miR-381靶向HMGB1抑制子宫内膜癌细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移

目的探究miR-381调控高迁移率组蛋白1(HMGB1)对子宫内膜癌细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力的影响。方法采用qRT-PCR检测miR-381在子宫内膜癌细胞和正常子宫内膜细胞中的表达水平。转染miR-381mimic后,检测HEC1A细胞中miR-381和HMGB1的表达水平。生物信息学预测miR-381和HMGB1的靶向关系,并用荧光素酶报告实验加以验证。细胞分为HEC1A组、miR-381mimic组、pc-HMGB1组、mimic+pc-HMGB1组,采用CCK8法检测HEC1A细胞增殖能力,Transwell和划痕实验分别检测HEC1A细胞侵袭和迁移能力,蛋白印迹法检测HEC1A细胞中Ki67、PCNA、E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Vimentin、MMP-2和MMP-9的表达水平。结果 miR-381在正常子宫内膜细胞和癌细胞中存在表达差异。miR-381与HMGB1具有直接的靶向关系。与HEC1A组相比,miR-381组细胞增殖倍数、侵袭细胞数、划痕闭合率、Ki67、PCNA、N-cadherin、Vimentin、MMP-2和MMP-9的表达均降低(P0.01),E-cadherin表达则增加(P0.01),pc-HMGB1组上述指标则相反(P0.01);与pc-HMGB1组相比,miR-381mimic+pc-HMGB1组细胞增殖倍数、侵袭细胞数、划痕闭合率、Ki67、PCNA、N-cadherin、Vimentin、MMP-2和MMP-9的表达均降低(P0.01),E-cadherin表达增加(P0.01)。结论 miR-381通过靶向下调HMGB1表达,抑制HEC1A细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移。     

miR-152对SHI-1细胞增殖、转移及致瘤性的调控机制

目的:探究miR-152对人急性单核细胞白血病细胞系SHI-1增殖、转移及致瘤性的调控机制。方法:将购买的SHI-1细胞系进行miR-152过表达(miR-152 agomir组)或抑制处理(miR-152 antagomir组)并设置阴性对照组(NC组)。应用CCK-8法检测各组细胞活力,划痕愈合实验检测各组细胞迁移能力,Transwell法检测各组细胞侵袭能力,Western blot检测各组细胞Cyclin D1、Caspase-3、MMP-2、TIMP-2、E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术检测各组细胞凋亡情况,裸鼠成瘤实验检测各组细胞的致瘤性。结果:与NC组相比,miR-152 agomir组细胞活力显著下降,细胞迁移和侵袭能力均显著下降(P0.05),而miR-152antagomir组的细胞活力以及细胞迁移和侵袭能力均显著上升(P0.05)。与NC组相比,miR-152 agomir组细胞Cyclin D1、MMP-2、N-cadherin蛋白表达均显著下调(P0.05),但Caspase-3、TIMP-2和E-cadherin的表达在上述各组中明显升高;同时,细胞凋亡增强,裸鼠致瘤性降低(P0.05)。miR-152 antagomir组Cyclin D1、MMP-2和N-cadherin被显著诱导,但该组Caspase-3、TIMP-2和E-cadherin的蛋白表达显著下调;同时,细胞凋亡减少,裸鼠致瘤性增强(P0.05)。结论:miR-152能抑制SHI-1细胞系增殖、转移及致瘤的能力,同时诱导细胞凋亡,其机制可能与miR-152调控MMP-2以及TIMP-2等侵袭转移相关因子有关联。     

ECT2通过调控EGFR介导的上皮间质转化促进胰腺癌转移

目的研究上皮细胞转化因子2(ECT2)在胰腺癌转移的作用及其可能的诱导表皮生长因子受体(EGFR相关的上皮-间充质转化(EMT)机制。方法使用免疫组织化学和Western blotting方法检测ECT2在胰腺癌组织及细胞系中的表达情况。在胰腺癌细胞中降低ECT2的表达,通过细胞划痕实验测定胰腺癌的细胞迁移变化,使用Transwell实验检测胰腺癌细胞的侵袭力。通过Western blotting方法测定EMT标志物和EGFR的表达变化。结果 ECT2在胰腺癌组织和细胞中显著上调,并提示不良预后。ECT2调控胰腺癌细胞的侵袭和迁移。ECT2沉默下调EGFR表达同时抑制EMT。结论 ECT2可能通过EGFR信号通路相关的EMT促进胰腺癌细胞的侵袭性。     

HPV16 E6调控miR-23a表达促进宫颈癌细胞侵袭、迁移

目的 探讨高危型人乳头瘤病毒16 E6蛋白（HPV16 E6蛋白）调控miR-23a表达对宫颈癌细胞SiHa侵袭、迁移的作用。方法 选取100例宫颈癌HPV阴性患者、100例HPV阳性患者的组织标本、100例癌旁正常组织;宫颈癌SiHa细胞分为空白组、E6过表达组、阴性转染组、E6+miR-23a mimics组;qRTPCR法检测miR-23a、HPV16 E6 mRNA表达;MTT法检测增殖抑制率;流式细胞仪检测凋亡;Transwell小室实验检测细胞侵袭;划痕实验检测细胞迁移;WB检测HPV16 E6、凋亡相关蛋白（Caspase-3、Bax、Bcl-2）、迁移相关蛋白（MMP-2、MMP-9）的表达。结果 宫颈癌组织中miR-23a表达降低,其中宫颈癌HPV阳性组织中miR-23a表达水平更低。E6过表达降低miR-23a表达水平、细胞增殖抑制率、凋亡率、Caspase-3、Bax蛋白表达,增高Bcl-2蛋白、划痕愈合率、侵袭细胞数、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达（P <0.05）;miR-23a mimics逆转了E6过表达对上述各项指标的影响。结论 HPV16 E6促...     

长链非编码RNA HOTAIR靶向miR-1对胶质瘤细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力的影响

目的探究长链非编码RNA (Long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)HOTAIR对胶质瘤U251细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力的作用及机制。方法 RT-PCR检测胶质瘤细胞株U87、U251、U118和LN18中HOTAIR的表达水平和shRNA HOTAIR (sh-HOTAIR)转染U251细胞细胞后HOTAIR和miR-1的表达水平。生物信息预测HOTAIR和miR-1的靶向关系,荧光素酶报告实验验证两者靶向关系。将细胞分为Control、sh-HOTAIR、miR-1inhibitor和sh-HOTAIR+inhibitor组,用sh-HOTAIR和miR-1inhibitor分别或同时转染细胞,CCK8检测各组细胞活性,流式检测细胞凋亡,Transwell和划痕实验分别检测细胞侵袭和迁移能力,免疫印迹检测Ki67、Bcl-2、Bax、基质金属蛋白酶-2(Matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)和MMP-9的表达。结果 HOTAIR在U251细胞中表达水平最高,因此选择U251细胞进行后续实验;sh-HOTAIR能显著降低U251细胞HOTAIR的表达水平,升高miR-1的表达水平;miR-1mimic能显著降低HOTAIR野生质粒的荧光素酶活性;与Control组比较,sh-HOTAIR组细胞增殖速度、Ki67和Bcl-2表达水平明显降低,细胞凋亡水平和Bax表达水平明显升高;sh-HOTAIR组比较,sh-HOTAIR+inhibitor组细胞增殖速度、Ki67和Bcl-2表达水平明显升高,细胞凋亡水平和Bax表达水平明显降低;同时,sh-HOTAIR组侵袭细胞数与Control组比较明显减少,划痕闭合率明显降低;sh-HOTAIR+inhibitor侵袭细胞与sh-HOTAIR比较显著增多,划痕闭合率明显升高;此外,sh-HOTAIR能显著降低MMP-2和MMP-9的蛋白表达水平,miR-1inhibitor能显著减弱sh-HOTAIR对MMP-2和MMP-9表达的抑制作用。结论 HOTAIR能通过靶向抑制miR-1的表达促进胶质瘤U251细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移。     

下调胰岛素样生长因子抑制miR-767-5p的表达对乳腺癌细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭及上皮间充质转化的影响

目的 研究抑制miR-767-5p对乳腺癌细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和上皮间充质转化（EMT）的影响。方法 体外培养乳腺癌细胞，将miR-767-5p inhibitor和inhibitor-NC转染到乳腺癌细胞中。细胞分为3组：空白对照组（Control组），miR-767-5p inhibitor组和inhibitor-NC组，采用CCK-8法、Transwell法、划痕实验检测miR-767-5p抑制剂对乳腺癌细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力的影响。Western blot检测迁移相关蛋白基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和MMP-9的表达水平。双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-767-5p和胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF1)的靶向结合作用。RT-qPCR和Western blot实验检测IGF1 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。采用Western blot检测EMT相关蛋白的表达水平。结果 CCK-8实验结果显示，与Control组和inhibitorNC组相比，miR-767-5p inhibitor组显著抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖（P <0.05）。Transwell实验结果表明，与Contr...     

Biglycan及血管内皮生长因子对结肠癌细胞迁移、侵袭能力的影响及机制

目的:观察biglycan及血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)对结肠癌细胞系HCT116迁移、侵袭能力的影响并探讨其可能的机制。方法:在稳定转染biglycan的结肠癌细胞系HCT116中转染VEGF siRNA,实验设置未转染对照组(mock组)、空载质粒和非特异性干扰片段转染对照组(vector+siRNA-NC组)、biglycan cDNA和非特异性干扰片段转染组(biglycan+siRNA-NC组)以及biglycan cDNA和VEGF siRNA共转染组(biglycan+siRNA-VEGF组)。采用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测biglycan和VEGF的mRNA表达;采用划痕实验检测细胞的迁移能力;采用Transwell法检测细胞的侵袭能力;采用蛋白质印迹(Western blotting)法检测SNAIL、E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)、基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达;采用明胶酶谱法检测MMP-2、MMP-9的活性。结果:与mock组及vector+siRNA-NC组比较,biglycan+siRNA-NC组细胞的迁移、侵袭能力均显著提高(P0.05),vimentin、MMP-2、MMP-9、SNAIL蛋白的表达水平显著提高,E-cadherin蛋白的表达水平则显著下降(P0.05),MMP-2和MMP-9的活性显著提高(P0.05)。与biglycan+siRNA-NC组比较,biglycan+siRNA-VEGF组细胞的迁移、侵袭能力均显著降低(P0.05),SNAIL、vimentin、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白的表达水平均显著下降,E-cadherin蛋白的表达水平显著提高(P0.05),MMP-2、MMP-9的活性显著下降(P0.05)。结论:biglycan通过促进VEGF的表达来促进结肠癌细胞系HCT116的迁移和侵袭,下调结肠癌细胞中VEGF的表达可逆转biglycan对HCT116迁移和侵袭的促进作用。     

IL-32α通过调控miR-216b-5p/AKR1B10轴抑制食管癌KYSE450细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭

目的探讨IL-32α对食管癌KYSE450细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响及其作用机制。方法 IL-32α诱导KYSE450细胞、IL-32α作用于转染miR-216b-5p mimics或si-AKR1B10的KYSE450细胞后,MTT检测细胞增殖,Transwell检测细胞迁移和侵袭,qRT-PCR检测miR-216b-5p和AKR1B10 m RNA水平,Western Blot法检测AKR1B10、CyclinD1、p21、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白水平。双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-216b-5p与AKR1B10靶向关系。结果与对照组比较,IL-32α组KYSE450细胞抑制率、p21蛋白和miR-216b-5p水平显著升高(P0.05),迁移和侵袭细胞数、CyclinD1、MMP-2和MMP-9的蛋白及AKR1B10的mRNA和蛋白水平均显著降低(P0.05),且呈剂量依赖性。mi R-216b-5p过表达或抑制AKR1B10均提高KYSE450细胞抑制率(P0.05),促进p21蛋白表达(P0.05),降低迁移和侵袭细胞数及CyclinD1、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表达(P0.05)。miR-216b-5p靶向负调控AKR1B10表达。抑制miR-216b-5p表达逆转了IL-32α对KYSE450细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响(P0.05)。结论 IL-32α可抑制食管癌细胞KYSE450增殖、迁移和侵袭,其机制与IL-32α上调miR-216b-5p表达进而靶向负调控AKR1B10表达有关。     

LncRNA SNHG8在胎盘植入的表达及其对滋养细胞侵袭及迁移的影响

目的 探讨lncRNA SNHG8在胎盘植入（placenta accreta,PA）中的表达及对滋养细胞侵袭迁移的影响。方法 采用q RT-PCR检测PA组及对照组各30例胎盘组织中lncRNA SNHG8的表达,同时与30例PA患者产前超声评分做相关性分析。采用Transwell和划痕实验检测干扰lncRNA SNHG8后对人绒毛膜滋养层细胞（HTR8/SVneo cells）侵袭和迁移的影响,同时,Western blot检测MMP-2和MMP-9的表达情况;StarBase软件预测lncRNA SNHG8下游靶点,并在两组胎盘组织中检测其表达;双荧光素酶报告实验检测lncRNA SNHG8与miR-542-3p的靶向关系。结果 与对照组比较,lncRNA SNHG8在胎盘植入组胎盘组织中表达上调（P <0.05）,并与产前超声评分呈正相关。干扰lncRNA SNHG8后抑制了滋养细胞的侵袭迁移（P <0.05）,MMP-2及MMP-9蛋白表达也明显下降（P <0.05）。生物学预测miR-542-3p存在与lncRNA SNHG8的结合位点,miR-542-3...     

miR-1290对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力的影响

目的探究miR-1290对肺腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力的影响。方法回顾性收集2018年3月至2019年6月海南省人民医院收治的45例患者,取肺腺癌组织及癌旁组织,采用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测组织中miR-1290的表达。将肺腺癌细胞随机分为对照组、miR-1290 mimic组和miR-1290 inhibitor组,通过脂质体2000试剂盒,分别以无意义序列、miR-1290 mimic、miR-1290 inhibitor转染细胞。分别采用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)、Transwell小室、划痕实验检测细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。蛋白质印迹法检测Cyclin D1、p27、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-2和MMP-9)蛋白的表达。经在线生物信息学和双荧光素酶报告基因检测miR-1290的靶基因,荧光定量PCR和蛋白质印迹法检测miR-1290靶基因的表达。结果与癌旁组织比较,肺腺癌组织中miR-1290表达明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,miR-1290 mimic组miR-1290表达明显增加,miR-1290 inhibitor组miR-1290表达明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。培养48 h时,与对照组比较,miR-1290 mimic组细胞吸光度值、侵袭细胞数及划痕“愈合”率明显增加,miR-1290 inhibitor组细胞吸光度值、侵袭细胞数及划痕“愈合”率明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,miR-1290 mimic组细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表达量明显增加、p27蛋白表达明显降低,miR-1290 inhibitor组Cyclin D1、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表达量明显降低、p27蛋白表达明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。双荧光素酶报告基因检测显示,与对照组比较,共转染INPP4B-WT、miR-1290 mimic细胞中荧光表达量明显降低(P<0.05);与对照组比较,miR-1290 mimic组二型磷脂酰肌醇4磷酸酶(INPP4B)mRNA和蛋白表达量明显降低,miR-1290 inhibitor组INPP4B mRNA和蛋白表达量明显增加(P<0.05)。结论miR-1290在肺腺癌组织中表达上调,miR-1290可能靶向抑制INPP4B水平,促进肺腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

糖尿病视网膜病变筛查与防治中存在的问题及对策

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)患者筛查和防治中存在的问题及对策。方法以76例糖尿病DR患者为对象,调查未能早期接受眼科诊治的原因。结果存在问题主要是患者对DR防治知识不了解、血糖控制不理想、内科医生未建议进行专科检查等。结论眼科医护人员应密切与糖尿病专科的联系,尽早对DM患者进行DR健康教育,并开展社区DR防治工作。     

罕见和未知基因型珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血的分析与鉴定

目的对珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血(简称地贫)血液学表型阳性但未检出常见地贫基因型的疑似个体做进一步分子水平检测,以明确诊断。方法收集2015年5月至2018年8月在清远市妇幼保健院就诊的地贫血液学表型阳性但常见地贫基因型检测为阴性的标本96例(包括疑似α-地贫88例和β-地贫8例),分别采用单管多重PCR、DNA测序法、荧光定量PCR和芯片捕获测序法检测罕见和未知缺失型地贫基因。结果从上述疑似α-地贫标本中共检出罕见α-地贫基因型17例,其中泰国缺失型(--^THAI/αα)5例,菲律宾缺失型(--^FIL/αα)2例,α^ΔCD303例,α珠蛋白基因拷贝数增加(ααα^anti3.7或ααα^anti4.2)5例,并且发现2例新的α-地贫突变,即α^ΔCD272-279delAGCTTCGG和CD167-169insT。在8例β-地贫特征个体中检出罕见β-地贫基因型Poly A(A>G)2例,-90(C>T)3例,CD37(TGG>TAG)1例,IVS-I-2(T>A)1例,另外还鉴定出1例新的缺失型β-地贫基因(缺失位置为ch11:5,246,000-5,250,500,缺失长度为4kb左右)。结论对未检出常见地贫突变但血液学表型阳性个体进行深度分析,既可提高地贫基因的检出率,有利于遗传咨询和产前诊断,又可能发现新的地贫突变,丰富了中国人群的地贫基因突变谱。     

Prevalence and severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and effect of vitamin supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Although nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is the most common medical condition during pregnancy, there are many unanswered questions regarding its cause, epidemiologic features and optimal management. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in a sample of Canadian women, to characterize the distribution of their severity and to investigate the role of vitamin B6 deficiency in their etiology. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Antenatal counselling service for pregnant women. PATIENTS: Three cohorts of women: a prospective, population-based cohort of 193 women, to estimate the rate and severity of nausea and vomiting (cohort A); a cohort of 555 women who sought advice for nausea with or without vomiting, to study the correlation between the maximal daily number of episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss (cohort B); and a prospective cohort of 301 women who reported vomiting, to correlate vitamin supplementation with vomiting (cohort C). INTERVENTIONS: All 3 cohorts were interviewed during the counselling session, and cohort B was followed up prospectively. OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of nausea and vomiting, weight loss, maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting, rate of multivitamin supplementation. RESULTS: Overall, 67% of the women in cohort A reported experiencing nausea or vomiting, or both; 22% reported vomiting, and 9% experienced weight loss. In cohort B there was a significant correlation between the maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss, although there was wide variation (r2 = 0.25, p < 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between the number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss (r2 = 0.99). In cohort C, vomiting was significantly associated with lack of supplementation with multivitamins before 6 weeks' gestation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The relation between number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss may serve as a clinical tool to assess the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and the success of anti-emetics and rehydration regimens. Further study is needed to elucidate the biologic basis of the observed association between vomiting and lack of multivitamin supplementation in early pregnancy.     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.