鞘内药物输注系统永久植入术治疗顽固性疼痛病人18例

鞘内药物输注系统(IDDS)永久植入术治疗顽固性疼痛病人18例,其中晚期癌痛病人13例,非癌痛病人5例.首先行筛选试验,随后行IDDS永久植入术.癌痛病人采用视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)及QLQ-C30生活质量评分(QLQ-C30)法,非癌痛病人采用VAS评分法,评价疼痛程度,记录副作用及并发症的发生情况,癌痛病人随访至死亡,非癌痛病人均获得随访至今.术后所有病人经短期鞘内给药量调整后,VAS评分降低,癌痛病人QLQ-C30评分升高.部分病人出现恶心呕吐、便秘、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒、镇静过度等,约1周均明显缓解,无持续残留症状.术中拔除穿刺针时误割断鞘内导管1例;导管与泵的金属接口过度磨擦至导管破裂,出现渗液1例;术后出现低颅压2例,脑脊液渗漏1例,右小腿后外侧持续性神经病理性疼痛1例,无伤口感染、裂开、愈合不良,无导管渗漏、破裂、异位、折叠、被结扎或肉芽肿形成,无泵翻转、位置异常等,设备本身无故障出现.     

鞘内药物输注系统永久植入术治疗顽固性疼痛病人18例

鞘内药物输注系统(IDDS)永久植入术治疗顽固性疼痛病人18例,其中晚期癌痛病人13例,非癌痛病人5例.首先行筛选试验,随后行IDDS永久植入术.癌痛病人采用视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)及QLQ-C30生活质量评分(QLQ-C30)法,非癌痛病人采用VAS评分法,评价疼痛程度,记录副作用及并发症的发生情况,癌痛病人随访至死亡,非癌痛病人均获得随访至今.术后所有病人经短期鞘内给药量调整后,VAS评分降低,癌痛病人QLQ-C30评分升高.部分病人出现恶心呕吐、便秘、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒、镇静过度等,约1周均明显缓解,无持续残留症状.术中拔除穿刺针时误割断鞘内导管1例;导管与泵的金属接口过度磨擦至导管破裂,出现渗液1例;术后出现低颅压2例,脑脊液渗漏1例,右小腿后外侧持续性神经病理性疼痛1例,无伤口感染、裂开、愈合不良,无导管渗漏、破裂、异位、折叠、被结扎或肉芽肿形成,无泵翻转、位置异常等,设备本身无故障出现.     

Efficacy and Safety of Patient-Controlled Analgesia for Morbidly Obese Patients Following Gastric Bypass Surgery

Background: Adequate postoperative pain control is important to reduce potential cardiopulmonary complications. It is often difficult to determine dosages of narcotics for morbidly obese patients following Rouxen-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) due to respiratory depression. Individualization of analgesic therapy, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), can provide optimal dosage for pain control and minimize the side-effects. Method: 25 morbidly obese patients who received PCA with morphine sulfate following RYGBP. PCA settings we re as follows: morphine, 20 μg/kg of ideal body weight, 10-minute lock out interval and 80% of a calculated amount for a 4-hour limit.We measured arterial blood gas, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, opioid amount, patient satisfaction, visual analog pain scale (VAS), and the incidence of nausea, vomiting, pruritus and sedation. Results: Average morphine usage was 44.2±28.7 mg during the day of surgery (DOS); 49.1±27.4 mg during POD (postoperative day) #1; and 36.6±22.8 mg during POD#2 (p < 0.01). 24 patients were satisfied with their pain control on POD#1. VAS was 5.4±2.1 on the day of surgery, but remained below 4 thereafter. Arterial oxygen saturation and vital signs were maintained without significant changes. 5 patients experienced mild sedation on the day of surgery and 3 patients experienced mild sedation on POD#1. 1 patient experienced nausea and vomiting and 4 patients had pruritus; however, none required treatment. Conclusion: PCA is safe and effective for morbidly obese patients following RYGBP.     

大鼠骨癌痛-慢性吗啡耐受模型的建立

目的 建立大鼠骨癌痛-慢性吗啡耐受模型.方法 鞘内置管成功的成年雌性SD大鼠36只,体重180～200 g,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为3组(n=12):假手术组(S组)、慢性吗啡耐受组(M组)和骨癌痛+慢性吗啡耐受组(BM组).BM组右侧胫骨上段骨髓腔注入Walker256癌细胞10 μl(4×102个细胞/μl)制备骨癌痛模型,M组注射热灭活的Walker256癌细胞10μl,接种后10 d开始鞘内注射吗啡20μg/kg,2次/d,连续9 d.S组仅暴露右侧胫骨上段.分别于接种Walker256癌细胞前、接种后1、3、6、9 d、给予吗啡1、3、5、7、9 d时测定机械缩足阈值(MWT)和机械缩足持续时间(MWD),并于接种后9 d时行放射学检查,进行骨质破坏评分.最后1次测定痛周后,对右侧足底进行触摸刺激,停止刺激后3 h时取脊髓L4-6节段,测定脊髓背角Foa表达水平.结果 与S组比较,M组MWT降低,MWD延长,脊髓背角Fos表达上调(P＜0.05或0.01);与M组比较,BM组MWT降低,骨质破坏评分升高,MWD延长,脊髓背角Fos表达上调(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 成功制备了大鼠骨癌痛-慢性吗啡耐受模型.

Abstract：

Objective To establish a rat model of bone cancer pain-chronic morphine tolerance. Methods Thirty-six adult female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180-200 g in which intrathecal catheters were successfully placed without complications were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 12 each) :group sham operation (group S),group chronic morphine tolerance (group M) and group bone cancer pain + chronic morphine tolerance (group BM). Bone cancer pain was induced by intra-tibia inoculation of Walker256 mammary gland carcinoma cells (4 ×102 cells/μl) in group BM, while in group M heat-inactivated Walker256 mammary gland carcinoma cells were given instead, and then 10 days later, intrathecal morphine 20 μg,/kg was administered twice a day for 9 consecutive days. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and mechanical paw withdrawal duration (MWD) were measured before inoculation, at day 1, 3, 6 and 9 after inoculation, and at day 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 of morphine administration. The degree of bone destruction was assessed by radiological analysis at day 9 after inoculation. After the last measurement of pain threshold, the rats were given innoxious touch-stimulus. The rats were sacrificed 3 h after stopping the stimulus, and L4-6 segment of the spinal cord was isolated to determine the expression of Fos protein in the spinal dorsal horn. Results Compared with group S, MWT was significantly decreased, MWD was significantly prolonged and the expression of Fos protein was up-regulated in group M ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ). MWT was significantly decreased, MWD was significantly prolonged, bone destruction scores were significantly increased,and the expression of Fos protein was up-regulated in group BM compared with group M ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ). Conclusion A rat model of bone cancer pain-chronic morphine tolerance is successfully established.     

P-糖蛋白表达对癌痛病人芬太尼或氯诺昔康镇痛效果的影响

目的 评价P-糖蛋白(P-gp)表达对癌痛病人芬太尼或氯诺昔康镇痛效果的影响.方法 癌痛病人100例,年龄的49～64岁,体重55～65 kg,其中肿瘤组织P-gp表达阳性的病人50例,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=25):芬太尼组(F1组)和氯诺昔康组(L1组);肿瘤组织P-gp表达阴性的病人50例,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=25):芬太尼组(F2组)和氯诺昔康组(L2组).F1组和F2组静脉注射芬太尼负荷量0.05mg后,采用芬太尼1.0 mg和氟哌啶5 mg行PCIA;L1组和L2组采用氯诺昔康64mg和氟哌啶5 mg行PCIA,所有药物均以生理盐水稀释成100 ml.各组背景输注速率2 ml/h,PCA量0.5 ml,锁定时间15 min,均输注48 h.采用VAS评分评价镇痛效果,镇痛期间维持VAS评分≤3分.当VAS评分≥4分时,静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50 mg进行补救,记录氟比洛芬酯用量.记录镇痛期间芬太尼和氯诺昔康的用量.分别于镇痛开始时、镇痛4、12、24和48 h时采集颈内静脉血样,检测芬太尼和氯诺昔康血药浓度.结果 F2组、L1组和L2组均未使用氟比洛芬酯;F1组氟比洛芬酯的用量为(184±41)mg.F1组和F2组镇痛期间芬太尼用量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).F1组和F2组各时点均未检测出芬太尼血药浓度.L1组和L2组镇痛期间氯诺昔康用量和血药浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 P-gp表达可减弱癌痛病人芬太尼的镇痛效果,但对氯诺昔康的镇痛效果无影响.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the tumor tissue on the analgesic efficacy of fentanyl and lornoxicam in patients with cancer pain. Methods One hundred advanced cancer patients with pain aged 49-64 yr weighing $$-65 kg were included in this study. The expression of Pgp was positive in the tumor tissue in 50 patients (groups F1 and L1, n = 25 each) and negative in 50 patients (groups F2 and L2, n = 25 each). The patients in 4 groups received 48 h of pstient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA). A loading dose of fentanyl 0.05 mg was administered before PCIA was started in groups F1 and F2 .The PCIA solution contained fentanyl 1 mg and droperidol 5 mg in 100 ml of normal saline in groups Ft and F2, or lomoxicam 64 mg and droperidol 5 mg in 100 ml of normal saline in groups L1 and L2. The PCA pump was set to deliver a background infusion of 2 ml/h and a bolus dose of 0.5 ml at 15 min lockout interval. Pain was assessed with VAS scores (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain), and VAS score was maintained at ≤3 during PCIA. Flurbiprofen 50 mg was injected intravenously when VAS score≥4 and the consumption of flurbiprofen was recorded. The consumption of fentanyl and lornoxicam during PCIA was recorded. Blood samples from the internal jugular vein were taken at the beginning of PCIA (T0), and at 4, 12, 24, 48 h of PCIA (T1-4) for determination of blood fentanyl and lornoxicam concentrations. Results Flurbiprofen was not used in groups F2, L1 and L2. The consumption of flurbiprofen was ( 184 ± 41 ) mg in group F1 . There was no significant difference in the consumption of fentanyl during PCIA between groups F1 and F2 ( P ＞ 0.05). Blood fentanyl concentrations were not detected at all the time points in groups F1 and F2 . The VAS score during PCIA ≤ 3 in groups L1 and L2, and there was no significant difference in blood concentrations of lornoxicam at each time point and the consumption of lornoxicam during PCIA between groups L1 and L2 ( P ＞ 0.05). Conclusion Positive P-gp expression in the tunor tissue can decrease the analgesic efficacy of fentanyl, but exerts no effect on the analgesic efficacy of lornoxicam in patients with cancer pain.     

米诺环素对骨癌痛-吗啡耐受大鼠脊髓CX3C趋化因子受体1mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨米诺环素对骨癌痛-吗啡耐受大鼠脊髓CX3C趋化因子受体1(CX3CR1)mRNA表达的影响.方法 清洁级雌性SD大鼠,体重180～200 g,月龄3月,经L3,4间隙行鞘内置管,取鞘内置管成功的大鼠60只,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组(C组,n=10)、米诺环素对照组(M组,n=10)、骨癌痛-吗啡耐受组(BM组,n=20)和米诺环素治疗组(BM+M组,n=20).C组不作任何处理;BM组和BM+M组右侧胫骨上段骨髓腔注入Walker256细胞10 μl(400个/μl)制备骨癌痛模型,术后第10天开始鞘内注射吗啡20 μg/kg(100 μl),2次/d,连续7 d,制备骨癌痛-吗啡耐受模型,注射吗啡第8天分别经鞘内注射20μl生理盐水或米诺环素0.25 mg/kg(20 μl),1次/d,连续3 d;M组不行手术,于BM组注射吗啡第8天时鞘内注射米诺环素0.25 mg/kg,1次/d,连续3 d.于术前、术后3、6、9 d、鞘内注射吗啡4、7、10、12 d(T0～7)时测定机械缩足阈值(MWT)和机械缩足持续时间(MWD).C组和M组于T7时,BM组和BM+M组于T6,7时取L4～6脊髓节段,采用免疫组化法检测小胶质细胞标记物——OX-42表达,采用实时PCR法检测CX3CR1 mRNA表达水平.结果 与C组和M组比较,BM组T2,3.5～7时、BM+M组T2,3,5,时MWT降低,MWD延长,CX3CR1 mRNA和OX-42表达上调(P＜0.01).与BM组比较,BM+M组L6,7时MWT升高,MWD缩短,CX3CR1 mRNA和OX-42表达下调(P＜0.01).C组和M组上述指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 米诺环素可抑制骨癌痛-吗啡耐受大鼠脊髓CX3CR1 mRNA的表达,可能是其拮抗吗啡耐受的机制之一.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of minocycline on spinal CX3 C chemokine receptor 1(CX3 CR1)mRNA expression in morphine-tolerant rats with bone cancer pain.Methods Sixty female SD rats weighing 180-200 g in which intrathecal(IT)catheter was successfully placed at L3,4 interspace without complications were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group(group C,n=10);minocycline group(group M,n=10);bone cancer pain + morphine tolerance group(group BM,n=20)and bone cancer pain+morphine tolerance+ minocycline group(group BM+M,n=20).Bone cancer pain was induced by injection of breast cancer cells(Walker256)10μl(400/μl)into upper segment of bone marrow of right tibia.Morphine tolerance was induced by IT injection of morphine 20 μg/kg twice a day for 7 consecutive days starting from the 10th day after intratibia injection in BM and BM + M groups. Minocycline 0.25 mg/kg was injected IT once a day for 3 consecutive days in group M and after the model of bone cancer pain and morphine tolerance was established in group BM + M. Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and mechanical withdrawal duration (MWD) were determined before (T0, baseline) and at3, 6 and 9 days after operation (T1-3) and at 4, 7, 10 and 12 days after IT morphine injection was started (T4-7).The animals were sacrificed at T6 and T7 respectively in BM and BM + M groups and at T7 in C and M groups.The lumbar segment of the spinal cord (L4-6) was removed for determination of CX3 CR1 mRNA (by RT-PCR) and OX-42 expression (by immuno-histochemistry) .Results There was no significant difference in MWT and MWD at all time points between group C and group M. MWT was significantly decreased while MWD prolonged in morphine tolerant rats with cancer pain in group BM as compared with C and M groups. The hyperalgesia was significantly attenuated by IT minocycline in group BM + M. Spinal CX3 CR1 mRNA and OX-42 expression was significantly increased in group BM than in C and M groups. IT minocycline attenuated the increase in spinal CX3 CR, mRNA and OX-42 expression induced by bone cancer. Conclusion IT minocycline can inhibit spinal CX3CR1 mRNA expression, thereby antagonizing morphine tolerance in morphine-tolerant rats with bone cancer pain.     

帕瑞昔布钠不同给药时机对胸科手术病人术后镇痛效果的影响

目的 探讨帕瑞昔布钠不同给药时机对胸科手术病人术后镇痛效果的影响.方法 采用前瞻性、随机、对照、双盲的研究方法.择期肺叶切除手术病人60例,采用随机数字表法,将病人随机分为3组(n=20),A组切皮前30 min和术毕前30 min静脉注射生理盐水2 ml;B组切皮前30 min静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg,术毕前30 min静脉注射生理盐水2 ml;C组切皮前30 min静脉注射生理盐水2 ml,术毕前30 min静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg.3组术后48 h内均行吗啡PCIA,维持VAS评分≤3分.术后随访,记录吗啡用量、病人镇痛满意度评分、体温、胸腔引流量及肝、肾和凝血功能情况,记录恶心、呕吐的发生情况.结果 与A组比较,B组和C组吗啡用量减少,病人镇痛满意度评分升高,体温降低(P＜0.05或0.01),B组与C组吗啡用量,镇痛满意度评分和体温比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3组间凝血功能指标、肝肾功能指标、胸腔引流量和恶心呕吐发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 切皮前30 min与术毕前30 min静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg辅助术后镇痛效果相似,均可有效增强胸科手术病人术后吗啡镇痛效果,减少术后发热的发生.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of different time administration of parecoxib sodium on the postoperative analgesic efficacy in patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Methods This was a prospective,randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Sixty ASA Ⅰ orⅡ patients aged 17-83 yr undergoing pulmonary lobectomy were randomly allocated to one of 3 groups (n=20 each):A, B and C groups. Group A received normal saline 2 ml at 30 min before skin incision and the end of operation. Group B received iv parecoxib sodium 40 mg at 30 min before skin incision and normal saline 2 ml at 30 min before the end of operation. Group C received normal saline 2 ml at 30 min before skin incision and iv parecoxib sodium 40 mg at 30 min before the end of operation. All the patients received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with morphine and VAS score was maintained≤3. The patients were followed up after operation.The morphine consumption, patients' global evaluation of the postoperative analgesia (0-100, 0=worst pain, 100=no pain), nausea and vomiting, body temperature , volume o chest drainage, hepatic, renal and blood coagulation function were recorded. Results Compared with group A, the morphine consumption was significantly reduced, the patient' s satisfaction score increased and body temperature decreased in B and C groups(P＜0.05 or 0.01). There was no significant difference in the morphine consumption, patient's satisfaction score and body temperature between B and C groups(P＞0.05). No significant difference was found in the parameters of hepatic, renal and blood coagulation function, volume of chest drainage and incidence of nausea and vomiting among the three groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion When postoperative analgesia is assisted with iv parecoxib sodium 40 mg given at 30 min before skin incision or at 30 min beforethe end of operation,the efficacy is similar,and both can improve the postoperative analgesic efficacy of morphine and reduce fever after operation in patients undergoing thoracic surgery.     

Does needle calibre affect pain and complication rates in patients undergoing transperineal prostate biopsy？ A prospective,randomized trial

Transperineal prostate biopsy is a procedure that can be used to obtain histological samples from the prostate. To improve both the quality of the biopsy core samples and prostate cancer detection, we are currently performing a prospective, randomized trial comparing prostate biopsy samples obtained using an 18 G-needle to those obtained using a 16 G-needle. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate pain and complication rates in both groups in order to assess whether performing a prostate biopsy with a larger calibre needle is a feasible procedure. One hundred and eighty-seven patients undergoing transperineal prostate biopsy were prospectively evaluated and divided into two groups. The first group （94 patients, Group A） received a transperineal prostate biopsy using a 16 G-needle and the second group （93 patients, Group B） underwent transperineal prostate biopsy with an 18 G-needle. Anaesthesia was obtained with a single perineal injection at the prostatic apex in all subjects. A visual analogue scale （VAS） and facial expression scale （FES） were used to assess pain during multiple steps of the procedure in each group. A detailed questionnaire was used to obtain information about drug use because it could potentially influence the pain and complications that patients experienced. Two weeks after the procedure, early and late complications were evaluated. Statistical analysis was carried out using non-parametric tests. Prostate Specific Antigen （PSA） and drug use were similar at baseline between the two groups. Pain during prostate biopsy, which was measured with both the VAS and FES instruments, did not differ significantly between the 18- and 16 G-needle groups, and no significant differences were found in early or late complication rates between the groups. Transperineal prostate biopsy with a 16 G-needle is a feasible Further studies with larger patient populations are required to prostate cancer detection rates. procedure in terms of pain and complication rates. assess whether or not this procedure can improve     

The role of N--methy--D--aspartate receptor subunit NR2B in the spinal cord in cancer pain

Cancer pain is one kind of the most common and severe chronic pain. The mechanisms and therapeutics of cancer pain have not achieved a breakthrough yet. Based on the well established involvement of NMDA （N-methy-d-aspartate） receptor containing NR2B in inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain and the effective pain relief by ketamine in cancer patients with intractable pain, we supposed that NR2B in the spinal cord was an important factor in cancer pain. In this study, the possible role played by NR2B in the spinal cord was investigated in mouse model of bone cancer pain. Osteosarcoma NCTC 2472 cells were implanted into the intramedullary space of the right femurs of mice to induce ongoing bone cancer related pain behaviors. At day 14 after operation, the expression of NR2B mRNA and NR2B protein in the spinal cord were higher in tumor-bearing mice compared to the sham mice. Intrathecal administration of 5 and 10 pg of NR2B subunit-specific NMDA receptor antagonist, ifenprodil attenuated cancer-evoked spontaneous pain, thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. These results suggest that NR2B in the spinal cord may participate in bone cancer pain of mice, and ifenprodil may be a useful alternative or adjunct therapy for controlling bone cancer pain. The findings may lead to novel strategies for the treatment of bone cancer pain.     

Continuous Spinal Anesthesia/Analgesia for Perioperative Management of Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Laparotomy for Gastroplastic Surgery

Background: The authors determined prospectively the safety of continuous spinal anesthesia combined with general anesthesia and the efficacy of postoperative pain relief with continuous spinal analgesia for morbidly obese patients undergoing vertical banded gastroplasty. Methods: 27 patients (13 men, 14 women) with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 50.4 ± 7.8 and several co-morbidities were studied. All patients were anesthetized with the same anesthetic regimen, which included midazolam, fentanyl, propofol, muscle relaxants, N₂O, isoflurane and intrathecal bupivacaine. Postoperative pain relief was provided for 5 days and all patients received the same regimen, which included intrathecal bupivacaine, fentanyl and intravenous tenoxicam. The intrathecal analgesic regimen was administered continuously through a pump which had the facility of providing bolus doses when requested in predetermined lockout intervals. Intra-operative monitoring included hemodynamic and respiratory parameters. Additional postoperative monitoring included respiratory rate, degree of sedation, sensory level of anesthesia, motor response and intensity of pain. Results: Intraoperative anesthetic technique was safe and provided satisfactory results in the immediate postoperative period. Furthermore, the postoperative analgesia regimen provided effective analgesia in all patients.The mean doses of fentanyl and bupivacaine infused intrathecally for the first 24 postoperative hours were 14.1 ± 2.0 μg.h^-1 and 0.7 ± 0.1 mg.h^-1 respectively, while the requirements of anal gesia decreased progressively with time. The technique provided effective analgesia with low pain scores, which was reflected by ease in mobilizing and performing physical exercises with the physiotherapist. Only minor complications related to anesthesia and analgesia were encountered. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this technique of anesthesia and postoperative analgesia has not been described before in morbidly obese patients. This regimen merits further controlled trials to establish its place in the perioperative management of morbidly obese patients.     

Efficacy of subcutaneous and topical local anaesthesia for pain relief after resection of malignant breast tumours.

OBJECTIVE: Infiltration and topical application of local anaesthetics close to the surgical wound may be used to prevent postoperative pain. We evaluated the efficacy of these treatments after breast surgery for cancer. DESIGN: Double-blind randomised trial with two treatment groups and one control group. SETTING: University hospital, Sweden. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were allocated to treatment with bupivacaine infiltration (n = 29), topical application of lignocaine/prilocaine (n = 31), or no local treatment (n = 30). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Difference and time related patterns in pain scores measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS), and morphine consumption. RESULTS. None of the local anaesthetics significantly reduced the VAS score or morphine consumption. However, fewer patients in the anaesthetic groups had high VAS scores than controls, the 75 centile for the mean score after operation being 2.7, 2.0 and 2.1 for the controls, infiltration, and topical anaesthetic groups, respectively. The controls had higher scores from 6 hours postoperatively onwards. The corresponding median morphine consumption was 24.5, 18.5, and 16.2 mg. CONCLUSIONS. Local anaesthesia slightly reduced the overall pain scores and the morphine consumption, but was of potential clinical value only in the patients who had the highest pain scores.     

Onset and offset of intrathecal morphine versus nalbuphine for postoperative pain relief after total hip replacement

BACKGROUND: We designed this study to compare the postoperative analgesic effects of intrathecal morphine and nalbuphine, the endpoints being onset and offset of action. METHODS: Geriatric patients scheduled for elective total hip replacement under continuous spinal anaesthesia were randomized to two double-blinded groups in the recovery room as soon as they experienced a pain score higher than 3 cm on the visual analogue scale (VAS, 0-10 cm). Either 160 microg morphine or 400 microg nalbuphine in 4 ml normal saline were administered intrathecally. Pain scores on VAS, rescue analgesia (diclofenac and morphine, not allowed during the first 60 min), and the adverse effects (respiratory depression, postoperative nausea and vomiting, itching) were recorded for 24 h after surgery. RESULTS: The study was stopped after inclusion of 2 x 12 patients due to slow onset of analgesia in the morphine patients. In the nalbuphine group, when compared to the morphine group, the time to a pain score <3 cm (8+/-6 vs. 31+/-32 min, P<0.001), the time to the lowest pain score (18+/-11 vs. 66+/-75 min, P<0.001) and the time to the first systemic analgesic intervention for a pain score >3 cm (218+/-256 vs. 1076+/-440 min, P<0.05) were significantly shorter. The analgesic requirements during the first 24 h were significantly lower in the morphine group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that after total hip replacement, administration of intrathecal nalbuphine resulted in a significantly faster onset of pain relief and shorter duration of analgesia than intrathecal morphine.     

Comparison of 0.25 mg and 0.1 mg intrathecal morphine for analgesia after Cesarean section

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that 0.1 mg intrathecal morphine plus NSAIDs provides satisfactory analgesia post-Cesarean section with fewer side effects than 0.25 mg intrathecal morphine. METHODS: Sixty women, scheduled for elective Cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, were randomized to receive either 0.1 mg or 0.25 mg intrathecal morphine combined with hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.75% and 20 microg fentanyl. All patients received a 100 mg indomethacin suppository at the end of surgery and 500 mg naproxen p.o. b.i.d. was started the evening of surgery and continued until discharge. A blinded researcher recorded the pain, pruritus, and nausea scores, the time to first request for additional analgesics, a visual analogue scale (VAS) satisfaction score, and the use of additional opioids, antipruritics, and/or antiemetics. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients enrolled, two were not included in the data analysis because of protocol violations leaving 30 patients in the 0.1 mg group and 28 in the 0.25 mg group. There were no differences in the VAS pain scores or the number of women requesting an opioid other than codeine between the two groups. The VAS pruritus scores in the 0.1 mg group were lower throughout the 24 hr (P < 0.001). Fewer women in the 0.1 mg group (4/30 vs 12/28) requested nalbuphine to treat itching (P = 0.018). Nausea scores were lower in the 0.1 mg group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The use of 0.1 mg intrathecal morphine plus NSAIDs provides analgesia of similar quality to 0.25 mg but with fewer undesirable side effects following Cesarean section.     

后路脊柱显微内镜下髓核摘除类固醇激素神经根鞘内注射的临床疗效观察

目的探讨后路脊柱显微内镜下腰椎椎间盘髓核摘除术（microendoscopydiscectomy,MED）中类固醇激素神经根鞘内注射的临床应用效果。方法2006年3月～201t年3月收治的360例腰椎椎间盘突出患者随机分为2组,MED神经根鞘内注射组治疗180例,后路脊柱显微内镜下摘除突出的髓核组织并在神经根鞘内注入5mg地塞米松;MED组180例,手术方法相同,但不注射地塞米松。记录2组手术前后疼痛视觉模拟量表（visualanaloguescale,VAS）评分、直腿抬高角度及恢复正常工作的时间。结果MED神经根鞘内注射组术前VAS评分为6．8±0．8,术后VAS评分为2．1±0．4;MED组术前VAS评分为6．7±0．6,术后VAS评分为3．6±0．7,术后2组疼痛均有明显的改善,MED神经根鞘内注射组改善更明显（P〈0．01）。MED神经根鞘内注射组直腿抬高术前为28．4°±13．0°,术后为67．0°±12．0°;MED组术前为27．6°±11．0°,术后为51．0°±17．0°,2组术后直腿抬高都有明显改善,MED神经根鞘内注射组改善更明显（P〈0．01）。MED神经根鞘内注射组恢复正常生活时间为12d,MED组为21d,MED神经根鞘内沣射组比MED组恢复时间最苫缩短。结果后路脊柱显微内镜能对神经根进行高倍放大,从而进行精确鞘内注射,鞘内注射类闺醇激素治疗腰椎椎间盘突出能显著改善术后疼痛、恢复肢体活动范围及更早的恢复日常生活。     

Comparison of low-dose intrathecal and epidural morphine and bupivacaine infiltration for postoperative pain control after surgery for lumbar disc disease

This prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled study was performed to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy of low-dose intrathecal and epidural morphine with paraspinal muscle infiltration of bupivacaine in lumbar discectomy cases. Eighty ASA I-III adult patients undergoing elective surgery for lumbar disc disease were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomized to four groups by envelopes. Study groups were as follows: group 1 (n = 20), intrathecal morphine 0.1 mg; group 2 (n = 20), epidural morphine 2 mg; group 3 (n = 20), 30 mL of bupivacaine 0.25% paraspinal muscle infiltration; group 4 (n = 20), 30 mL of saline paraspinal muscle infiltration before wound closure. Recorded parameters were time to response to painful and verbal stimuli and postoperative pain assessed at 30 minutes and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Numeric Pain Scale (NPS). Hemodynamic data, sedation scores, and side effects were also recorded. Meperidine and naproxen sodium were used for postoperative analgesia. Follow-up was performed by a blinded investigator. Mean VAS scores were lower in groups 1 and 2 at 30 minutes (P < 0.05). Mean VAS score of group 2 was lower than that of group 4 at 4 hours postoperatively (P < 0.05). Mean NPS scores were lower in groups 1 and 2 at 2, 4, and 6 hours (P < 0.05) and in group 2 at 8 hours compared with the other groups. The number of patients requiring meperidine at early postoperative phase (0-6 hours) was less in groups 1 and 2 compared with groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the late postoperative analgesic requirements, after correction for multiple testing. In conclusion, low-dose intrathecal and epidural morphine provide lower postoperative pain scores and a reduction in early postoperative analgesic requirement with insignificant side effects compared with paraspinal bupivacaine or saline infiltration.     

术前应用帕瑞昔布钠对乳腺癌患者术后疼痛的影响

目的观察术前应用帕瑞昔布钠对乳腺癌患者术后疼痛的影响。方法乳腺癌择期手术患者62例随机分为观察组和对照组各31例。所有患者均采用静脉麻醉,观察组于术前30 min给予帕瑞昔布钠40 mg静注;对照组于手术结束后给予帕瑞昔布钠40 mg静注。比较2组术后12、24、48 h疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、术后24 h内吗啡使用情况、手术时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间及不良反应发生情况。结果观察组术后12、24、48 h VAS评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后24 h内观察组使用吗啡量平均为(11.8±1.3)mg,低于对照组使用吗啡量的(30.6±5.8)mg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组手术时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组均无肾功能损害。结论术前应用帕瑞昔布钠较术后应用更能有效缓解术后疼痛,且不影响患者苏醒,能减少不良反应。     

Use of intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain relief after elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Laparoscopic surgery has become popular in recent years, but few studies have addressed analgesia for this type of surgery. We conducted a prospective double-blind randomised trial on 36 cases of laparoscopic colorectal surgery to determine the influence of intrathecal morphine on postoperative pain relief. All patients received a subarachnoid block with local anaesthetic in addition to general anaesthesia. One group also received intrathecal morphine. A patient-controlled analgesic (PCA) device was prescribed for pain control postoperatively and the visual analogue score (VAS) was used for pain assessment. The group who received intrathecal morphine used significantly less morphine. There were no adverse cardiovascular effects of the combined anaesthetic technique. Nausea and vomiting remained the main side-effect of intrathecal morphine but this was easily treated with anti-emetics.     

Does pre-incisional thoracic extradural block combined with diclofenac reduce postoperative pain after abdominal hysterectomy?

In a double-blind, randomized study, we investigated 40 patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy; patients received 0.5% plain bupivacaine 20 ml via a low thoracic extradural catheter and a diclofenac suppository (100 mg), either 30 min before incision (group 1) or 30 min after incision (group 2). All patients received a standard general anaesthetic and no opioid was used before or during operation. Postoperative analgesic requirements were measured using a patient- controlled analgesia (PCA) system. Pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a verbal pain score (VPS) on movement up to 48 h after operation. There was no significant difference in the time to first request for morphine but consumption of morphine was significantly greater in group 1 at all times except 24 h. There were no significant differences in VAS and VPS pain scores, although both scores were consistently higher in group 1. Patient satisfaction with the quality of analgesia, at 24 h, demonstrated no significant difference between the two groups. The combination of extradural block and diclofenac suppository given before operation did not appear to produce a clinically effective pre-emptive analgesic effect.