复发-缓解型多发性硬化患者双侧视放射扩散张量成像

目的 应用扩散张量成像(DTI)技术探讨复发-缓解型多发性硬化(RRMS)患者视力损伤与双侧视放射白质纤维束损伤的相关性。方法 选取视力损伤的RRMS患者(患者组)及年龄与性别相匹配的健康志愿者(对照组)各25例行DTI检查,分别测量双侧视放射的FA值及MD值,采用扩展残疾状态量表(EDSS)对患者进行评分。分析患者组与对照组组内及组间两侧视放射的FA值及MD值差异,以及与EDSS评分的相关性。结果 ①对照组及患者组组内双侧视放射FA值(t=0.41,P=0.68;t=0.09,P=0.92)及MD值(t=0.72,P=0.48;t=0.20,P=0.84)差异均无统计学意义;患者组左右侧视放射FA值(t=8.29,P<0.01;t=8.42,P<0.01)均较对照组下降,MD值(t=7.17,P<0.01;t=6.58,P<0.01)均高于对照组;②左右侧视放射FA值(r=-0.24,P=0.30;r=-0.13,P=0.58)及MD值(r=0.16,P=0.50;r=0.31,P=0.19)与EDSS评分无明显相关性。结论 RRMS患者视力受损与双侧视放射的白质纤维束损害具有一定的关系。     

MRS联合DTI评估2型糖尿病脑白质改变

目的 采用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)及氢质子磁共振波谱(¹H-MRS)方法探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者双侧半卵圆中心白质结构及代谢产物的改变。方法 收集T2DM患者(T2DM组)和健康体检人员(对照组)各30例,行MRS及DTI检查,测量双侧半卵圆中心ADC值与FA值,N乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)和胆碱(Cho)的含量,计算NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr、Cho/NAA比值,并比较两组间差异。结果 T2DM组左、右侧半卵圆中心ADC值升高(t=9.51、2.06)、FA值降低(t=6.08、3.67)、NAA/Cr值降低(t=3.06、2.31)、Cho/NAA升高(t=5.68、2.24),左侧半卵圆中心Cho/Cr升高(t=5.67),与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 DTI联合MRS可反映T2DM患者双侧半卵圆中心局部神经纤维结构及代谢产物的异常改变;DTI联合MRS技术可早期发现由T2DM引发的认知功能损害。     

无先兆偏头痛患者脑白质弥散张量成像TBSS分析

目的 采用DTI及基于纤维束追踪空间统计分析（TBSS）观察无先兆偏头痛患者脑白质变化。方法 对性别、年龄相匹配的25例无先兆性偏头痛患者（患者组）及25名健康志愿者（对照组）行DTI检查,采用TBSS分析 所有受试者脑白质纤维DTI各相关参数,包括FA、轴向弥散系数（AD）、平行弥散系数（RD）和平均弥散系数（MD）,比较两组DTI各参数的差异。结果 与对照组比较,患者组脑白质纤维束参量值的改变以右侧半球为主,其中双侧大脑脚、双侧内囊后肢、右侧内囊前肢、胼胝体体部及压部、右侧上放射冠、右侧后放射冠、左侧扣带、右侧上纵束的FA值显著降低（P均<0.05,FWE校正）;右侧大脑脚、右侧内囊后肢、右侧内囊前肢、右侧内囊豆状核后肢、胼胝体膝部、体部及压部、双侧上放射冠、双侧后放射冠、双侧丘脑后辐射、双侧扣带、双侧上纵束的RD值显著升高（P均<0.05,FWE校正）;胼胝体体部及压部、右侧上放射冠、右侧后放射冠、右侧上纵束的MD值显著增高（P均<0.05,FWE校正）;两组各脑区AD值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05,FWE校正）。结论 无先兆偏头痛患者脑白质纤维存在改变,以髓鞘脱失或完整性破坏为主。     

基于动脉自旋标记及DTI评价脑小血管病患者脑灌注及白质微结构变化

目的 应用动脉自旋标记（ASL）及DTI技术探讨脑小血管病（cSVD）患者常规扫描表现正常白质（NAWM）区脑灌注及白质微结构变化。方法 对23例cSVD患者（cSVD组）及13名年龄、性别匹配的健康志愿者（对照组）行常规MR、ASL及DTI检查,测量双侧额叶、顶叶、半卵圆中心、胼胝体膝部及压部常规扫描NAWM区的各向异性分数（FA）值、表观扩散系数（ADC）值、脑血流量（CBF）值,比较cSVD组与对照组间的差异,并进一步分析cSVD组FA值及ADC值与CBF值的相关性。结果 cSVD组双侧额叶、顶叶FA值较对照组减低,ADC值升高（P均<0.05）;双侧半卵圆中心FA值及右侧半卵圆中心CBF值均较对照组减低（P均<0.05）。双侧额叶、顶叶白质及右侧半卵圆中心的FA值与CBF呈正相关（r=0.51、0.46、0.22、0.27、0.33,P均<0.05）,双侧额叶ADC与CBF值呈负相关（r=-0.50、-0.38,P均<0.05）。结论 DTI能反映cSVD患者早期隐匿性脑白质损伤,以双侧额叶FA值改变最为明显。     

扩散张量成像评价2型糖尿病兔模型认知功能相关脑区白质微结构变化

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)对认知功能相关脑区白质微结构的损伤以及病程对损伤程度的影响。方法 雄性日本大耳白兔30只,随机选取24只建立T2DM模型(模型组),余6只为对照组;于建模后12、16、20和24周行DTI,测量额叶白质、前扣带回、胼胝体膝部、胼胝体压部及后扣带回ADC和FA值。结果 与对照组比较,模型组建模12周时各部位ADC值和FA值无统计学差异(P均>0.05),16周起后扣带回、胼胝体膝部、胼胝体压部ADC值开始增高、FA值开始降低(P均<0.05),20周起额叶白质、前扣带回ADC值亦开始增高、FA值开始降低(P均<0.05);随T2DM病程延长,ADC值逐渐增高、FA值逐渐降低。结论 T2DM兔模型的认知相关脑区白质微结构受损,其损伤程度随病程延长而加重,前部白质损伤晚于后部白质。     

慢性脊髓损伤后脑结构重塑的磁共振成像研究

目的 联合应用基于体素的形态学 (VBM) 研究和扩散张量成像(DTI)探讨慢性脊髓损伤(SCI)患者全脑灰、白质变化规律。方法 对20例慢性SCI患者(SCI组)和30名健康志愿者(对照组)行全脑容积及DTI扫描,分析患者全脑灰、白质结构改变及纤维束完整性的变化。结果 与对照组比较,SCI组脑灰质体积减小区域主要有左侧初级运动皮层(M1)、左侧运动前区(PMA)、右侧前扣带回、右侧直回、左侧额下回、右侧颞下回、左侧枕中回及右侧楔前叶 (P<0.001)。白质体积减小的区域主要有:双侧辅助运动区、双侧锥体束走行区、左侧M1及胼胝体 (P<0.001)。FA值减小的区域主要有胼胝体干、左侧内囊前肢及左侧顶下小叶。MD值增高的区域主要为胼胝体干,MD值减小的区域为右侧顶下小叶缘上回(P<0.001)。结论 慢性SC的相关脑结构区发生改变,与认知、情绪、空间定位功能相关脑区的灰、白质结构发生改变,其中胼胝体对结构的重塑可能起着重要作用。联合使用VBM及DTI可显示慢性SCI后脑结构的重塑。     

内囊弥散各向异性特征及其在脑老化过程中的变化

目的 探讨内囊不同区域的弥散各向异性的特点及其在脑老化过程中的变化规律。 方法 对98名来自社区的健康志愿者进行脑部DTI,在FA图上测量两侧内囊前肢、膝部和后肢FA值。将所有受检者按年龄分为青年组(20~39岁)、中年组(40~59岁)和老年组(≥60岁),比较3组内囊不同区域的FA值差异分析FA值与年龄之间的相关性。 结果 内囊前肢、膝部和后肢的FA值差异有统计学意义,内囊后肢FA值最高,其次为膝部和前肢。左侧内囊前肢FA值低于右侧,两侧膝部和后肢FA值差异无统计学意义。左侧内囊前肢不同年龄组间差异有统计学意义(F=3.639, P=0.030)。两侧内囊前肢、右侧内囊膝部的FA值与年龄增长呈负相关,而其他区域脑组织FA值与年龄增长无相关性。 结论 内囊不同区域FA值存在显著差异;在脑老化过程中,内囊前部FA值随年龄增长而下降。     

ADHD儿童反应时和DTI部分各向异性值相关性研究

目的 初步探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童反应时和大脑主要投射、联络和连合纤维的DTI部分各项异性(FA)值间相关性,以及这种相关性和正常对照组间有无不同,为揭示ADHD儿童反应时改变的可能神经基础提供帮助。方法 以16名ADHD儿童和性别、年龄、利手及受教育程度方面相匹配的正常儿童为研究对象,采用分类n-Back工作记忆任务和DTI成像,对两组平均正确反应时和FA值进行统计学分析。结果 与正常对照相比,ADHD组平均正确反应时 明显延长(P<0.01),其双侧扣带束(CB)(右侧CB:P<0.05;左侧CB:P<0.05)、右侧胼周额部深部白质(PCF)(P<0.01)的平均FA值显著减低。ADHD儿童右侧CB、双侧小脑中脚(MCP)的mFA和mRT间呈显著负相关;对照组右侧PCF、双侧内囊前肢(AIC)的mFA和mRT间亦呈显著负相关。结论 在执行工作记忆任务时,ADHD儿童参与的神经网络可能与正常儿童不同。ADHD儿童的白质纤维束的结构异常可能介导着其行为学异常。     

DKI联合ALFF在全面特发性癫痫患者基底核-丘脑-皮层环路中的应用

目的 采用弥散峰度成像(DKI)及低频振幅(ALFF)技术观察全面特发性癫痫(IGE)患者白质纤维束以及脑功能异常的脑区。方法 选取符合纳入标准的IGE患者(病例组,n=24)及与之相匹配的健康志愿者(对照组,n=24)。DKI数据分析采用基于纤维束示踪的空间统计(TBSS)方法,将相关参数值与患者病程行相关性分析;ALFF分析采用静息态脑功能数据辅助处理(DPARSF)及SPM方法。结果 病例组右侧内囊前肢、左侧外囊、胼胝体膝部各向异性(FA)值较对照组显著减低(P均<0.05);两组平均弥散(MD)值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); DKI分析发现病例组双侧前辐射冠、上辐射冠、内囊前肢、内囊后肢以及胼胝体(膝部、体部)平均峰度(MK)值显著减低(P<0.05)。FA值和MK值与病程的相关性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ALFF显著升高区域为双侧额叶、双侧壳核、右侧丘脑以及左侧尾状核;ALFF显著减低区域为右侧颞叶、双侧楔前叶以及双侧枕叶。结论 DKI联合ALFF可为进一步揭示IGE的发病机制提供影像学依据。     

320排容积CT心脏成像在小儿法洛四联症中的应用：与超声对比

目的 探讨320排容积CT心脏成像在小儿法洛四联症（TOF）诊断与治疗中的价值。方法 对20例临床拟诊为TOF的患儿行320排VCT检查,并将CT检查结果与同期超声检查结果对照。结果 20例患者中320排VCT确诊16例,US确诊18例;对16例320排VCT及US均诊断为TOF患儿的McGoon指数分别为1.13±0.04和1.01±0.04（t=1.521,P=0.149）;以手术为金标准,320排VCT及US对室间隔缺损检出率分别为80.00%（16/20）和90.00%（18/20,P>0.05）。320排VCT和US测量室间隔缺损最大径分别为（4.98±0.29）mm和（4.96±0.31）mm（t=0.258,P=0.800）,测量的TOF患儿主动脉骑跨率分别为（0.27±0.01）%和（0.28±0.01）%（t=-0.019,P=0.250）。结论 320排VCT可清楚显示患儿TOF各种畸形,可较准确地评估TOF患儿肺动脉发育及大于2 mm的室间隔缺损,对术前治疗计划的制定有重要意义。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.