IVF-ET中超长方案降调节后两种促排卵方案临床疗效比较

【目的】探讨在体外受精‐胚胎移植（IVF‐ET ）治疗中采用超常方案降调节后分别使用尿源性卵泡刺激素（u‐FSH）和基因重组FSH（r‐FSH）联合尿促性腺激素（HMG）促排后的临床结局。【方法】回顾性分析2013年1～12本院生殖中心559例接受IVF或卵胞浆单精子注射（ICSI）助孕治疗的临床结局。【结果】两组患者促性腺激素（gonadotropin ,Gn）天数、Gn使用剂量,获卵数、受精率、卵裂率、妊娠率、可利用胚胎数、种植率、流产率、异位妊娠率、卵巢过度刺激综合征（OHSS）发生率均无显著差异（ P ＞0．05）。【结论】IVF‐ET中超长方案降调节后u‐FSH联合HMG和r‐FSH联合 HMG促排卵的效果相当。     

生长激素辅助促排卵对卵巢低反应患者体外受精-胚胎移植结果的影响

【目的】探讨生长激素（GH）辅助促排卵治疗对预测卵巢低反应患者体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）结果的影响。【方法】选择2004年1月至2005年12月在本院生殖中心接受体外受精-胚胎移植88例卵巢低反应型患者，56例使用改良的短方案促排卵为对照组，32例使用改良的短方案同时加用生长激素辅助促排卵为研究组，分析其GH用量、获卵数、受精率、卵裂率、种植率、临床妊娠率。【结果】本中心行体外受精-胚胎移植治疗周期卵巢低反应型占8．51％，研究组Gn用量、用药时间略低于对照组，注射HCG当日E2水平、获卵数、受精率、卵裂率、种植率略高于对照组，但两组比较均差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；而研究组临床妊娠率明显高于对照组，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。【结论】GH辅助促排卵治疗卵巢低反应患者可减少无可移植的胚胎周期，临床妊娠率有显著提高。     

体外受精-胚胎移植周期中第一天未见原核胚胎移植后的妊娠结局分析

【目的】探讨体外受精‐胚胎移植（ IVF‐ ET ）周期中 d1未见原核胚胎（0PN‐E）移植后的妊娠结局。【方法】回顾性分析接受辅助生殖助孕且d1无2原核胚胎（2PN‐E）或2PN‐E极少的218个新鲜周期,于取卵后d3全部或部分移植优质的0PN‐E ,随访其妊娠最终结局。【结果】全部移植0PN‐E组20例中有8例患者获得临床妊娠,临床妊娠率40．00％,着床率18．42％,抱婴回家率25．00％;部分移植0PN‐E组198例中有79例患者获得临床妊娠,临床妊娠率39．90％,着床率17．20％,抱婴回家率27．27％。【结论】在IVF‐ET 治疗周期中,对于2PN‐E极少或无2PN‐E的周期,0PN‐E可作为备选胚胎移植。     

生长激素在体外受精-胚胎移植卵巢反应不良患者中的应用

目的探讨生长激素（GH）在卵巢反应不良患者体外受精．胚胎移植（IVF—ET）中的作用及其机制。方法2008年9月至2009年4月拟再次行IVF-ET治疗的卵巢反应不良患者（既往周期Gn启动量≥225IUqd,获卵数≤5个）共53例,其中GH组26例,对照组27例。GH组从Gn启动前一天或当日开始合用GH至人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）注射H。取卵日收集卵泡液测定GH、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）、雌二醇（E2）水平,RT-PCR半定量检测颗粒细胞类固醇合成快速调节蛋白（StARmRNA）表达。结果GH组患者自身对照结果显示：HCG日E2水平、获卵数、MⅡ卵子数、受精率、移植胚胎数和可用胚胎数均显著增加,促性腺激素释放激素激动剂（GnRH-a）用量减少（P〈0．05）。GH组与对照组相比移植胚胎数、可用胚胎数和卵泡液IGF-1水平显著增高（P〈0．05）;临床妊娠率和卵泡液GH、E2、颗粒细胞StARmRNA水平均提高（P〉0．05）。结论合用GH可改善卵巢反应不良患者IVF—ET结局,其机制与提高卵泡液IGF-1水平,改善卵子、胚胎质量有关。     

三种不同促排卵方案在卵巢低反应患者中的应用

【目的】比较三种不同的控制性超排卵方案（COH）对卵巢低反应患者的体外受精胚胎移植（IVF—ET）临床结局,旨在寻求更为适合的促排卵方案。[A-法】回顾性分析2010年1～12月在本院接受体外受精（IVF）或卵细胞浆单精子注射（ICSI）助孕的卵巢低反应患者133例,超短方案组（A组）36例,改良超长方案组（B组）34例,拮抗剂方案组（C组）63例,比较三组超排卵天数、血清激素水平、获卵数、成熟卵子数、正常受精胚胎数（2PN）、周期妊娠率和胚胎种植率等。【结果】三组治疗后超排卵天数、成熟卵子数、2PN胚胎数、移植胚胎数比较差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）;平均促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）用量A、B组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,A、B显著高于C组（P〈0．05）;胚胎种植率A、C组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,但均显著低于B组（P〈0．05）;临床妊娠率B组最高,c组次之,A组最低,三组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。【结论】促性腺激素释放激素拮抗剂（GnRH拮抗剂）方案和改良超长方案治疗卵巢低反应是一种有效的超排卵方案,可有效的提高IVF-ET的临床妊娠率。     

微量长效达菲林激发方案用于卵巢低反应患者疗效观察

【目的】观察长效达菲林微量激发方案（MF）用于卵巢低反应患者的临床疗效。【方法】选择拟行体外受精或卵细胞浆单精子注射（IVF／ICSI）助孕,既往助孕发生卵巢低反应或预测可能发生低反应的患者,符合纳入标准者共449周期,随机分为两组：A组入选228周期,采用MF方案,完成移植周期183周期;B组入选221周期,采用拮抗剂方案,完成移植周期183周期;前瞻性观察比较两组患者临床结局。【结果】两组患者获卵数,2PN数,优胚数,移植（ET）胚胎数,胚胎种植率,临床妊娠率,流产率、活产率等无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,而A组促性腺激素（Gn）天数（7．67土3．12）d和Gn总量（1352．25土730．5）U均小于B组（8．78土1．79）d、（2023．5土624）U,其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。【结论】微量长效达菲林可用于卵巢低反应患者,临床结局与拮抗剂方案相似,而微剂量长效达菲林方案具有Gn天数和Gn用量少、减少患者就诊及注射次数、降低患者经济成本等优点。     

GnRH-a联合腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿的疗效观察

【目的】探讨促性腺激素释放激素激动剂（GnRH‐a）联合腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿的疗效观察。【方法】选择均采用腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿患者68例,术后给予GnRH‐a治疗患者34例（观察组）,术后仅常规治疗34例（对照组）,治疗结束后随访1～1．5年,比较两组疗效。【结果】观察组在治疗随访1．5年后复发率为5．88％（2／34）,显著低于对照组23．53％（8／34）,观察组总有效率94．12％（32／34）,明显高于对照组76．47％（26／34）（ P ＜0．05）;两组治疗前痛经及性交痛的例数相比差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05） ,治疗后观察组痛经和性交痛的比例明显减少,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）;两组患者治疗前、后促卵泡素（FS H ）、促黄体素（L H ）、雌二醇（E2）及基础窦卵泡数（A FC ）比较均无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）;随访期间观察组妊娠率为44．12％（15／34）显著高于对照组17．65％（6／34）（ P ＜0．05）。【结论】G n‐RH‐a联合腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿能有效抑制术后复发,改善患者临床症状,提高妊娠率,值得临床推广应用。     

2型糖尿病患者血清25-羟维生素D3水平与胰岛功能的相关性研究

【目的】探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM ）患者血清25‐羟维生素D3（25‐OH‐D3）与胰岛细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的相关性。【方法】入选T2DM 患者190例为观察组,同期健康体检者120例为对照组。根据糖尿病患者血清25‐OH‐D3值是否低于37．5 nmol／L ,分为低25‐OH‐D3亚组（LVD 组,n ＝80）及非25‐OH‐D3组（NLVD组,n ＝110）。测定受试者的空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）及糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA‐IR）及胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA‐β）,并进行组间比较。【结果】观察组25‐OH‐D3水平低于对照组,观察组中LVD组的HOMA‐β显著低于NLVD组（ P＜0．05）,FPG及HbA1c值较后者有上升趋势。相关分析提示25‐OH‐D3与H O M A‐β相关。【结论】糖尿病患者的25‐OH‐D3水平较健康人群低下,且与胰岛分泌功能下降有关。     

注射用醋酸亮丙瑞林微球治疗子宫腺肌病合并不孕60例临床观察

目的观察注射用醋酸亮丙瑞林微球（贝依）治疗子宫腺肌病合并不孕的临床效果。方法对因子宫腺肌病合并不孕接受贝依超促排卵后,行体外受精‐胚胎移植（IVF‐ET ）治疗的60例患者（观察组）的临床资料进行回顾性分析,另选取同期因输卵管因素及其他原因不孕行IVF‐ET治疗的子宫正常者60例作为对照组,记录观察组经贝依（3．75 mg／次,每28天1次）治疗后子宫体积的变化,并比较两组患者IVF‐ET结局。结果①观察组经过2～6次的贝依治疗后,子宫体积由治疗前的（178±75）cm3缩小至治疗后的（85±66）cm3,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。② IVF‐ET 结局：观察组的胚胎种植率（38．8％）、临床妊娠率（53．5％）和流产率（4．3％）与对照组相比（分别为35．3％,52．8％,3．6％）差异无显著性（均 P ＞0．05）。③观察组患者经IVF‐ET治疗后妊娠成功者的受精率（76．1％）、双原核率（67．8％）及优质胚胎率（63．4％）均高于妊娠失败者（分别为61．4％、60．8％、50．5％）,差异均有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。结论贝依能显著缩小子宫腺肌病患者的子宫体积,对合并不孕行IVF‐ET治疗的患者,经治疗后能够获得理想的助孕结局。     

卵巢低反应患者不同剂量促性腺激素促排卵对体外受精结局的影响

目的 探讨卵巢低反应患者不同的促性腺激素(Gn)用量和促排卵方案对体外受精(IVF)妊娠结局的影响.方法 收集2009年1月至2010年8月在武汉大学人民医院生殖中心接受体外受精.胚胎移植(IVF-ET)治疗的213例卵巢低反应不孕患者的资料,将年龄进行分层分析,年龄≤30岁、30～35岁、>35岁三个年龄段中,按Gn的用量分成Gn总量<50支组和Gn总量≥50支组;根据促排卵方案分为三组:长方案组、短方案组和超长方案组,回顾性分析其临床妊娠率和周期取消率.结果 年龄分层分析中,Gn用量<50支组与(Gn总量≥50支组比较,基础促卵泡激素(bFSH)、雌二醇(E2)峰值、受精率、周期取消率和临床妊娠率均无统计学差异(P>0.05);超长方案组的种植率(26.85%)和临床妊娠率(45%)高于长方案和短方案组,周期取消率也较低,但无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 加大Gn剂量不能改善卵巢低反应患者的临床结局,故不可盲目增加卵巢低反应患者Gn的用量,以增加患者的经济负担.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."