激光周边虹膜切除术后房角形态的远期评价

目的 评价激光周边虹膜切除术(LPI)后远期房角形态的改变,探讨手术预后的相关因素.方法 收集2007年1月至2009年12月在我院眼科门诊经房角镜检查明确诊断为房角存在黏连关闭或暗光下可见功能性小梁网≤90度,接受LPI治疗,且坚持门诊随诊一年以上的患者.回顾性分析激光治疗前后患眼的视力,压平眼压,前房角镜,眼底视神经形态,超声生物显微镜(UBM)及视野检查等结果.结果 入组患者共37例71眼,其中男14例,女23例,平均年龄(67.4±9.7)岁.激光治疗前患眼的诊断分别是:原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)14眼,原发性房角关闭(PAC)36眼,可疑原发性房角关闭(PACS)21眼.术后随访一年,66.2%的患眼不用药眼压能控制在21 mm Hg以下,其中PACS组100%的患眼平均眼压控制在21 mm Hg以下,而PACG组14.3%的患眼局部用药下平均眼压仍≥21 mm Hg,各组眼压控制情况存在统计学差异(P<0.05).激光术后一年复查房角镜,暗光原位下各象限房角开放的比例增加,与激光前比较有统计学差异(P<0.01),且以下方房角改善最明显;动态操作下鼻侧房角开放增多最显著,具有统计学差异(P<0.01).术前UBM检查,71只患眼平均前房深度(1.98±0.24)mm,虹膜膨隆69眼,睫状体前旋前移28眼.经多因素分析,激光后房角是否加宽与性别、疾病的发展阶段、中央前房深度、睫状体前位等无关,而患病年龄越高,加宽比例越高(P<0.05).结论 LPI术后多数的患眼房角加宽、眼压得以控制.眼压控制与疾病的发展阶段有关,早期治疗预后更好.在激光术后,对于已存在视神经损伤的PACG患者,睫状体前位的患者以及患病年龄较轻的患者,应该更密切的随访,以早期发现疾病的发展变化并采取相应的药物或手术治疗措施.     

高坪虹膜综合征在超声生物显微镜中的表现

目的:用UBM检查发现睫状沟关闭、虹膜隆起、房角变窄所致的闭角型青光眼。方法:用Ultrasound Biomicroscopy Model P40,检查5个病例,6只眼,其中闭角型青光眼5例、眼内肿瘤1例。结果:小梁网睫状突距离761.83±166.12,房角开放度500μm处21.10±7.7,与正常眼小梁网睫状突距离1122±232,房角开放度500μm处30±12对照比较差异明显(t=5.311,P<0.003,t=2.83,P<0.037)。讨论:用UBM检查发现高坪虹膜综合征,对青光眼发病原因的研究和治疗提供了一种新的评估手段。     

超声生物显微镜对原发性闭角型青光眼小梁切除手术前后眼前节结构改变的初步研究

目的 应用超声生物显微镜(UBM)分别观察急、慢性原发性闭角型青光眼小梁切除手术前后眼前节结构的改变.方法 对26例33眼急性闭角型青光眼和25例37眼慢性闭角型青光眼分别于小梁切除手术前和手术后1个月应用UBM进行眼前节结构的测量.结果 急性闭角型青光眼房角开放距离 (AOD)、房角开放度数 (AA)、虹膜晶状体接触距离(ILCD)、虹膜晶体夹角(θ2)、虹膜悬韧带距离(IZD)手术前后比较有统计学差异(P<0.05),术前3眼发现睫状体脱离.慢性闭角型青光眼ILCD、θ2、IZD手术前后比较有统计学差异(P<0.05).结论 UBM对原发性闭角型青光眼患者小梁切除手术后眼前节结构的改变能进行精确测量,对探讨青光眼发病机制、防止并发症发生、判断手术预后均有较大的实用价值.     

闭角型青光眼手术前后前房角超声生物显微镜下的变化

目的:探讨应用超声生物显微镜(ultrasound biomicroscopy,UBM)观察瞳孔阻滞型的原发性闭角型青光眼(primary angle-closure glaucoma,PACG)行传统虹膜周边切除术前后前房角的变化。方法:分析我院自2013年6月至2015年1月收治的确诊PACG(瞳孔阻滞型)26例(37眼),男7例,女19例,年龄42~76岁,其中闭角型青光眼临床前期25眼,前驱期7眼,间歇期5眼,均行虹膜周边切除术。分析术后的治愈率:根据术前、术后应用UBM进行前房测量,对UBM提供的眼前段剖面图进行定性观察和分析,比较术前、术后小梁虹膜夹角、房角开放距离;同时观察虹膜形态的改变。结果:1)本组治愈26例36眼,97.3%(36/37),无效1例1眼,2.7%(1/37);2)治疗前后小梁虹膜夹角、前房角开放距离(AOD500)比较(t=2.155,2.172;P0.05);3)虹膜周边切除术后虹膜根部组织远离小梁网,房角粘连范围减小。结论:利用UBM观察瞳孔阻滞型闭角型青光眼行虹膜周边切除术前后前房角的变化,可以观察到经手术治疗后,前房角解剖结构的改变,根据小梁虹膜夹角、前房角开放距离、术后虹膜形态改变情况,表明临床上虹膜周边切除术是预防和治疗瞳孔阻滞型闭角型青光眼安全有效的方法。     

超声生物显微镜诊断疑难视网膜母细胞瘤(摘要)

目的:了解位于眼周边部B超揭示困难的小的视网膜母细胞瘤超声生物显微镜表现特点,探测活体状态下邻近组织(睫状体、虹膜)受侵状况。 方法:应用德国Zeiss—humphrey公司的UBM 840型超声生物显微镜,探头频率50MHz,对4例疑难视网膜母细胞瘤进行观察并与病理组织学对照分析。 结果:1.超声生物显微镜表现: (1)视网膜锯齿缘前部、睫状体平坦部、睫状突内表面突向玻璃体不规则形弱回声。 (2)睫状体、虹膜增厚为弱回声。 (3)前房、前房角点状、片状弱回声,活动。 2.病理组织学     

超声生物显微镜在原发性闭角型青光眼激光周边虹膜切除术中的应用

目的应用眼超声生物显微镜（UBM）,观察原发性急性、慢性闭角型青光眼行Nd：YAG激光周边虹膜切除术的疗效。方法原发性急性、慢性闭角型青光眼（虹膜膨隆型）患者42例,术前用UBM测小梁虹膜夹角（θ1）、房角开放距离500（AOD500）以及中央前房深度（ACD）,并随机分成2组,选择组在房角最狭窄所在象限行激光周边虹膜切除术,非选择组在颞下方或鼻下方象限行激光周边虹膜切除术。术后2周复查眼压、UBM并进行疗效分析。结果2组患者手术后ACD、θ1、AOD500与手术前比较均有增加,两者间有统计学差异;选择组手术前后的ACD、θ1、AOD500的增加值与非选择组的增加值无统计学差异。结论UBM能活体观察手术前后房角的变化、激光孔的通畅程度,为原发性闭角型青光眼的诊治提供了更有效的检查方法和疗效观察。激光位置的选择对手术疗效无明显影响。     

睫状体剥离的超声诊断特征

目的探讨睫状体剥离的形态学改变。方法分别应用超声生物显微镜（UBM）、彩色多普勒超声显像仪、眼科A／B型超声诊断仪、前房角镜对172例186只眼睫状体剥离的形态进行观察。结果186只患眼均经UBM、彩色多普勒超声显像仪、眼科A／B超声诊断仪、房角镜检查，睫状体剥离的诊断率分别为100％、88％、55％、35％。结论UBM应为睫状体剥离诊断金标准；彩色多普勒超声诊断仪诊断率较高，尤其适宜眼科临床推广；B超诊断率较低，但对条件有限的单位仍应列为一种检查手段；房角镜检查局限性较多，但为唯一的光学检查手段，定位准确，应与其他方法联合应用。     

青光眼术前睫状体脱离的超声生物显微镜观察

目的：应用超声生物显微镜对急性闭角型青光眼术前睫状体脱离的组织结构进行形态学检查。方法：对青光眼病人术前常规进行超声生物显微镜检查,发现有睫状体脱离。遂对睫脱与非睫脱组病人按年龄、性别、眼压降低幅度、眼前节解剖结构的测量数据进行统计学处理。结果：术前睫脱多出现于眼压50mmHg以上,迅速降至正常或更低,房角大部分关闭但未完全关闭的病人,在272眼急性闭角型青光眼中发现37眼,占13．6%,与病人的年龄、性别、眼前节解剖参数无显性差异。结论：术前睫状体脱离与眼压迅速下降有关。     

超声生物显微镜检测在青光眼经巩膜睫状体光凝术判断预后中的应用

正青光眼是全球第一位不可逆转的致盲眼病~([1-3])。经巩膜睫状体光凝术(TSCP)是通过破坏部分睫状突来减少房水生成进而降低眼压~([4])治疗青光眼。目前主要通过眼压控制状况、降眼压药物、术后并发症分析判断TSCP的疗效~([5])。超声生物显微镜(UBM)非侵入、无干扰、可以实时、动态观察并记录虹膜、房角及睫状体的解剖结构~([6])。临床上利用此项技术观察激光周边虹膜切除术及成形术后房角的变化、青光眼滤过手术后滤过道的变化,对治疗效果、治疗失败原因及     

继发性青光眼患者虹膜萎缩UBM表现二例

继发性闭角型青光眼的病理改变主要是虹膜根部与小梁网表面形成永久性粘连,即前房角粘连。而人的虹膜对各种有害的刺激都可发生进行性萎缩,其中青光眼性萎缩都是由于高眼压,导致眼球缺血所致。在进展的慢性青光眼病例中虹膜变薄,睫状突萎缩、肌组织萎缩,代替以纤维组织,全睫状体扁平。其中萎缩的虹膜残骸菲薄,似无虹膜,在进行UBM检查时应注意,以免漏诊误诊。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.