半舌缺损患者前臂皮瓣修复后舌尖辅音及元音的语音评价

目的 探讨舌癌根治同期前臂皮瓣修复对半舌缺损患者术后舌尖辅音及元音的恢复效果.方法 20例舌癌患者接受半侧舌体切除同期前臂皮瓣修复术,手术治疗6个月后,分析前臂皮瓣修复患者舌尖辅音及元音的语音特点.VS-9700语音工作站对患者术前及手术6个月后的元音进行语音频谱分析.结果 (1)前臂皮瓣修复患者舌尖辅音中/sh/、/zh/清晰度欠佳,元音恢复效果良好.(2)前臂皮瓣修复组患者元音中仅/i/的第一共振峰值低于对照组,两组之间差异有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05)、而/i/的第二共振峰值与对照组差异无统计学意义(P ＞ 0.05).结论 前臂皮瓣修复可以改善半舌缺损患者术后语音功能.     

舌癌患者术后元音共振峰频谱分析

目的分析舌癌患者术后元音共振峰的变化,了解患者的语音功能状况。方法20名舌体切除范围不超过半舌的舌癌患者为研究对象,对其手术前、后的6个汉语单元音共振峰(F1、F2、F3)进行分析比较。结果手术后患者元音/e/F1、/i/F1、/u/F1、/o/F2、/u/F2上升,/櫣/F2、/i/F3、/櫣/F3下降。结论舌癌术后,患者的语音功能发生明显变化,使用VS-99语音工作站可对患者手术前后语音功能变化特征进行定量分析,为临床语音功能训练提供参考。     

不同舌重建术后患者语音功能的评价

目的:评价不同舌重建术式对舌癌患者术后语音功能恢复的影响。方法:32例舌癌患者据重建术式分组:带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣修复组5人,除1例外舌切除缘范围均过中线;前臂游离皮瓣修复组和邻近组织瓣修复组分别为16人和11人,除1例外舌切除缘范围均不过中线。采用汉语语音清晰度测试和短句测试方法,对患者手术前后语音清晰度变化情况进行分析,并对前臂游离皮瓣修复组和邻近组织瓣修复组的评价结果进行团体t检验。结果:带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣修复组、前臂游离皮瓣修复组和邻近组织瓣修复组术后的语音清晰度平均下降值分别为26.60、7.84和4.18分,短句测试得分下降值分别为1.60、0.50和0.27分;t检验结果显示,前臂皮瓣和邻近组织瓣修复组的语音清晰度和短句测试得分下降值间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:舌癌手术切除后运用前臂游离皮瓣或邻近组织瓣进行舌重建均能较好地恢复患者术后的语音功能,且两者间没有显著差异;对于舌缺损范围较大尤其是超过半侧舌的患者,采用带蒂胸大肌皮瓣也能够在一定程度上改善患者术后的语音功能。     

上颌骨缺损手术重建与赝复体修复的语音功能评价

目的:评价上颌骨切除后手术重建和赝复体修复2种方法对患者术后语音功能的影响。方法:选择因肿瘤行上颌骨切除的20例患者为研究对象,根据上颌骨切除术后修复的方式,分成2组:(1)手术重建组10例,即在手术切除上颌骨同期或二期,运用CAD/CAM个体化钛网支架结合前臂游离皮瓣或串联腓骨瓣行上颌骨缺损重建修复;(2)赝复体修复组10例,上颌骨切除术后未行手术重建,术后配戴修复体。采用主观语音清晰度测试法,评价患者术后语音清晰度;采用客观语音频谱分析法,比较2组发4个单元音[a]、[i]、[e]、[u]时第一、第二、第三共振峰频率的平均值和病理性鼻共振峰出现的频数。另选10例正常人作为对照组,对所收集资料进行单因素方差分析。结果:手术重建组、赝复组和正常对照组的语音清晰度平均测定值分别为97.0%、83.8%和99.0%。单因素两两比较显示,赝复组语音清晰度显著低于手术重建组和正常对照组(P<0.01),而手术重建组和对照组间语音清晰度无显著性差异(P>0.05)。语音频谱显示,手术重建组和赝复组的元音共振峰频率变化较为相似:即发[a]、[u]时,F2频率升高;发[i]时F2、F3频率下降;手术重建组和赝复组两者间在鼻共振峰出现频数上存在显著差异,在发[a]、[i]、[e]、[u]时,鼻共振峰在赝复组中出现的频数最高,在对照组中则无1例     

游离皮瓣修复舌癌术后缺损联合语音训练的语音功能评价

目的探讨舌癌术后缺损经游离皮瓣同期修复并结合语音训练后的语音功能恢复情况。方法舌癌患者15例,其中男8例,女7例,平均年龄54岁,T2期13例,T3期2例。均行舌癌扩大切除及患侧颈淋巴清扫术,根据舌体缺损大小制备游离前臂皮瓣或股前外侧皮瓣,完成舌体缺损重建,术后1个月行语音训练,术后6个月后行语音清晰度检查,分析患者术后语音功能恢复情况。结果15例患者皮瓣均完全成活,均获得创口一期愈合。重建后的舌均具有良好的活动度,15例患者的语音清晰度为90％—100％,平均语音清晰度为94.5％。结论游离皮瓣同期修复舌癌术后缺损结合术后语音训练,能够较好地恢复患者的语音功能。     

舌癌患者术后语音功能的影响因素分析

目的：评价舌癌患者手术前、后的语音功能,探讨患者术后语音功能的影响因素。方法：收集2001年10月—2004年6月在上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面外科I病区接受手术的舌癌患者27例,所有患者的舌切除范围均在半舌内。根据重建术式分为前臂游离皮瓣修复组（16例）、邻近舌组织瓣修复组（11例）;根据肿瘤大小和分期分为T1组（9例）、T2组（13例）及T3组（5例）;根据肿瘤切除后缺损的部位分为舌前部切除组（5例）、舌中部切除组（6例）、舌后部切除组（12例）和半舌切除组（4例）;根据术后舌活动度分为I度受限（14例）、Ⅱ度受限（7例）和Ⅲ度受限（6例）。采用100个具有代表性的汉字组成的汉语语音清晰度测试字表作为检测手段,对每例患者手术前、后语音清晰度变化情况进行采样,利用SPSS11.5软件包对所获资料进行方差分析,评价原发灶大小、手术切除部位、修复术式、邻近结构保存以及术后舌活动度等因素对患者术后语音清晰度的影响。结果：前臂游离皮瓣组和邻近舌组织瓣修复组间,术后语音清晰度比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;对原发灶大小不同的舌癌患者术后语音清晰度的比较表明,T1和T3组间有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;舌前份切除者的语音清晰度显著低于后份切除者（P〈0.05）,保存舌尖和口底组术后的语音清晰度明显高于未保存组（P〈0.05）,保存舌根组和未保存组间的语音清晰度改变无显著差异（P〉0.05）;不同程度伸舌受限者,术后语音清晰度下降有显著差异（P〈0.01）。结论：对半舌范围内行舌切除的舌癌患者,手术切除部位和邻近结构以及舌活动度的保存与否是影响术后语音功能的敏感因素,原发灶大小在一定程度上决定术后语音清晰度的高低,而选择何种修复手段并不是其主要影响因素。     

全口义齿腭皱对修复后元音声学特征的影响

目的:研究全口义齿腭皱在修复后元音语音恢复过程中的作用.方法:应用Minispeech lab测量30例全牙列缺失病人在全口义齿初戴前,初戴时,初戴后1周、2周、4周、8周时元音/a/、/i/、/u/的第二共振峰(F2)值和带宽(B2)值.结果:分别在无腭皱组和腭皱组中,/a/、/i/、/u/的F2、B2与初戴前相比无统计学差异(P>0.05),两组间同一时间比较亦无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论:全口义齿腭皱对修复后元音声学特征没有影响.     

带颈横血管上斜方肌肌皮瓣即刻修复舌癌术后缺损21例报道

目的：研究以颈横动脉为蒂的上斜方肌肌皮瓣修复舌癌术后舌缺损的临床效果。方法：1994年9月-2004年4月期间，对21例经病理确诊的舌癌患者均行根治性颈清术，术中采用以颈横血管为蒂的上斜方肌肌皮瓣同期修复舌缺损。供区创面直接拉拢缝合，未行植皮。结果：21例皮瓣全部成活，仅1例出现部分坏死。术后早期再造舌外形和功能都较差，3个月-1a后，形态上出现黏膜化，语言、咀嚼和吞咽功能逐渐改善。结论：以颈横动脉为蒂的上斜方肌肌皮瓣是修复舌缺损的优良皮瓣之一．     

舌癌根治性切除行前臂游离皮瓣修复重建的功能评价

目的 :对舌癌患者行舌颈联合根治术,同期行前臂游离皮瓣移植舌再造后,中远期的语音、咀嚼、吞咽等功能恢复情况的观察和初步评价。方法:对我院2008—2013年间,175例行舌(颌)颈联合根治术,同期应用血管化前臂游离皮瓣即时修复舌缺损的患者,按手术切除范围的不同分为3组(I组手术切除≤半舌,II组手术切除舌根或部分舌根,III组手术切除半舌及同侧口底),分别进行2年以上时间的随访。通过语言清晰度测定、咀嚼效率测定、舌运动范围的测量、吞咽造影剂透视显示吞咽模式,对患者修复后的舌形态、运动功能、语言功能、咀嚼功能、吞咽功能等进行评价。结果:本组175例患者语音清晰度良好,但因舌缺损范围的不同,语音清晰度有一定的差别,舌体活动范围III组较其他2组受限明显,而咀嚼效率无明显差异,吞咽功能异常主要表现在启动障碍和造影剂滞留/残留。结论:本研究结果显示前臂皮瓣修复舌缺损,尤其对≤半舌或伴有部分口底缺损的修复,能够获得良好的功能恢复,值得临床继续使用。     

河南地区腭裂术后患者病理性语音特点探讨

目的 通过对河南地区腭裂术后患者与舌位关系密切的异常语音构音特点及元音共振峰值的分析,揭示河南地区腭裂术后患者病理性语音的声学特点。方法 采集100份正常语音样本（正常语音组）及121份腭裂术后患者的语音样本（腭裂语音组）,根据录音资料得出患者的异常构音情况,经计算机语音工作站（computer speech lab,CSL）对2组语音样本的6个元音（a、o、e、i、u和ü）的前3个共振峰频率值（F1、F2、F3）进行测量分析,采用SPSS17.0软件包对数据进行两独立样本t检验。结果 腭裂语音组的异常语音出现率按构音点分别为舌尖前音占21.9%,舌尖中音占5.2%,舌尖后音占21.6%,舌面音占19.2%,舌根音占12.9%,舌前背音占6.6%;正常语音组与腭裂语音组在元音/a、o、e、u/的第二共振峰（F2）数值统计上,差异均无显著性（P>0.05）。2组在元音/i、ü/的第二共振峰（F2）差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组在元音/a、o、e、i、u/的第一共振峰（F1）的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组在除元音o外,第三共振峰（F3）差异均有显著性（P<0.05）。结论 河南地区腭裂术后异常语音患者的异常音,主要出现在辅音中的舌尖前音、舌尖后音及舌面音;河南地区腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者发音时与正常人相比,开口度方面无明显异常,主要是软腭上抬不足、舌尖上翘过高、r化音过重。     

Analysis of determinants on speech function after glossectomy.

PURPOSE: To determine which of the following factors-type of reconstruction, size of tumor, and site of excision-may influence speech intelligibility after glossectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The speech intelligibilities of 27 tongue cancer patients who underwent glossectomy within the range of the hemitongue were investigated within 6 months after operation with a speech intelligibility test formed by 100 sensitive Chinese sounds. They were compared according to the following factors: type of reconstruction (forearm flap or adjacent flap); size of tumor (T1, T2, T3); and site of excision (anterior, middle, posterior, or hemi part). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in speech intelligibility between the forearm flap reconstructed group and adjacent flap reconstructed group (P > .05). There was a significant difference in the result between the T1 and T3 groups (P < .05). The speech intelligibilities of the patients with tumors in anterior tongue or hemitongue were significantly lower than those with tumor in the middle or posterior tongue (P < .05). Patients with preservation of the tip of the tongue or floor of the mouth had higher intelligibilities (P < .05). CONCLUSION: For the patients after glossectomy within the range of hemitongue, except for the type of reconstruction, the tumor site or excision extent of the tongue followed by the tumor size may be key factors in determining the postoperative articulation intelligibility.     

Analyses of speech intelligibility in patients after glossectomy and reconstruction with fasciocutaneous/myocutaneous flaps

This study analyzed the results of speech intelligibility tests in patients with tongue cancer who had undergone resection with the aim of making surgical recommendations for flap design and inset, to improve speech function. A total of 126 patients, enrolled from 13 Japanese institutions, were classified into 3 groups according to the resected site: lateral, anterior, and combined. The lateral group was further divided into 3 subgroups and the anterior group into 2 subgroups according to the size of resection. The speech intelligibility score was analyzed based on articulatory site and mode: 5 articulatory sites (linguodentoalveolar, linguopalatal, linguovelar, and their intermediates); and 7 articulatory modes (plosives, fricatives, affricatives, grids, nasals, vowels and semivowels). Low speech intelligibility scores were recorded at sites where flaps contribute directly to the pronunciation in the lateral and combined groups and at the anterior part of the reconstructed tongue in the anterior group. Plosives and glides displayed low values in general. A radial forearm flap had higher function in the lateral group than other flaps. The type of flap had no effect in the anterior and combined groups. Surgical techniques and flap selection to improve functional status in each type of resection are discussed.     

Digitised evaluation of speech intelligibility using vowels in maxillectomy patients

Among the functional disabilities that patients face following maxillectomy, speech impairment is a major factor influencing quality of life. Proper rehabilitation of speech, which may include prosthodontic and surgical treatments and speech therapy, requires accurate evaluation of speech intelligibility (SI). A simple, less time‐consuming yet accurate evaluation is desirable both for maxillectomy patients and the various clinicians providing maxillofacial treatment. This study sought to determine the utility of digital acoustic analysis of vowels for the prediction of SI in maxillectomy patients, based on a comprehensive understanding of speech production in the vocal tract of maxillectomy patients and its perception. Speech samples were collected from 33 male maxillectomy patients (mean age 57.4 years) in two conditions, without and with a maxillofacial prosthesis, and formant data for the vowels /a/,/e/,/i/,/o/, and /u/ were calculated based on linear predictive coding. The frequency range of formant 2 (F2) was determined by differences between the minimum and maximum frequency. An SI test was also conducted to reveal the relationship between SI score and F2 range. Statistical analyses were applied. F2 range and SI score were significantly different between the two conditions without and with a prosthesis (both P < .0001). F2 range was significantly correlated with SI score in both the conditions (Spearman's r = .843, P < .0001; r = .832, P < .0001, respectively). These findings indicate that calculating the F2 range from 5 vowels has clinical utility for the prediction of SI after maxillectomy.     

腭裂语音元音共振峰特点的分析

目的　了解腭裂术后患者语音矫治后元音发音的改变,明确语音矫治对腭裂患者语音改善的重要性。方法　应用VS-99语音工作站对10例健康儿童、未进行语音训练的33例腭裂术后患者及16例语音矫治后患者的4个单元音[a]、[e]、[i]、[u]发音进行语音分析。结果　①元音[a]前3个共振峰频率(F1,F2,F3)平均值,3组间无显著件差异(P>0.05)。②元音[e]的F1,F2,F3平均值,语音矫治前组与对照组,矫治前组与矫治后组比较,均有显著性差异(P<0.05);而矫治后组与对照组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。③元音[i]的F1,F2,F3平均值,矫治前组与矫治后组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),矫治后组与对照组比较F2、F3有显著性差异(P<0·05)。④元音[u] 的F1,F2,F3平均值,矫治前组与矫治后组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),其他各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论　腭裂修复术可使患者达到解剖结构上的正常或接近正常,但未达到完善的腭咽闭合,因而需要语音矫治与训练;语音矫治后患者语音有明显改善;通过语音频谱的分析,可为语音矫治提供依据。     

上颌肯氏Ⅰ类牙列缺损义齿修复对元音的影响

目的:分析上颌肯氏Ⅰ类牙列缺损可摘局部义齿修复对元音声学特征的影响。方法:应用计算机语音分析系统,分析12例上颌肯氏I类牙列缺损患者可摘局部义齿初戴前、初戴时元音的声学特征。结果:元音/a/、/i/、/u/共振峰(F1、F2、F3)频率及第一共振峰带宽(B1)数据,在义齿初戴前后无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:上颌肯氏Ⅰ类牙列缺损可摘局部义齿修复对元音的声学特征没有影响。     

Analysis of the articulation after glossectomy

Rehabilitation of the oral cancer patient should aim to achieve not only morphological restoration but also post-operative functions. However, there are few reports describing quantitative evaluation of the latter. The authors have attempted quantitative evaluation of post-operative articulatory function after glossectomy, and report the evaluation of it by speech intelligibility, electropalatography (EPG), and acoustical analysis. Subjects were five directly sutured patients and five patients reconstructed with forearm flap, all after glossectomy. The target syllable was /ta/ from among speech intelligibility test samples. The speech intelligibility and acoustical analysis were investigated pre-operation, and 1, 6 and 12 months post-operation. EPG data were collected by DP-01(RION) at 6 months post-operation. Acoustical analyses were carried out by consonant frequency characteristics and formant variance from consonant to vowel transitions. As a result, subjects reconstructed with a forearm flap showed higher restorative tendency than directly sutured subjects. Articulatory characteristics expected from acoustical analysis were more in agreement with the results of EPG than with the results of the speech intelligibility test. From the results, it was suggested that the acoustical analysis used for this research could reveal changes in articulatory movement and will be useful for quantitatively evaluating post-operative articulatory functions.