先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压患儿术中应用前列腺素E1的临床观察

目的:了解术中应用不同剂量前列腺素E1(PGE1)对先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压患儿的血流动力学影响.方法:30例先天性心脏病患儿随机分为3组,即对照组、应用PGE120ng/(kg·min)组(试验A组)及应用PGE1100 ng/(kg·min)组(试验B组),连续监测患儿的心率(HR)、体循环动脉收缩压(SDP)变化,分别在切皮前及停体外循环30 min经食管超声心动图测定左心室射血分数(EF)、肺动脉平均压(MPAP)及肺动脉和主动脉血流量比值(Qp/Qs).结果:术中应用不同剂量PGE1患儿的HR、EF及QP/Q.差异无显著性,但患儿的MPAP和SDP差异有显著性,PGE120 ng/(kg·min)时,MPAP已显著下降,当剂量加大至100 ng/(kg·min)时,MPAP进一步下降,同时SDP明显下降.结论:术中应用PGE1对先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压患儿的肺血管有较好的选择性,20 ng/(kg·min)即有显著疗效,但不宜超过100ng/(kg·min).     

雾化吸入前列腺素E_1治疗重症胸部创伤

目的　观察雾化吸入前列腺素E1(PGE1)联合常规治疗对重症胸部创伤的疗效。方法　20例重症胸部创伤患者随机分为常规治疗组(A组),常规治疗联合雾化吸入前列腺素E1组(B组)。结果　B组患者动脉血气明显改善,而A组患者血气改善缓慢,且死亡率高于B组。结论　雾化吸入PGE1能迅速改善重症胸部创伤患者肺换气功能,提高患者动脉血氧分压(PaO),且不影响血压;降低死亡率。     

肝硬化患者的血氧变化及临床意义──附62例分析

目的探讨肝硬化患者的血氧变化及临床意义.方法乙型病毒性肝炎后肝硬化患者62例为观察组(A组),其中ChildPughA级6例,B级34例,C级22例,采用血气分析仪测定其动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)和动脉血氧分压(PaO2).选同期单纯消化性溃疡并出血35例(B组)和正常人20名(C组)作对照组,比较3组的SaO2和PaO2值.结果A组的低氧血症发生率为34%(21/62),B组为0.A组的PaO2为(10.9±0.1)kPa、SaO2为0.963±0.001,分别与B组的PaO2[(14.0±0.3)kPa]、SaO2(0.980±0.002)和C组的PaO2[(14.2±0.3)kPa]、SaO20.981±0.003比较,有统计学意义(均为P<0.05).而B、C两组间PaO2和SaO2值比较无统计学意义.肝硬化患者不同门静脉内径(超过14mm比小于14mm)、有或无蜘蛛痣、不同肝功能分级(A级加B级比C级)的SaO2和PaO2值比较,均有非常显著的统计学意义(均为P<0.01).结论肝硬化患者低氧血症的发生率高,其严重程度与门静脉内径、有无蜘蛛痣和ChildPugh分级有关.早期发现肝硬化患者的低氧血症,有助于改善肝硬化患者的预后.     

肝硬化患者动脉血氧变化78例分析

目的:探讨肝硬化患者动脉血氧变化与临床的关系。方法:应用血气分析仪测定78 例肝硬化患者其动脉血氧分压(PaO2)及氧饱和度(SaO2),其中Child Pugh分级A级15例、B级35例、C级28例。选择同期正常人30例作对照,比较两组的PaO2、SaO2值。结果:肝硬化组平均动脉PaO2与正常对照组比较有极显著差异(P<0.01);SaO2 两组比较,有显著差异(P<0.05)。肝硬化患者不同门静脉内径、有无蜘蛛痣、不同肝功能分级的PaO2和SaO2值比较,均有极显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:肝硬化患者低氧血症发生率高,其严重程度与有无蜘蛛痣、门静脉内径有关;发生率与Child Pugh分级有关。     

前列腺素E1静滴+逆向体外反搏治疗末梢动脉闭塞的临床康复研究

目的 :探讨前列腺素E1静滴 逆向体外反搏治疗末梢动脉闭塞的疗效及机理。方法 :患者分为A、B二组 ,A组单纯以 10 0mgPGE1静滴 ,B组在 10 0mgPGE1静滴后区加用逆向体外反搏 ,A、B组均 2周为一疗程 ,进行疗效评定。结果 :最终总体改善度B组优于A组 (P <0 .0 1) ,另外通过X线血管造影比较及指尖容积脉波可看出B组效果优于A组 ,比较联合应用组 (B组 )静息痛改善情况 ,治疗前后有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :PGE1静滴后加用逆向体外反搏比单纯PGE1静滴效果明显 ,确能使缺血的肢体得到显著的改善。     

前列腺素E1用于完全性大动脉错位手术前的护理

完全性大动脉错位（complete transposition of the great arteries，TGA）是一种严重的先天性心脏病，表现为出生后即出现紫绀和低氧血症，吸氧不但无效还可能加重病情，甚至死亡。自20世纪70～80年代起有学者报道前列腺素E1（prostaglandin E1，PGE1）可应用于新生儿动脉导管依赖型先天性心脏病，维持动脉导管开放，以等待心脏外科手术或心脏移植^[1]。2005年6月至2007年6月，本院使用PGE1治疗TGA15例，效果良好。现将护理报告如下。     

肺复张策略在急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗中的应用

目的:探讨肺复张策略在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)治疗中的应用效果。方法:将40例ARDS患者随机分为A组和B组各20例,A组采用保护性通气策略,B组采用肺复张策略,观察两组的疗效和并发症发生情况。结果:两组治疗3 d后PaO2/FiO2、SaO2及PaO2较治疗前有明显改善(P<0.05);B组与A组治疗3 d后PaO2/FiO2、SaO2及PaO2比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组机械通气时间I、CU住院时间少于A组(P<0.05)。结论:肺复张策略可改善ARDS患者的血氧饱和度,对血流动力学影响短暂,安全有效。     

西地那非与前列地尔治疗先天性心脏病术后肺动脉高压的疗效对比

目的比较口服西地那非(SIL)与静脉应用前列地尔(PGE1)治疗先天性心脏病(先心病)术后肺动脉高压(PH)的早期疗效。方法24例患者随机分为A、B、C三组:A组先鼻饲SIL0·35mg/kg,后静脉应用PGE120ng/(kg·min);C组顺序相反;B组为对照组。检测用药前后患者血流动力学参数、动脉血气、氧合指标及肺力学参数。结果与B组比较,两组在降低平均肺动脉压(mPAP)、mPAP/有创桡动脉压(mSAP)方面差异均具有统计学意义(P<0·01),SIL较PGE1作用更明显(P<0·05)。SIL可造成患者mSAP下降(P<0·01),但不需干预治疗;PGE1可抑制患者PaO2下降(P<0·05);两组对肺顺应性、呼吸功均无影响。结论两药均能有效降低此类患者肺动脉压力,而SIL口服使用更方便。因此,SIL可作为先心病术后治疗PH的新选择。     

雾化吸人前列腺素E1治疗重症胸部创伤

目的观察雾化吸入前列腺素E1（POEl）联合常规治疗对重症胸部创伤的疗效。方法20例重症胸部创伤患者随机分为常规治疗组（A组），常规治疗联合雾化吸入前列腺素E1组（B组）。结果B组患者动脉血气明显改善。而A组患者血气改善缓慢，且死亡率高于B组。结论雾化吸入PGE1能迅速改善重症胸部创伤患者肺换气功能，提高患者动脉血氧分（PaO2），且不影响血压；降低死亡率。     

氧疗对高原慢性肺源性心脏病呼吸衰竭患者呼吸肌疲劳的恢复作用

目的:探讨高原慢性肺源性心脏病(肺心病)缓解期患者呼吸肌疲劳的发生与低氧血症是否有关,氧疗能否改善其呼吸肌疲劳.方法:对68例营养正常的高原肺心病缓解期患者测定肺功能、血气、口腔最大吸气压(PImax)、最大跨膈压(Pdimax)、膈肌张力时间指数(TTdi)、三头肌皮肤皱褶厚度(TSF)和上臂中部肌围(MAMC).分为无呼吸衰竭[PaO2>6.0 kPa(1 kPa=7.5 mmHg),32例,A组]和呼吸衰竭(PaO2≤6.0 kPa,36例,B组)2组.B组患者在持续吸氧[氧流量2～3 L/min,动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)保持在87%以上]1日和10日后,停氧10分钟内分别重复测定呼吸肌功能和血气.结果:B组的用力肺活量(FVC)、1秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)、1秒钟用力呼气率(FEV1%)、PImax、Pdimax、PaO2均显著低于A组,而TTdi和PaCO2均显著高于A组,P均<0.01;PImax、Pdimax和FVC、FEV1、FEV1%、PaO2、身高呈高度正相关;与PaCO2、年龄呈高度负相关,P均<0.01;B组氧疗后与呼吸空气时比较,氧疗1日PaO2和PaCO2显著升高,而PImax、Pdimax、TTdi无明显变化;氧疗10日,PImax、Pdimax显著升高,TTdi显著降低(P均<0.01),PaO2和PaCO2与氧疗1日比较无显著性变化(P均>0.05).结论:营养正常的高原慢性肺心病缓解期患者有明显的阻塞性通气功能障碍和呼吸肌疲劳;呼吸肌疲劳的发生与低氧血症有关,长期氧疗能明显改善呼吸肌功能.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.