus

The purpose of this study was to describe the technique of laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy incorporating intraoperative, real-time ultrasonography in the management of renal cell carcinoma with level 1 renal vein tumor thrombus. With the patient in a modified flank position, a transperitoneal four-port approach was used to laparoscopically resect an 8.5-cm right renal mass with tumor thrombus extending to, but not into, the inferior vena cava. Early arterial control with gentle traction on the right renal vein provided a short proximal renal venous segment devoid of tumor on laparoscopic inspection. Intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography allowed confident identification of the proximal extent of the tumor thrombus. After hilar control, complete resection and intact removal of the renal specimen was performed using standard non-hand-assisted laparoscopic techniques. The actual surgical time was 180 minutes. Surgical resection was successfully performed laparoscopically. No postoperative complications or hospital readmission occurred. Pathologic examination confirmed T3b renal cell carcinoma with negative surgical margins. Laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy incorporating intraoperative, real-time ultrasonography is feasible in the management of renal cell carcinoma with a large-sized level 1 renal vein thrombus. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate its role in urologic oncologic surgery.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for hilar tumors: technique and results

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for hilar tumors is a cutting edge procedure for which little data is available in the current literature. OBJECTIVE: To describe our technique and results of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal hilar tumors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Between April 2000 and September 2006, 94 partial laparoscopic nephrectomies were performed at our institution. A total of 18 (19.1%) patients had hilar tumors. A hilar tumor was defined as a lesion suspicious for renal cell carcinoma in contact with a major renal vessel on preoperative cross-sectional imaging. In 3 (16.7%) of the patients, the indication for nephron-sparing surgery was imperative. Mean tumor size was 3cm (range, 2-4.5). Eight (44.4%) surgeries were performed with renal artery perfusion for cold ischemia; the remaining surgeries were performed under warm ischemia. INTERVENTION(S): After occluding the renal artery and controlling the renal vein by using separate rubber band tourniquets, we excised the tumor mass including delicate mobilization away from the blood vessels. Although we used to insert a ureteral stent at the beginning of our experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomies, we no longer do so. All surgeries were performed by a single urologist (G.J.). MEASUREMENTS: Operative time, ischemia time, blood loss, renal function using the Cockroft formula as well as renal scans, operative and post-operative complications, pathology parameters. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: All surgeries were completed laparoscopically. Mean surgical time was 238min (range, 150-420). Mean ischemia times were 42.5min (range, 27-63) and 34.1min (range, 24-56) for the cold and warm ischemia groups, respectively. Estimated intraoperative blood loss was 165ml (range, 50-500). There were two (11%) entries into major vessels during tumor excision, namely a segmental renal artery in one patient and a segmental renal vein in another. Both of these occurrences were managed laparoscopically. One patient necessitated laparoscopic reexploration for urine extravasation in the immediate postoperative period. All postoperative nuclear scans (available in 12 of 18 patients) showed functional kidney moiety. Mean split renal function was 38.6% (range, 24-50) on the operated side. Histopathological examination confirmed renal cell carcinoma in 14 (77.8%) of the patients. One (7.1%) patient had a positive surgical margin on the surface that was adjacent to the renal artery. In a median follow-up of 26 mo (range, 1-59), no local recurrence or systemic progression occurred. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for hilar tumors is a feasible and safe procedure in the hands of experienced laparoscopic surgeons. Oncological results seem excellent, but further follow-up is needed for accurate long-term assessment of this surgical approach.     

伴有肾静脉瘤栓的左肾癌全腹腔镜根治术

目的：探讨左肾癌并肾静脉瘤栓患者行经后腹腔途径全腹腔镜左肾痛根治术的可行性。方法：3例左肾癌伴左。肾静脉瘤栓患者均在全麻下行经后腹腔全腹腔镜左肾癌根治术：术中放置4个穿刺套管针,游离腹主动脉和肾动脉后,用Hem—o-lok结扎切断肾动脉,于肾静脉近下腔静脉处用Hem-o-lok结扎切断肾静脉,完整切除。肾脏及瘤栓。结果：3例手术均获得成功,术后恢复良好,5灭出院。病理检查分别诊断为肾透明细胞癌2例,嫌色细胞癌1例。术后随访1～3个月,未见肿瘤复发和转移。结论：对选择性左肾癌并肾静脉瘤栓患者行经后腹腔全腹腔镜左。肾癌根治术完全可行。     

Prognostic value of venous tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prognostic value of venous tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma.Material and methodsA retrospective study of 167 patients with renal cell carcinoma and stage pT3 who underwent radical nephrectomy and extended lymphadenectomy from July 1969 to May 2008 was conducted. Patients with any kind of venous involvement were selected for the analysis (73 patients; 43.7%). The Kaplan Meier survival curves and log-rank test for comparisons were used for the survival analysis. Multivariate analysis was done by Cox regression.ResultsLymph node involvement was present in 30 patients (41.1%) and metastatic disease in 9 patients (12.3%). The most frequent histologic renal cell carcinoma subtype was 50 (68.5%) conventional carcinoma, followed by nondifferentiated in 11 (15.5%), and chromophobe in 9 (12.3%). High grade tumors (Furhman 3-4) were present in 57% of the cases. Venous thrombus level extended to renal vein in 61 patients (83.6%), to inferior vena cava in 9 patients (12.3%) and to the cardiac right atrium in 3 cases (4.1%). The survival analysis showed worse survival in those patients with venous tumor thrombosis (p=.001) and with vein wall invasion (p=.0042), but not in function on the level of the thrombus (p=.12). The multivariate analysis identified the Furhman grade and venous tumor thrombosis as independent survival prognostic factors.ConclusionsIn our series, venous tumor thrombosis, together with the Furhman nuclear grade, is an independent survival prognostic factor. However, neither cephalic extension of the thrombus nor the invasion of the vein wall showed independent prognostic value.     

单一体位机器人腹腔镜肝后下腔静脉癌栓取出术的初步体会

目的:探讨单一体位机器人辅助腹腔镜肝后下腔静脉癌栓取出术的可行性和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2015年12月至2020年8月郑州大学第一附属医院收治的6例行单一体位机器人辅助腹腔镜肝后下腔静脉癌栓取出术患者的临床资料。男5例,女1例;平均年龄58(46~74)岁。平均体质指数24.6 (20.6~28.2) kg/m ...